Clinical applications of platelet-rich plasma in chronic soft tissue injuries_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

XING Fei , DUAN Xin , CHEN Jialei ,  LIU Ming

Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LIU Ming, Email: liuming15@qq.com

Keywords：

Platelet-rich plasma; Tissue engineering; Plantar fasciitis; Carpal tunnel syndrome; Lateral epicondylitis of humerus

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201904214

Video：

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Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a platelet-rich plasma protein concentrate extracted from autologous peripheral blood, which contains a variety of blood-derived growth factors and cytokines. As an autologous blood product, PRP is widely used in many fields such as tissue repair and regeneration because of its minimally invasive process, simple preparation process and good biological properties. The acquisition of PRP is mainly achieved by collecting peripheral blood through density gradient centrifugation. Various growth factors and cytokines in PRP can repair various tissues. With the deepening of PRP research, it is now gradually applied to rotator cuff injury, lateral epicondylitis of humerus, carpal tunnel syndrome, knee joint injury, gluteal muscle tendinopathy, achilles tendinopathy, plantar fasciitis, and other soft tissue injuries, and some progress has been made. This article reviews the progress on clinical applications of PRP in chronic soft tissue injuries to provide a theoretical basis.

Citation： XING Fei, DUAN Xin, CHEN Jialei, LIU Ming. Clinical applications of platelet-rich plasma in chronic soft tissue injuries. West China Medical Journal, 2019, 34(9): 1053-1058. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201904214 Copy

