Research progress of echocardiography in transcatheter aortic valve replacement_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

WEI Xin , LI Xi , ZHONG Xuemei ,  CHEN Mao

Department of Cardiology / National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

CHEN Mao, Email: hmaochen@vip.sina.com

Keywords：

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement; Echocardiography; Research progress

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202106214

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Before transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), echocardiography is the first choice for preoperative screening of suitable patients, which can be used to observe the morphology of aortic valve, determine the cause of aortic stenosis, and evaluate the severity of aortic stenosis and other cardiac structure and function. During TAVR procedure, echocardiography is mainly used for real-time monitoring of complications and immediate postoperative evaluation. After TAVR, echocardiography can be used to evaluate the shape and function of the prosthesis valve and monitor long-term complications. This article reviews the research progress of echocardiography in TAVR for guiding clinical practice.

Citation： WEI Xin, LI Xi, ZHONG Xuemei, CHEN Mao. Research progress of echocardiography in transcatheter aortic valve replacement. West China Medical Journal, 2021, 36(9): 1282-1287. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202106214 Copy

1.	Popma JJ, Deeb GM, Yakubov SJ, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a self-expanding valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(18): 1706-1715.
2.	Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a balloon-expandable valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(18): 1695-1705.
3.	Osnabrugge RL, Mylotte D, Head SJ, et al. Aortic stenosis in the elderly disease prevalence and number of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis and modeling study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 62(11): 1002-1012.
4.	Selzer A. Changing aspects of the natural history of valvular aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med, 1987, 317(2): 91-98.
5.	Xie X, Shi X, Xun X, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcatheter aortic valve implantation for bicuspid aortic valves: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 22(4): 203-215.
6.	Phan K, Wong S, Phan S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with bicuspid aortic valve stenosis-systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung Circ, 2015, 24(7): 649-659.
7.	Takagi H, Hari Y, Kawai N, et al. Meta-analysis of transcatheter aortic valve implantation for bicuspid versus tricuspid aortic valves. J Cardiol, 2019, 74(1): 40-48.
8.	Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, et al. Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2017, 30(4): 303-371.
9.	Philip F, Faza NN, Schoenhagen P, et al. Aortic annulus and root characteristics in severe aortic stenosis due to bicuspid aortic valve and tricuspid aortic valves: implications for transcatheter aortic valve therapies. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2015, 86(2): E88-E98.
10.	Thaden JJ, Nkomo VT, Lee KJ, et al. Doppler imaging in aortic stenosis: the importance of the nonapical imaging windows to determine severity in a contemporary cohort. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2015, 28(7): 780-785.
11.	Fryearson J, Edwards NC, Doshi SN, et al. The role of TTE in assessment of the patient before and following TAVI for AS. Echo Res Pract, 2016, 3(2): R19-R34.
12.	Muraru D, Badano LP, Vannan M, et al. Assessment of aortic valve complex by three-dimensional echocardiography: a framework for its effective application in clinical practice. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2012, 13(7): 541-555.
13.	Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, et al. Recommendations on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve stenosis: a focused update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2017, 30(4): 372-392.
14.	Monin JL, Quere JP, Monchi M, et al. Low-gradient aortic stenosis: operative risk stratification and predictors for long-term outcome: a multicenter study using dobutamine stress hemodynamics. Circulation, 2003, 108(3): 319-324.
