- 1. Department of General Practice, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
- 2. Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
CHEN Mao,
Email: hmaochen@vip.sina.com
The morbidity of coronary heart disease (CHD) is high, and the prognosis is unfavorable. Fibrinogen is both coagulation and inflammation factor, which has important influence on the occurrence and development of CHD. Previous studies reported that fibrinogen had relevance with traditional risk factors of CHD such as hypertension, diabetes and subclinical diseases such as left ventricular hypertrophy. The incidence of CHD increases with the fibrinogen level increasing. The fibrinogen level is higher in patients with CHD than that in healthy people. The coronary stenosis degree is heavier and the lesion is wider in patients with hyperfibrinogenemia. But the effects of fibrinogen on the secondary prevention of CHD is controversial. This paper summarized research progress based on the new understanding to fibrinogen on CHD recently.
Citation： LIU Ruishuang, CHEN Mao. Research progress on the influence of fibrinogen on coronary heart disease. West China Medical Journal, 2018, 33(3): 342-347. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201706239 Copy
| 1. | Takarada S, Imanishi T, Ishibashi K, et al. The effect of lipid and inflammatory profiles on the morphological changes of lipid-rich plaques in patients with non-ST-segment elevated acute coronary syndrome: follow-up study by optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2010, 3(7): 766-772. |
| 2. | Kamath S, Lip GY. Fibrinogen: biochemistry, epidemiology and determinants. QJM, 2003, 96(10): 711-729. |
| 3. | Losner S, Volk BW, Wilensky ND. Fibrinogen concentration in acute myocardial infarction-comparison of the clot density determination of fibrinogen with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. AMA Arch Intern Med, 1954, 93(2): 231-245. |
| 4. | Heinrich J, Schulte H, Schönfeld R, et al. Association of variables of coagulation, fibrinolysis and acute-phase with atherosclerosis in coronary and peripheral arteries and those arteries supplying the brain. Thromb Haemost, 1995, 73(3): 374-379. |
| 5. | Montalescot G, Collet JP, Choussat R, et al. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J, 1998, 19(Suppl H): H11-H17. |
| 6. | Brummel KE, Butenas S, Mann KG. An integrated study of fibrinogen during blood coagulation. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274(32): 22862-22870. |
| 7. | Roy SN, Mukhopadhyay G, Redman CM. Regulation of fibrinogen assembly. Transfection of Hep G2 cells with B beta cDNA specifically enhances synthesis of the three component chains of fibrinogen. J Biol Chem, 1990, 265(11): 6389-6393. |
| 8. | Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, et al. Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. JAMA, 1987, 258(9): 1183-1186. |
| 9. | Eto K, Ochiai M, Isshiki T, et al. Platelet aggregability under shear is enhanced in patients with unstable angina pectoris who developed acute myocardial infarction. Jpn Circ J, 2001, 65(4): 279-282. |
| 10. | Schneider DJ, Taatjes DJ, Howard DB, et al. Increased reactivity of platelets induced by fibrinogen independent of its binding to the Ⅱb-Ⅲa surface glycoprotein: a potential contributor to cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1999, 33(1): 261-266. |
| 11. | Ragino I, Baum VA, Polonskaia I, et al. Oxidized fibrinogen and its relationship with hemostasis disturbances and endothelial dysfunction during coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. Kardiologiia, 2009, 49(9): 4-8. |
| 12. | Guardado-Mendoza R, Jimenez-Ceja L, Francisco Pacheco-Carrasco M, et al. Fibrinogen is associated with silent myocardial ischaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Cardiol, 2009, 64(4): 523-530. |
| 13. | Meade TW, Howarth DJ, Stirling Y, et al. Fibrinopeptide A and sudden coronary death. Lancet, 1984, 2(8403): 607-609. |
| 14. | Ernst E. Fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor--interrelationship with infections and inflammation. Eur Heart J, 1993, 14(Suppl K): 82-87. |
| 15. | Naito M, Hayashi T, Kuzuya M, et al. Effects of fibrinogen and fibrin on the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Atherosclerosis, 1990, 83(1): 9-14. |