1.	Foster TE, Puskas BL, Mandelbaum BR, et al. Platelet-rich plasma: from basic science to clinical applications. Am J Sports Med, 2009, 37(11): 2259-2272.
2.	Andia I, Abate M. Platelet-rich plasma: underlying biology and clinical correlates. Regen Med, 2013, 8(5): 645-658.
3.	Shin HS, Woo HM, Kang BJ. Optimisation of a double-centrifugation method for preparation of canine platelet-rich plasma. BMC Vet Res, 2017, 13(1): 198.
4.	Knezevic NN, Candido KD, Desai R, et al. Is Platelet-rich plasma a future therapy in pain management?. Med Clin North Am, 2016, 100(1): 199-217.
5.	Mishra A. Platelet-rich plasma. Orthopedics, 2010, 33(7): 486-487.
6.	De Pascale MR, Sommese L, Casamassimi A, et al. Platelet derivatives in regenerative medicine: an update. Transfus Med Rev, 2015, 29(1): 52-61.
7.	Dhillon MS, Behera P, Patel S, et al. Orthobiologics and platelet rich plasma. Indian J Orthop, 2014, 48(1): 1-9.
8.	Jo CH, Lee SY, Yoon KS, et al. Allogenic pure platelet-rich plasma therapy for rotator cuff disease: a bench and bed study. Am J Sports Med, 2018, 46(13): 3142-3154.
9.	Shams A, El-Sayed M, Gamal O, et al. Subacromial injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid for the treatment of symptomatic partial rotator cuff tears. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2016, 26(8): 837-842.
10.	Kesikburun S, Tan AK, Yilmaz B, et al. Platelet-rich plasma injections in the treatment of chronic rotator cuff tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med, 2013, 41(11): 2609-2616.
11.	Filardo G, Di Matteo B, Kon E, et al. Platelet-rich plasma in tendon-related disorders: results and indications. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2018, 26(7): 1984-1999.
12.	Jo CH, Shin JS, Shin WH, et al. Platelet-rich plasma for arthroscopic repair of medium to large rotator cuff tears: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med, 2015, 43(9): 2102-2110.
13.	Hurley ET, Hannon CP, Pauzenberger L, et al. Nonoperative treatment of rotator cuff disease with platelet-rich plasma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arthroscopy, 2019, 35(5): 1584-1591.
14.	Wang C, Xu M, Guo W, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of platelet-rich plasma in arthroscopic full-thickness rotator cuff repair: a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2019, 14(7): e0220392.
15.	Mishra AK, Skrepnik NV, Edwards SG, et al. Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for chronic tennis elbow: a double-blind, prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 230 patients. Am J Sports Med, 2014, 42(2): 463-471.
16.	Gosens T, Peerbooms JC, van Laar W, et al. Ongoing positive effect of platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med, 2011, 39(6): 1200-1208.
17.	Krogh TP, Fredberg U, Stengaard-Pedersen K, et al. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis with platelet-rich plasma, glucocorticoid, or saline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Sports Med, 2013, 41(3): 625-635.
18.	Mi B, Liu G, Zhou W, et al. Platelet rich plasma versus steroid on lateral epicondylitis: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Phys Sportsmed, 2017, 45(2): 97-104.
19.	Xu Q, Chen J, Cheng L. Comparison of platelet rich plasma and corticosteroids in the management of lateral epicondylitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg, 2019, 67: 37-46.
20.	Zheng C, Zhu Q, Liu X, et al. Effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) concentration on proliferation, neurotrophic function and migration of Schwann cells in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2016, 10(5): 428-436.
21.	Sánchez M, Anitua E, Delgado D, et al. Ultrasound-guided plasma rich in growth factors injections and scaffolds hasten motor nerve functional recovery in an ovine model of nerve crush injury. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2017, 11(5): 1619-1629.
22.	Senda M, Hashizume H, Terai Y, et al. Electromyographic evaluation after endoscopic carpal tunnel release in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. J Orthop Sci, 1999, 4(3): 187-190.
23.	Kuo YC, Lee CC, Hsieh LF. Ultrasound-guided perineural injection with platelet-rich plasma improved the neurophysiological parameters of carpal tunnel syndrome: a case report. J Clin Neurosci, 2017, 44: 234-236.
24.	Malahias MA, Johnson EO, Babis GC, et al. Single injection of platelet-rich plasma as a novel treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Neural Regen Res, 2015, 10(11): 1856-1859.
25.	Wu YT, Ho TY, Chou YC, et al. Six-month efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective randomized, single-blind controlled trial. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 94.
26.	Uzun H, Bitik O, Uzun Ö, et al. Platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Plast Surg Hand Surg, 2017, 51(5): 301-305.
27.	Filardo G, Kon E, Buda R, et al. Platelet-rich plasma intra-articular knee injections for the treatment of degenerative cartilage lesions and osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2011, 19(4): 528-535.
28.	Cerza F, Carnì S, Carcangiu A, et al. Comparison between hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich plasma, intra-articular infiltration in the treatment of gonarthrosis. Am J Sports Med, 2012, 40(12): 2822-2827.