15.	Clavel MA, Burwash IG, Mundigler G, et al. Validation of conventional and simplified methods to calculate projected valve area at normal flow rate in patients with low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis: the multicenter TOPAS (True or Pseudo Severe Aortic Stenosis) study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2010, 23(4): 380-386.
16.	Ribeiro HB, Lerakis S, Gilard M, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: the TOPAS-TAVI registry. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2018, 71(12): 1297-1308.
17.	Herrmann HC, Pibarot P, Hueter I, et al. Predictors of mortality and outcomes of therapy in low-flow severe aortic stenosis: a Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) trial analysis. Circulation, 2013, 127(23): 2316-2326.
18.	Rodriguez-Gabella T, Nombela-Franco L, Auffret V, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol, 2018, 122(4): 625-632.
19.	Kataoka A, Watanabe Y, Kozuma K, et al. Prognostic impact of low-flow severe aortic stenosis in small-body patients undergoing TAVR: the OCEAN-TAVI registry. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2018, 11(5): 659-669.
20.	Khalique OK, Kodali SK, Paradis JM, et al. Aortic annular sizing using a novel 3-dimensional echocardiographic method: use and comparison with cardiac computed tomography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2014, 7(1): 155-163.
21.	Akinseye OA, Jha SK, Ibebuogu UN. Clinical outcomes of coronary occlusion following transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a systematic review. Cardiovasc Revasc Med, 2018, 19(2): 229-236.
22.	Zilberszac R, Gabriel H, Schemper M, et al. Outcome of combined stenotic and regurgitant aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 61(14): 1489-1495.
23.	Stähli BE, Reinthaler M, Leistner DM, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement and concomitant mitral regurgitation. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2018, 5: 74.
24.	Nombela-Franco L, Eltchaninoff H, Zahn R, et al. Clinical impact and evolution of mitral regurgitation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis. Heart, 2015, 101(17): 1395-1405.
25.	Chakravarty T, Van Belle E, Jilaihawi H, et al. Meta-analysis of the impact of mitral regurgitation on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol, 2015, 115(7): 942-949.
26.	Barbanti M, Binder RK, Dvir D, et al. Prevalence and impact of preoperative moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation on patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2015, 85(4): 677-684.
27.	Fan J, Liu X, Yu L, et al. Impact of tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular dysfunction on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol, 2019, 42(1): 206-212.
28.	Luo X, Zhao Z, Chai H, et al. Efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with aortic stenosis and reduced LVEF. A systematic review. Herz, 2015, 40(Suppl 2): 168-180.
29.	Suzuki-Eguchi N, Murata M, Itabashi Y, et al. Prognostic value of pre-procedural left ventricular strain for clinical events after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. PLoS One, 2018, 13(10): e0205190.
30.	Løgstrup BB, Andersen HR, Thuesen L, et al. Left ventricular global systolic longitudinal deformation and prognosis 1 year after femoral and apical transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2013, 26(3): 246-254.
31.	Gonçalves A, Marcos-Alberca P, Almeria C, et al. Acute left ventricle diastolic function improvement after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur J Echocardiogr, 2011, 12(10): 790-797.
32.	Vizzardi E, D’aloia A, Fiorina C, et al. Early regression of left ventricular mass associated with diastolic improvement after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2012, 25(10): 1091-1098.
33.	Poliacikova P, Cockburn J, Pareek N, et al. Prognostic impact of pre-existing right ventricular dysfunction on the outcome of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Invasive Cardiol, 2013, 25(3): 142-145.
34.	Lindsay AC, Harron K, Jabbour RJ, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of right ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2016, 9(7): e003486.
35.	Hyman MC, Vemulapalli S, Szeto WY, et al. Conscious sedation versus general anesthesia for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry. Circulation, 2017, 136(22): 2132-2140.