| 16. | de Maat MP, Pietersma A, Kofflard M, et al. Association of plasma fibrinogen levels with coronary artery disease, smoking and inflammatory markers. Atherosclerosis, 1996, 121(2): 185-191. |
| 17. | Kelleher CC. Plasma fibrinogen and factor Ⅶ as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Eur J Epidemiol, 1992, 8(Suppl 1): 79-82. |
| 18. | Kannel WB. Influence of fibrinogen on cardiovascular disease. Drugs, 1997, 54(Suppl 3): 32-40. |
| 19. | Ernst E. Regular exercise reduces fibrinogen levels: a review of longitudinal studies. Br J Sports Med, 1993, 27(3): 175-176. |
| 20. | el-Sayed MS. Fibrinogen levels and exercise. Is there a relationship?. Sports Med, 1996, 21(6): 402-408. |
| 21. | Maresca G, Di Blasio A, Marchioli R, et al. Measuring plasma fibrinogen to predict stroke and myocardial infarction: an update. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1999, 19(6): 1368-1377. |
| 22. | Sweetnam PM, Thomas HF, Yarnell JW, et al. Fibrinogen, viscosity and the 10-year incidence of ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J, 1996, 17(12): 1814-1820. |
| 23. | Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Circulation, 1998, 97(5): 425-428. |
| 24. | Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration, Danesh J, Lewington S, et al. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. JAMA, 2005, 294(14): 1799-1809. |
| 25. | 刘梅颜, 胡大一, 严俊儒, 等. 冠心病患者血浆纤维蛋白原改变的临床意义探讨. 中华心血管病杂志, 2005, 33(9): 815-816. |
| 26. | 刘荣, 廖晓星, 向定成, 等. 不同类型冠心病患者血尿酸、纤维蛋白原、低密度脂蛋白和脂蛋白 (a) 浓度的变化. 中国动脉硬化杂志, 2009, 17(4): 318-320. |
| 27. | de Simone G, Roman MJ, Koren MJ, et al. Stroke volume pulse pressure ratio and cardiovascular risk in arterial hypertension. Hypertension, 1999, 33(3): 800-805. |
| 28. | de Simone G, Devereux RB, Koren MJ, et al. Midwall left ventricular mechanics. An independent predictor of cardiovascular risk in arterial hypertension. Circulation, 1996, 93(2): 259-265. |
| 29. | Reinhart WH. Fibrinogen--marker or mediator of vascular disease?. Vasc Med, 2003, 8(3): 211-216. |
| 30. | Doggen CJ, Bertina RM, Cats VM, et al. Fibrinogen polymorphisms are not associated with the risk of myocardial infarction. Br J Haematol, 2000, 110(4): 935-938. |
| 31. | Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, Androulakis E, et al. Fibrinogen and cardiovascular disease: genetics and biomarkers. Blood Rev, 2011, 25(6): 239-245. |
| 32. | Smith GD, Harbord R, Milton J, et al. Does elevated plasma fibrinogen increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Evidence from a meta-analysis of genetic association studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2005, 25(10): 2228-2233. |
| 33. | NACB LMPG Committee Members, Myers GL, Christenson RH, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice guidelines: emerging biomarkers for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem, 2009, 55(2): 378-384. |
| 34. | Yarnell JW, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC, et al. Haemostatic factors and ischaemic heart disease. The Caerphilly study. Br Heart J, 1985, 53(5): 483-487. |
| 35. | Green D, Foiles N, Chan C, et al. Elevated fibrinogen levels and subsequent subclinical atherosclerosis: the CARDIA Study. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 202(2): 623-631. |
| 36. | Shojaie M, Pourahmad M, Eshraghian A, et al. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for premature myocardial infarction in Iranian patients: a case control study. Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2009, 5: 673-676. |
| 37. | Smith A, Patterson C, Yarnell J, et al. Which hemostatic markers add to the predictive value of conventional risk factors for coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke? The Caerphilly Study. Circulation, 2005, 112(20): 3080-3087. |
| 38. | Meade TW, Mellows S, Brozovic M, et al. Haemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: principal results of the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet, 1986, 2(8506): 533-537. |
| 39. | Palmieri V, Celentano A, Roman MJ, et al. Fibrinogen and preclinical echocardiographic target organ damage:the strong heart study. Hypertension, 2001, 38(5): 1068-1074. |
| 40. | Palmieri V, Celentano A, Roman MJ, et al. Relation of fibrinogen to cardiovascular events is Independent of preclinical cardiovascular disease: the Strong Heart Study. Am Heart J, 2003, 145(3): 467-474. |