29.	Spaková T, Rosocha J, Lacko M, et al. Treatment of knee joint osteoarthritis with autologous platelet-rich plasma in comparison with hyaluronic acid. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2012, 91(5): 411-417.
30.	Freitag J, Barnard A, Rotstein A. Photoactivated platelet-rich plasma therapy for a traumatic knee chondral lesion. BMJ Case Rep, 2012: 673-678.
31.	Seijas R, Ares O, Catala J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of patellar tendon graft remodelling after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with or without platelet-rich plasma. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2013, 21(1): 10-14.
32.	Fleming BC, Proffen BL, Vavken P, et al. Increased platelet concentration does not improve functional graft healing in bio-enhanced ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2015, 23(4): 1161-1170.
33.	Rupreht M, Vogrin M, Hussein M. MRI evaluation of tibial tunnel wall cortical bone formation after platelet-rich plasma applied during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Radiol Oncol, 2013, 47(2): 119-124.
34.	Figueroa D, Figueroa F, Calvo R, et al. Platelet-rich plasma use in anterior cruciate ligament surgery: systematic review of the literature. Arthroscopy, 2015, 31(5): 981-988.
35.	Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet, 2010, 376(9754): 1751-1767.
36.	Fitzpatrick J, Bulsara MK, O’Donnell J, et al. The effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma injections in gluteal tendinopathy: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial comparing a single platelet-rich plasma injection with a single corticosteroid injection. Am J Sports Med, 2018, 46(4): 933-939.
37.	Fitzpatrick J, Bulsara MK, O’Donnell J, et al. Leucocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma treatment of gluteus medius and minimus tendinopathy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med, 2019, 47(5): 1130-1137.
38.	Maffulli N, Wong J, Almekinders LC. Types and epidemiology of tendinopathy. Clin Sports Med, 2003, 22(4): 675-692.
39.	Maree MN, Vrettos BC, Roche SJL, et al. Distal biceps tendinopathy: conservative treatment. Shoulder Elbow, 2011, 3(2): 104-108.
40.	Sinnott C, White HM, Cuchna JW, et al. Autologous blood and platelet-rich plasma injections in the treatment of achilles tendinopathy: a critically appraised topic. J Sport Rehabil, 2017, 26(3): 279-285.
41.	Harmon KG, Rao AL. The use of platelet-rich plasma in the nonsurgical management of sports injuries: hype or hope?. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 2013, 2013: 620-626.
42.	Wesner M, Defreitas T, Bredy H, et al. A pilot study evaluating the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma therapy for treating degenerative tendinopathies: a randomized control trial with synchronous observational cohort. PLoS One, 2016, 11(2): e0147842.
43.	Chuckpaiwong B, Berkson EM, Theodore GH. Extracorporeal shock wave for chronic proximal plantar fasciitis: 225 patients with results and outcome predictors. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2009, 48(2): 148-155.
44.	Tsikopoulos K, Tsikopoulos A, Natsis K. Autologous whole blood or corticosteroid injections for the treatment of epicondylopathy and plantar fasciopathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther Sport, 2016, 22: 114-122.
45.	Vahdatpour B, Kianimehr L, Moradi A, et al. Beneficial effects of platelet-rich plasma on improvement of pain severity and physical disability in patients with plantar fasciitis: a randomized trial. Adv Biomed Res, 2016, 5: 179.
46.	Corbett MS, Higgins JP, Woolacott NF. Assessing baseline imbalance in randomised trials: implications for the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Res Synth Methods, 2014, 5(1): 79-85.
47.	Jain K, Murphy PN, Clough TM. Platelet rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection for plantar fasciitis: a comparative study. Foot (Edinb), 2015, 25(4): 235-237.
48.	Say F, Gürler D, İnkaya E, et al. Comparison of platelet-rich plasma and steroid injection in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2014, 48(6): 667-672.
49.	Tiwari M, Bhargava R. Platelet rich plasma therapy: a comparative effective therapy with promising results in plantar fasciitis. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 2013, 4(1): 31-35.
50.	Omar AS, Ibrahim ME, Ahmed AS, et al. Local injection of autologous platelet rich plasma and corticosteroid in treatment of lateral epicondylitis and plantar fasciitis: randomized clinical trial. Egypt Rheumatol, 2012, 34: 43-49.
51.	Uğurlar M, Sönmez MM, Uğurlar ÖY, et al. Effectiveness of four different treatment modalities in the treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis during a 36-month follow-up period: a randomized controlled trial. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2018, 57(5): 913-918.
52.	Monto RR. Platelet-rich plasma efficacy versus corticosteroid injection treatment for chronic severe plantar fasciitis. Foot Ankle Int, 2014, 35(4): 313-318.
53.	Ling Y, Wang S. Effects of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of plantar fasciitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(37): e12110.