36.	Bagur R, Rodes-Cabau J, Doyle D, et al. Usefulness of TEE as the primary imaging technique to guide transcatheter transapical aortic valve implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2011, 4(2): 115-124.
37.	Oguri A, Yamamoto M, Mouillet G, et al. Clinical outcomes and safety of transfemoral aortic valve implantation under general versus local anesthesia: subanalysis of the French Aortic National CoreValve and Edwards 2 registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2014, 7(4): 602-610.
38.	Auffret V, Lefevre T, Van Belle E, et al. Temporal trends in transcatheter aortic valve replacement in France: France 2 to France TAVI. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 70(1): 42-55.
39.	Kodali S, Thourani VH, White JA, et al. Early clinical and echocardiographic outcomes after SAPIEN 3 transcatheter aortic valve replacement in inoperable, high-risk and intermediate-risk patients with aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(28): 2252-2262.
40.	Haensig M, Lehmkuhl L, Rastan AJ, et al. Aortic valve calcium scoring is a predictor of significant paravalvular aortic insufficiency in transapical-aortic valve implantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2012, 41(6): 1234-1240.
41.	Athappan G, Patvardhan E, Tuzcu EM, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: meta-analysis and systematic review of literature. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 61(15): 1585-1595.
42.	Delgado V, Ng AC, Van DN, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: role of multi-detector row computed tomography to evaluate prosthesis positioning and deployment in relation to valve function. Eur Heart J, 2010, 31(9): 1114-1123.
43.	Zoghbi WA, Asch FM, Bruce C, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of valvular regurgitation after percutaneous valve repair or replacement: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2019, 32(4): 431-475.
44.	Blanke P, Reinöhl J, Schlensak C, et al. Prosthesis oversizing in balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic valve implantation is associated with contained rupture of the aortic root. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2012, 5(4): 540-548.
45.	Watanabe Y, Hayashida K, Lefèvre T, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients of small body size. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2014, 84(2): 272-280.
46.	Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Généreux P, et al. Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(15): 1438-1454.
47.	Blackman DJ, Saraf S, Maccarthy PA, et al. Long-term durability of transcatheter aortic valve prostheses. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 73(5): 537-545.
48.	Nakatani S. Subclinical leaflet thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Heart, 2017, 103(24): 1942-1946.
49.	Yanagisawa R, Hayashida K, Yamada Y, et al. Incidence, predictors, and mid-term outcomes of possible leaflet thrombosis after TAVR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2016, 10(1): 1-11.
50.	Stuart JH, Mostafa MM, Osnabrugge RJ, et al. The impact of prosthesis–patient mismatch on long-term survival after aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34 observational studies comprising 27 186 patients with 133 141 patient-years. Eur Heart J, 2012, 33(12): 1518-1529.
51.	Pibarot P, Weissman NJ, Stewart WJ, et al. Incidence and sequelae of prosthesis-patient mismatch in transcatheter versus surgical valve replacement in high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis: a PARTNER trial cohort-a analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 64(13): 1323-1334.
52.	Miyasaka M, Tada N, Taguri M, et al. Incidence, predictors, and clinical impact of prosthesis-patient mismatch following transcatheter aortic valve replacement in Asian patients: the OCEAN-TAVI registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2018, 11(8): 771-780.
53.	Amat-Santos IJ, Messika-Zeitoun D, Eltchaninoff H, et al. Infective endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: results from a large multicenter registry. Circulation, 2015, 131(18): 1566-1574.
54.	Moriyama N, Laakso T, Biancari F, et al. Prosthetic valve endocarditis after transcatheter or surgical aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis: results from the FinnValve Registry. EuroIntervention, 2019, 15(6): e500-e507.