| 41. | Woodward M, Lowe GD, Rumley A, et al. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and mortality in middle-aged men and women. The Scottish Heart Health Study. Eur Heart J, 1998, 19(1): 55-62. |
| 42. | Lind P, Hedblad B, Stavenow L, et al. Influence of plasma fibrinogen levels on the incidence of myocardial infarction and death is modified by other inflammation-sensitive proteins: a long-term cohort study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2001, 21(3): 452-458. |
| 43. | Wilhelmsen L, Svardsudd K, Korsan-Bengtsen K, et al. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 1984, 311(8): 501-505. |
| 44. | Luc G, Bard JM, Juhan-Vague I, et al. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen as predictors of coronary heart disease: the PRIME Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2003, 23(7): 1255-1261. |
| 45. | Folsom AR, Wu KK, Rosamond WD, et al. Prospective study of hemostatic factors and incidence of coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation, 1997, 96(4): 1102-1108. |
| 46. | Sharp DS, Abbott RD, Burchfiel CM, et al. Plasma fibrinogen and coronary heart disease in elderly Japanese-American men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1996, 16(2): 262-268. |
| 47. | Bartlett JW. De Stavola BL, Meade TW. Assessing the contribution of fibrinogen in predicting risk of death in men with peripheral arterial disease. J Thromb Haemost, 2009, 7(2): 270-276. |
| 48. | Fowkes FG. Fibrinogen and peripheral arterial disease. Eur Heart J, 1995, 16(Suppl A): 36-40, 40-41. |
| 49. | Tracy RP, Arnold AM, Ettinger W, et al. The relationship of fibrinogen and factors Ⅶ and Ⅷ to incident cardiovascular disease and death in the elderly: results from the cardiovascular health study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1999, 19(7): 1776-1783. |
| 50. | Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Pennells LA, et al. C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cardiovascular disease prediction. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(14): 1310-1320. |
| 51. | Zhang Y, Zhu CG, Guo YL, et al. Higher fibrinogen level is independently linked with the presence and severity of new-onset coronary atherosclerosis among Han Chinese population. PLoS One, 2014, 9(11): e113460. |
| 52. | 刘梅颜, 胡大一, 闫丽, 等. 高水平纤维蛋白原与冠状动脉狭窄严重程度相关性探讨. 中华内科杂志, 2004, 43(11): 820-823. |
| 53. | Lima LM, Carvalho M, Sousa MO. Plasminogen and fibrinogen plasma levels in coronary artery disease. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter, 2012, 34(4): 298-301. |
| 54. | Bolibar I, Kienast J, Thompson SG, et al. Relation of fibrinogen to presence and severity of coronary artery disease is independent of other coexisting heart disease. The ECAT Angina Pectoris Study Group. Am Heart J, 1993, 125(6): 1601-1605. |
| 55. | Devendra GP, Hart SA, Whitney EJ. Impact of fibrinogen levels on angiographic progression and 12-year survival in the armed forces regression study. Angiology, 2010, 61(4): 333-337. |
| 56. | Espinola-Klein C, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, et al. Inflammation, atherosclerotic burden and cardiovascular prognosis. Atherosclerosis, 2007, 195(2): e126-e134. |
| 57. | Hong LF, Li XL, Luo SH, et al. Association of fibrinogen with severity of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus. Dis Markers, 2014, 2014: 485687. |
| 58. | De Luca G, Verdoia M, Cassetti E, et al. High fibrinogen level is an independent predictor of presence and extent of coronary artery disease among Italian population. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2011, 31(4): 458-463. |
| 59. | Taylor AJ, Bindeman J, Le TP, et al. Progression of calcified coronary atherosclerosis: relationship to coronary risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness. Atherosclerosis, 2008, 197(1): 339-345. |
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- 1. Takarada S, Imanishi T, Ishibashi K, et al. The effect of lipid and inflammatory profiles on the morphological changes of lipid-rich plaques in patients with non-ST-segment elevated acute coronary syndrome: follow-up study by optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2010, 3(7): 766-772.