1. Foster TE, Puskas BL, Mandelbaum BR, et al. Platelet-rich plasma: from basic science to clinical applications. Am J Sports Med, 2009, 37(11): 2259-2272.
2. Andia I, Abate M. Platelet-rich plasma: underlying biology and clinical correlates. Regen Med, 2013, 8(5): 645-658.
3. Shin HS, Woo HM, Kang BJ. Optimisation of a double-centrifugation method for preparation of canine platelet-rich plasma. BMC Vet Res, 2017, 13(1): 198.
4. Knezevic NN, Candido KD, Desai R, et al. Is Platelet-rich plasma a future therapy in pain management?. Med Clin North Am, 2016, 100(1): 199-217.
5. Mishra A. Platelet-rich plasma. Orthopedics, 2010, 33(7): 486-487.
6. De Pascale MR, Sommese L, Casamassimi A, et al. Platelet derivatives in regenerative medicine: an update. Transfus Med Rev, 2015, 29(1): 52-61.
7. Dhillon MS, Behera P, Patel S, et al. Orthobiologics and platelet rich plasma. Indian J Orthop, 2014, 48(1): 1-9.
8. Jo CH, Lee SY, Yoon KS, et al. Allogenic pure platelet-rich plasma therapy for rotator cuff disease: a bench and bed study. Am J Sports Med, 2018, 46(13): 3142-3154.
9. Shams A, El-Sayed M, Gamal O, et al. Subacromial injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid for the treatment of symptomatic partial rotator cuff tears. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2016, 26(8): 837-842.
10. Kesikburun S, Tan AK, Yilmaz B, et al. Platelet-rich plasma injections in the treatment of chronic rotator cuff tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med, 2013, 41(11): 2609-2616.
11. Filardo G, Di Matteo B, Kon E, et al. Platelet-rich plasma in tendon-related disorders: results and indications. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2018, 26(7): 1984-1999.
12. Jo CH, Shin JS, Shin WH, et al. Platelet-rich plasma for arthroscopic repair of medium to large rotator cuff tears: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med, 2015, 43(9): 2102-2110.
13. Hurley ET, Hannon CP, Pauzenberger L, et al. Nonoperative treatment of rotator cuff disease with platelet-rich plasma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arthroscopy, 2019, 35(5): 1584-1591.
14. Wang C, Xu M, Guo W, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of platelet-rich plasma in arthroscopic full-thickness rotator cuff repair: a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2019, 14(7): e0220392.
15. Mishra AK, Skrepnik NV, Edwards SG, et al. Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for chronic tennis elbow: a double-blind, prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 230 patients. Am J Sports Med, 2014, 42(2): 463-471.
16. Gosens T, Peerbooms JC, van Laar W, et al. Ongoing positive effect of platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med, 2011, 39(6): 1200-1208.
17. Krogh TP, Fredberg U, Stengaard-Pedersen K, et al. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis with platelet-rich plasma, glucocorticoid, or saline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Sports Med, 2013, 41(3): 625-635.
18. Mi B, Liu G, Zhou W, et al. Platelet rich plasma versus steroid on lateral epicondylitis: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Phys Sportsmed, 2017, 45(2): 97-104.
19. Xu Q, Chen J, Cheng L. Comparison of platelet rich plasma and corticosteroids in the management of lateral epicondylitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg, 2019, 67: 37-46.
20. Zheng C, Zhu Q, Liu X, et al. Effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) concentration on proliferation, neurotrophic function and migration of Schwann cells in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2016, 10(5): 428-436.
21. Sánchez M, Anitua E, Delgado D, et al. Ultrasound-guided plasma rich in growth factors injections and scaffolds hasten motor nerve functional recovery in an ovine model of nerve crush injury. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2017, 11(5): 1619-1629.
22. Senda M, Hashizume H, Terai Y, et al. Electromyographic evaluation after endoscopic carpal tunnel release in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. J Orthop Sci, 1999, 4(3): 187-190.
23. Kuo YC, Lee CC, Hsieh LF. Ultrasound-guided perineural injection with platelet-rich plasma improved the neurophysiological parameters of carpal tunnel syndrome: a case report. J Clin Neurosci, 2017, 44: 234-236.
24. Malahias MA, Johnson EO, Babis GC, et al. Single injection of platelet-rich plasma as a novel treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Neural Regen Res, 2015, 10(11): 1856-1859.
25. Wu YT, Ho TY, Chou YC, et al. Six-month efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective randomized, single-blind controlled trial. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 94.
26. Uzun H, Bitik O, Uzun Ö, et al. Platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Plast Surg Hand Surg, 2017, 51(5): 301-305.
27. Filardo G, Kon E, Buda R, et al. Platelet-rich plasma intra-articular knee injections for the treatment of degenerative cartilage lesions and osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2011, 19(4): 528-535.
28. Cerza F, Carnì S, Carcangiu A, et al. Comparison between hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich plasma, intra-articular infiltration in the treatment of gonarthrosis. Am J Sports Med, 2012, 40(12): 2822-2827.