1. Popma JJ, Deeb GM, Yakubov SJ, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a self-expanding valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(18): 1706-1715.
2. Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a balloon-expandable valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(18): 1695-1705.
3. Osnabrugge RL, Mylotte D, Head SJ, et al. Aortic stenosis in the elderly disease prevalence and number of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis and modeling study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 62(11): 1002-1012.
4. Selzer A. Changing aspects of the natural history of valvular aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med, 1987, 317(2): 91-98.
5. Xie X, Shi X, Xun X, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcatheter aortic valve implantation for bicuspid aortic valves: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 22(4): 203-215.
6. Phan K, Wong S, Phan S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with bicuspid aortic valve stenosis-systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung Circ, 2015, 24(7): 649-659.
7. Takagi H, Hari Y, Kawai N, et al. Meta-analysis of transcatheter aortic valve implantation for bicuspid versus tricuspid aortic valves. J Cardiol, 2019, 74(1): 40-48.
8. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, et al. Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2017, 30(4): 303-371.
9. Philip F, Faza NN, Schoenhagen P, et al. Aortic annulus and root characteristics in severe aortic stenosis due to bicuspid aortic valve and tricuspid aortic valves: implications for transcatheter aortic valve therapies. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2015, 86(2): E88-E98.
10. Thaden JJ, Nkomo VT, Lee KJ, et al. Doppler imaging in aortic stenosis: the importance of the nonapical imaging windows to determine severity in a contemporary cohort. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2015, 28(7): 780-785.
11. Fryearson J, Edwards NC, Doshi SN, et al. The role of TTE in assessment of the patient before and following TAVI for AS. Echo Res Pract, 2016, 3(2): R19-R34.
12. Muraru D, Badano LP, Vannan M, et al. Assessment of aortic valve complex by three-dimensional echocardiography: a framework for its effective application in clinical practice. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2012, 13(7): 541-555.
13. Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, et al. Recommendations on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve stenosis: a focused update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2017, 30(4): 372-392.
14. Monin JL, Quere JP, Monchi M, et al. Low-gradient aortic stenosis: operative risk stratification and predictors for long-term outcome: a multicenter study using dobutamine stress hemodynamics. Circulation, 2003, 108(3): 319-324.
15. Clavel MA, Burwash IG, Mundigler G, et al. Validation of conventional and simplified methods to calculate projected valve area at normal flow rate in patients with low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis: the multicenter TOPAS (True or Pseudo Severe Aortic Stenosis) study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2010, 23(4): 380-386.
16. Ribeiro HB, Lerakis S, Gilard M, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: the TOPAS-TAVI registry. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2018, 71(12): 1297-1308.
17. Herrmann HC, Pibarot P, Hueter I, et al. Predictors of mortality and outcomes of therapy in low-flow severe aortic stenosis: a Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) trial analysis. Circulation, 2013, 127(23): 2316-2326.
18. Rodriguez-Gabella T, Nombela-Franco L, Auffret V, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol, 2018, 122(4): 625-632.
19. Kataoka A, Watanabe Y, Kozuma K, et al. Prognostic impact of low-flow severe aortic stenosis in small-body patients undergoing TAVR: the OCEAN-TAVI registry. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2018, 11(5): 659-669.
20. Khalique OK, Kodali SK, Paradis JM, et al. Aortic annular sizing using a novel 3-dimensional echocardiographic method: use and comparison with cardiac computed tomography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2014, 7(1): 155-163.
21. Akinseye OA, Jha SK, Ibebuogu UN. Clinical outcomes of coronary occlusion following transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a systematic review. Cardiovasc Revasc Med, 2018, 19(2): 229-236.
22. Zilberszac R, Gabriel H, Schemper M, et al. Outcome of combined stenotic and regurgitant aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 61(14): 1489-1495.
23. Stähli BE, Reinthaler M, Leistner DM, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement and concomitant mitral regurgitation. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2018, 5: 74.
24. Nombela-Franco L, Eltchaninoff H, Zahn R, et al. Clinical impact and evolution of mitral regurgitation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis. Heart, 2015, 101(17): 1395-1405.
25. Chakravarty T, Van Belle E, Jilaihawi H, et al. Meta-analysis of the impact of mitral regurgitation on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol, 2015, 115(7): 942-949.
26. Barbanti M, Binder RK, Dvir D, et al. Prevalence and impact of preoperative moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation on patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2015, 85(4): 677-684.
27. Fan J, Liu X, Yu L, et al. Impact of tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular dysfunction on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol, 2019, 42(1): 206-212.
28. Luo X, Zhao Z, Chai H, et al. Efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with aortic stenosis and reduced LVEF. A systematic review. Herz, 2015, 40(Suppl 2): 168-180.