- 2. Kamath S, Lip GY. Fibrinogen: biochemistry, epidemiology and determinants. QJM, 2003, 96(10): 711-729.
- 3. Losner S, Volk BW, Wilensky ND. Fibrinogen concentration in acute myocardial infarction-comparison of the clot density determination of fibrinogen with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. AMA Arch Intern Med, 1954, 93(2): 231-245.
- 4. Heinrich J, Schulte H, Schönfeld R, et al. Association of variables of coagulation, fibrinolysis and acute-phase with atherosclerosis in coronary and peripheral arteries and those arteries supplying the brain. Thromb Haemost, 1995, 73(3): 374-379.
- 5. Montalescot G, Collet JP, Choussat R, et al. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J, 1998, 19(Suppl H): H11-H17.
- 6. Brummel KE, Butenas S, Mann KG. An integrated study of fibrinogen during blood coagulation. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274(32): 22862-22870.
- 7. Roy SN, Mukhopadhyay G, Redman CM. Regulation of fibrinogen assembly. Transfection of Hep G2 cells with B beta cDNA specifically enhances synthesis of the three component chains of fibrinogen. J Biol Chem, 1990, 265(11): 6389-6393.
- 8. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, et al. Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. JAMA, 1987, 258(9): 1183-1186.
- 9. Eto K, Ochiai M, Isshiki T, et al. Platelet aggregability under shear is enhanced in patients with unstable angina pectoris who developed acute myocardial infarction. Jpn Circ J, 2001, 65(4): 279-282.
- 10. Schneider DJ, Taatjes DJ, Howard DB, et al. Increased reactivity of platelets induced by fibrinogen independent of its binding to the Ⅱb-Ⅲa surface glycoprotein: a potential contributor to cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1999, 33(1): 261-266.
- 11. Ragino I, Baum VA, Polonskaia I, et al. Oxidized fibrinogen and its relationship with hemostasis disturbances and endothelial dysfunction during coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. Kardiologiia, 2009, 49(9): 4-8.
- 12. Guardado-Mendoza R, Jimenez-Ceja L, Francisco Pacheco-Carrasco M, et al. Fibrinogen is associated with silent myocardial ischaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Cardiol, 2009, 64(4): 523-530.
- 13. Meade TW, Howarth DJ, Stirling Y, et al. Fibrinopeptide A and sudden coronary death. Lancet, 1984, 2(8403): 607-609.
- 14. Ernst E. Fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor--interrelationship with infections and inflammation. Eur Heart J, 1993, 14(Suppl K): 82-87.
- 15. Naito M, Hayashi T, Kuzuya M, et al. Effects of fibrinogen and fibrin on the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Atherosclerosis, 1990, 83(1): 9-14.
- 16. de Maat MP, Pietersma A, Kofflard M, et al. Association of plasma fibrinogen levels with coronary artery disease, smoking and inflammatory markers. Atherosclerosis, 1996, 121(2): 185-191.