29. Spaková T, Rosocha J, Lacko M, et al. Treatment of knee joint osteoarthritis with autologous platelet-rich plasma in comparison with hyaluronic acid. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2012, 91(5): 411-417.
30. Freitag J, Barnard A, Rotstein A. Photoactivated platelet-rich plasma therapy for a traumatic knee chondral lesion. BMJ Case Rep, 2012: 673-678.
31. Seijas R, Ares O, Catala J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of patellar tendon graft remodelling after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with or without platelet-rich plasma. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2013, 21(1): 10-14.
32. Fleming BC, Proffen BL, Vavken P, et al. Increased platelet concentration does not improve functional graft healing in bio-enhanced ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2015, 23(4): 1161-1170.
33. Rupreht M, Vogrin M, Hussein M. MRI evaluation of tibial tunnel wall cortical bone formation after platelet-rich plasma applied during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Radiol Oncol, 2013, 47(2): 119-124.
34. Figueroa D, Figueroa F, Calvo R, et al. Platelet-rich plasma use in anterior cruciate ligament surgery: systematic review of the literature. Arthroscopy, 2015, 31(5): 981-988.
35. Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet, 2010, 376(9754): 1751-1767.
36. Fitzpatrick J, Bulsara MK, O’Donnell J, et al. The effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma injections in gluteal tendinopathy: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial comparing a single platelet-rich plasma injection with a single corticosteroid injection. Am J Sports Med, 2018, 46(4): 933-939.
37. Fitzpatrick J, Bulsara MK, O’Donnell J, et al. Leucocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma treatment of gluteus medius and minimus tendinopathy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med, 2019, 47(5): 1130-1137.
38. Maffulli N, Wong J, Almekinders LC. Types and epidemiology of tendinopathy. Clin Sports Med, 2003, 22(4): 675-692.
39. Maree MN, Vrettos BC, Roche SJL, et al. Distal biceps tendinopathy: conservative treatment. Shoulder Elbow, 2011, 3(2): 104-108.
40. Sinnott C, White HM, Cuchna JW, et al. Autologous blood and platelet-rich plasma injections in the treatment of achilles tendinopathy: a critically appraised topic. J Sport Rehabil, 2017, 26(3): 279-285.
41. Harmon KG, Rao AL. The use of platelet-rich plasma in the nonsurgical management of sports injuries: hype or hope?. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 2013, 2013: 620-626.
42. Wesner M, Defreitas T, Bredy H, et al. A pilot study evaluating the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma therapy for treating degenerative tendinopathies: a randomized control trial with synchronous observational cohort. PLoS One, 2016, 11(2): e0147842.
43. Chuckpaiwong B, Berkson EM, Theodore GH. Extracorporeal shock wave for chronic proximal plantar fasciitis: 225 patients with results and outcome predictors. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2009, 48(2): 148-155.
44. Tsikopoulos K, Tsikopoulos A, Natsis K. Autologous whole blood or corticosteroid injections for the treatment of epicondylopathy and plantar fasciopathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther Sport, 2016, 22: 114-122.
45. Vahdatpour B, Kianimehr L, Moradi A, et al. Beneficial effects of platelet-rich plasma on improvement of pain severity and physical disability in patients with plantar fasciitis: a randomized trial. Adv Biomed Res, 2016, 5: 179.
46. Corbett MS, Higgins JP, Woolacott NF. Assessing baseline imbalance in randomised trials: implications for the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Res Synth Methods, 2014, 5(1): 79-85.
47. Jain K, Murphy PN, Clough TM. Platelet rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection for plantar fasciitis: a comparative study. Foot (Edinb), 2015, 25(4): 235-237.
48. Say F, Gürler D, İnkaya E, et al. Comparison of platelet-rich plasma and steroid injection in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2014, 48(6): 667-672.
49. Tiwari M, Bhargava R. Platelet rich plasma therapy: a comparative effective therapy with promising results in plantar fasciitis. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 2013, 4(1): 31-35.
50. Omar AS, Ibrahim ME, Ahmed AS, et al. Local injection of autologous platelet rich plasma and corticosteroid in treatment of lateral epicondylitis and plantar fasciitis: randomized clinical trial. Egypt Rheumatol, 2012, 34: 43-49.
51. Uğurlar M, Sönmez MM, Uğurlar ÖY, et al. Effectiveness of four different treatment modalities in the treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis during a 36-month follow-up period: a randomized controlled trial. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2018, 57(5): 913-918.
52. Monto RR. Platelet-rich plasma efficacy versus corticosteroid injection treatment for chronic severe plantar fasciitis. Foot Ankle Int, 2014, 35(4): 313-318.
53. Ling Y, Wang S. Effects of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of plantar fasciitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(37): e12110.

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