29. Suzuki-Eguchi N, Murata M, Itabashi Y, et al. Prognostic value of pre-procedural left ventricular strain for clinical events after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. PLoS One, 2018, 13(10): e0205190.
30. Løgstrup BB, Andersen HR, Thuesen L, et al. Left ventricular global systolic longitudinal deformation and prognosis 1 year after femoral and apical transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2013, 26(3): 246-254.
31. Gonçalves A, Marcos-Alberca P, Almeria C, et al. Acute left ventricle diastolic function improvement after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur J Echocardiogr, 2011, 12(10): 790-797.
32. Vizzardi E, D’aloia A, Fiorina C, et al. Early regression of left ventricular mass associated with diastolic improvement after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2012, 25(10): 1091-1098.
33. Poliacikova P, Cockburn J, Pareek N, et al. Prognostic impact of pre-existing right ventricular dysfunction on the outcome of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Invasive Cardiol, 2013, 25(3): 142-145.
34. Lindsay AC, Harron K, Jabbour RJ, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of right ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2016, 9(7): e003486.
35. Hyman MC, Vemulapalli S, Szeto WY, et al. Conscious sedation versus general anesthesia for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry. Circulation, 2017, 136(22): 2132-2140.
36. Bagur R, Rodes-Cabau J, Doyle D, et al. Usefulness of TEE as the primary imaging technique to guide transcatheter transapical aortic valve implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2011, 4(2): 115-124.
37. Oguri A, Yamamoto M, Mouillet G, et al. Clinical outcomes and safety of transfemoral aortic valve implantation under general versus local anesthesia: subanalysis of the French Aortic National CoreValve and Edwards 2 registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2014, 7(4): 602-610.
38. Auffret V, Lefevre T, Van Belle E, et al. Temporal trends in transcatheter aortic valve replacement in France: France 2 to France TAVI. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 70(1): 42-55.
39. Kodali S, Thourani VH, White JA, et al. Early clinical and echocardiographic outcomes after SAPIEN 3 transcatheter aortic valve replacement in inoperable, high-risk and intermediate-risk patients with aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(28): 2252-2262.
40. Haensig M, Lehmkuhl L, Rastan AJ, et al. Aortic valve calcium scoring is a predictor of significant paravalvular aortic insufficiency in transapical-aortic valve implantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2012, 41(6): 1234-1240.
41. Athappan G, Patvardhan E, Tuzcu EM, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: meta-analysis and systematic review of literature. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 61(15): 1585-1595.
42. Delgado V, Ng AC, Van DN, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: role of multi-detector row computed tomography to evaluate prosthesis positioning and deployment in relation to valve function. Eur Heart J, 2010, 31(9): 1114-1123.
43. Zoghbi WA, Asch FM, Bruce C, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of valvular regurgitation after percutaneous valve repair or replacement: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2019, 32(4): 431-475.
44. Blanke P, Reinöhl J, Schlensak C, et al. Prosthesis oversizing in balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic valve implantation is associated with contained rupture of the aortic root. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2012, 5(4): 540-548.
45. Watanabe Y, Hayashida K, Lefèvre T, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients of small body size. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2014, 84(2): 272-280.
46. Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Généreux P, et al. Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(15): 1438-1454.
47. Blackman DJ, Saraf S, Maccarthy PA, et al. Long-term durability of transcatheter aortic valve prostheses. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 73(5): 537-545.
48. Nakatani S. Subclinical leaflet thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Heart, 2017, 103(24): 1942-1946.
49. Yanagisawa R, Hayashida K, Yamada Y, et al. Incidence, predictors, and mid-term outcomes of possible leaflet thrombosis after TAVR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2016, 10(1): 1-11.
50. Stuart JH, Mostafa MM, Osnabrugge RJ, et al. The impact of prosthesis–patient mismatch on long-term survival after aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34 observational studies comprising 27 186 patients with 133 141 patient-years. Eur Heart J, 2012, 33(12): 1518-1529.
51. Pibarot P, Weissman NJ, Stewart WJ, et al. Incidence and sequelae of prosthesis-patient mismatch in transcatheter versus surgical valve replacement in high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis: a PARTNER trial cohort-a analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 64(13): 1323-1334.
52. Miyasaka M, Tada N, Taguri M, et al. Incidence, predictors, and clinical impact of prosthesis-patient mismatch following transcatheter aortic valve replacement in Asian patients: the OCEAN-TAVI registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2018, 11(8): 771-780.
53. Amat-Santos IJ, Messika-Zeitoun D, Eltchaninoff H, et al. Infective endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: results from a large multicenter registry. Circulation, 2015, 131(18): 1566-1574.
54. Moriyama N, Laakso T, Biancari F, et al. Prosthetic valve endocarditis after transcatheter or surgical aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis: results from the FinnValve Registry. EuroIntervention, 2019, 15(6): e500-e507.

West China Medical Journal

Research progress of echocardiography in transcatheter aortic valve replacement

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