- 17. Kelleher CC. Plasma fibrinogen and factor Ⅶ as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Eur J Epidemiol, 1992, 8(Suppl 1): 79-82.
- 18. Kannel WB. Influence of fibrinogen on cardiovascular disease. Drugs, 1997, 54(Suppl 3): 32-40.
- 19. Ernst E. Regular exercise reduces fibrinogen levels: a review of longitudinal studies. Br J Sports Med, 1993, 27(3): 175-176.
- 20. el-Sayed MS. Fibrinogen levels and exercise. Is there a relationship?. Sports Med, 1996, 21(6): 402-408.
- 21. Maresca G, Di Blasio A, Marchioli R, et al. Measuring plasma fibrinogen to predict stroke and myocardial infarction: an update. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1999, 19(6): 1368-1377.
- 22. Sweetnam PM, Thomas HF, Yarnell JW, et al. Fibrinogen, viscosity and the 10-year incidence of ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J, 1996, 17(12): 1814-1820.
- 23. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Circulation, 1998, 97(5): 425-428.
- 24. Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration, Danesh J, Lewington S, et al. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. JAMA, 2005, 294(14): 1799-1809.
- 25. 刘梅颜, 胡大一, 严俊儒, 等. 冠心病患者血浆纤维蛋白原改变的临床意义探讨. 中华心血管病杂志, 2005, 33(9): 815-816.
- 26. 刘荣, 廖晓星, 向定成, 等. 不同类型冠心病患者血尿酸、纤维蛋白原、低密度脂蛋白和脂蛋白 (a) 浓度的变化. 中国动脉硬化杂志, 2009, 17(4): 318-320.
- 27. de Simone G, Roman MJ, Koren MJ, et al. Stroke volume pulse pressure ratio and cardiovascular risk in arterial hypertension. Hypertension, 1999, 33(3): 800-805.
- 28. de Simone G, Devereux RB, Koren MJ, et al. Midwall left ventricular mechanics. An independent predictor of cardiovascular risk in arterial hypertension. Circulation, 1996, 93(2): 259-265.
- 29. Reinhart WH. Fibrinogen--marker or mediator of vascular disease?. Vasc Med, 2003, 8(3): 211-216.
- 30. Doggen CJ, Bertina RM, Cats VM, et al. Fibrinogen polymorphisms are not associated with the risk of myocardial infarction. Br J Haematol, 2000, 110(4): 935-938.
- 31. Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, Androulakis E, et al. Fibrinogen and cardiovascular disease: genetics and biomarkers. Blood Rev, 2011, 25(6): 239-245.
- 32. Smith GD, Harbord R, Milton J, et al. Does elevated plasma fibrinogen increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Evidence from a meta-analysis of genetic association studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2005, 25(10): 2228-2233.
- 33. NACB LMPG Committee Members, Myers GL, Christenson RH, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice guidelines: emerging biomarkers for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem, 2009, 55(2): 378-384.
- 34. Yarnell JW, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC, et al. Haemostatic factors and ischaemic heart disease. The Caerphilly study. Br Heart J, 1985, 53(5): 483-487.
- 35. Green D, Foiles N, Chan C, et al. Elevated fibrinogen levels and subsequent subclinical atherosclerosis: the CARDIA Study. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 202(2): 623-631.
- 36. Shojaie M, Pourahmad M, Eshraghian A, et al. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for premature myocardial infarction in Iranian patients: a case control study. Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2009, 5: 673-676.
- 37. Smith A, Patterson C, Yarnell J, et al. Which hemostatic markers add to the predictive value of conventional risk factors for coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke? The Caerphilly Study. Circulation, 2005, 112(20): 3080-3087.
- 38. Meade TW, Mellows S, Brozovic M, et al. Haemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: principal results of the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet, 1986, 2(8506): 533-537.
- 39. Palmieri V, Celentano A, Roman MJ, et al. Fibrinogen and preclinical echocardiographic target organ damage:the strong heart study. Hypertension, 2001, 38(5): 1068-1074.
- 40. Palmieri V, Celentano A, Roman MJ, et al. Relation of fibrinogen to cardiovascular events is Independent of preclinical cardiovascular disease: the Strong Heart Study. Am Heart J, 2003, 145(3): 467-474.
- 41. Woodward M, Lowe GD, Rumley A, et al. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and mortality in middle-aged men and women. The Scottish Heart Health Study. Eur Heart J, 1998, 19(1): 55-62.
- 42. Lind P, Hedblad B, Stavenow L, et al. Influence of plasma fibrinogen levels on the incidence of myocardial infarction and death is modified by other inflammation-sensitive proteins: a long-term cohort study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2001, 21(3): 452-458.
- 43. Wilhelmsen L, Svardsudd K, Korsan-Bengtsen K, et al. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 1984, 311(8): 501-505.
- 44. Luc G, Bard JM, Juhan-Vague I, et al. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen as predictors of coronary heart disease: the PRIME Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2003, 23(7): 1255-1261.
- 45. Folsom AR, Wu KK, Rosamond WD, et al. Prospective study of hemostatic factors and incidence of coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation, 1997, 96(4): 1102-1108.
- 46. Sharp DS, Abbott RD, Burchfiel CM, et al. Plasma fibrinogen and coronary heart disease in elderly Japanese-American men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1996, 16(2): 262-268.
- 47. Bartlett JW. De Stavola BL, Meade TW. Assessing the contribution of fibrinogen in predicting risk of death in men with peripheral arterial disease. J Thromb Haemost, 2009, 7(2): 270-276.
- 48. Fowkes FG. Fibrinogen and peripheral arterial disease. Eur Heart J, 1995, 16(Suppl A): 36-40, 40-41.
- 49. Tracy RP, Arnold AM, Ettinger W, et al. The relationship of fibrinogen and factors Ⅶ and Ⅷ to incident cardiovascular disease and death in the elderly: results from the cardiovascular health study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1999, 19(7): 1776-1783.
- 50. Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Pennells LA, et al. C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cardiovascular disease prediction. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(14): 1310-1320.
- 51. Zhang Y, Zhu CG, Guo YL, et al. Higher fibrinogen level is independently linked with the presence and severity of new-onset coronary atherosclerosis among Han Chinese population. PLoS One, 2014, 9(11): e113460.
- 52. 刘梅颜, 胡大一, 闫丽, 等. 高水平纤维蛋白原与冠状动脉狭窄严重程度相关性探讨. 中华内科杂志, 2004, 43(11): 820-823.
- 53. Lima LM, Carvalho M, Sousa MO. Plasminogen and fibrinogen plasma levels in coronary artery disease. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter, 2012, 34(4): 298-301.
- 54. Bolibar I, Kienast J, Thompson SG, et al. Relation of fibrinogen to presence and severity of coronary artery disease is independent of other coexisting heart disease. The ECAT Angina Pectoris Study Group. Am Heart J, 1993, 125(6): 1601-1605.
- 55. Devendra GP, Hart SA, Whitney EJ. Impact of fibrinogen levels on angiographic progression and 12-year survival in the armed forces regression study. Angiology, 2010, 61(4): 333-337.
- 56. Espinola-Klein C, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, et al. Inflammation, atherosclerotic burden and cardiovascular prognosis. Atherosclerosis, 2007, 195(2): e126-e134.
- 57. Hong LF, Li XL, Luo SH, et al. Association of fibrinogen with severity of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus. Dis Markers, 2014, 2014: 485687.
- 58. De Luca G, Verdoia M, Cassetti E, et al. High fibrinogen level is an independent predictor of presence and extent of coronary artery disease among Italian population. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2011, 31(4): 458-463.
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