Research progress on the return to work of patients with mild traumatic brain injury_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

MA Xiujuan ¹ , ZENG Li ¹ , HAN Xinyi ² , LI Wenrui ² , WANG Zhenzhen ² ,  ZHANG Zhigang ¹

1. College of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China;
2. Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

ZHANG Zhigang, Email: zzg3444@163.com

Keywords：

Mild traumatic brain injury; return to work; influencing factor; rehabilitation; review

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202303160

Video：

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Mild traumatic brain injury has a large number of patients in China. In recent years, studies have pointed out that the return to work is a key goal for rehabilitation, indicating that patients can start integrating into society again and resume normal work and life as soon as possible, which has a positive impact on their rehabilitation. This article summarizes the relevant factors that affect the return to work from four aspects: individual, disease, occupation, and social support, and introduces intervention measures such as follow-up and health education, neuromodulatory technology, symptom management, social support, cognitive and occupational rehabilitation, and multidisciplinary occupational rehabilitation, aiming to provide a reference for promoting the research and development of patients with mild traumatic brain injury returning to work in China.

Citation： MA Xiujuan, ZENG Li, HAN Xinyi, LI Wenrui, WANG Zhenzhen, ZHANG Zhigang. Research progress on the return to work of patients with mild traumatic brain injury. West China Medical Journal, 2023, 38(9): 1411-1416. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202303160 Copy

1.	Zhang H, Zhao Y, Qu Y, et al. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cognition in patients with traumatic brain injury: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol, 2022, 13: 832818.
2.	Sun D, Jiang B, Ru X, et al. Prevalence and altered causes of traumatic brain injury in China: a nationwide survey in 2013. Neuroepidemiology, 2020, 54(2): 106-113.
3.	Maas AIR, Menon DK, Adelson PD, et al. Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol, 2017, 16(12): 987-1048.
4.	Meares S, Shores EA, Smyth T, et al. Identifying posttraumatic amnesia in individuals with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 15 after mild traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2015, 96(5): 956-959.
5.	薛钦, 马力, 刘伟明, 等. 轻型脑创伤患者重返工作的研究现况. 中华全科医学, 2023, 21(6): 1012-1015, 1038.
6.	Nguyen R, Fiest KM, McChesney J, et al. The international incidence of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Neurol Sci, 2016, 43(6): 774-785.
7.	Yue JK, Phelps RR, Hemmerle DD, et al. Predictors of six-month inability to return to work in previously employed subjects after mild traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI pilot study. J Concussion, 2021, 5: 10.
8.	van der Vlegel M, Polinder S, Mikolic A, et al. The association of post-concussion and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms with health-related quality of life, health care use and return-to-work after mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(11): 2473.
9.	Lamore K, Dubois T, Rothe U, et al. Return to work interventions for cancer survivors: a systematic review and a methodological critique. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019, 16(8): 1343.
10.	Vayr F, Savall F, Bigay-Game L, et al. Lung cancer survivors and employment: a systematic review. Lung Cancer, 2019, 131: 31-39.
11.	郭亚雯, 符博, 梅永霞, 等. 重返工作测评工具研究进展. 中国康复理论与实践, 2018, 24(12): 1417-1421.
12.	Skandsen T, Einarsen CE, Normann I, et al. The epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury: the Trondheim MTBI follow-up study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, 2018, 26(1): 34.
13.	Graff HJ, Deleu NW, Christiansen P, et al. Facilitators of and barriers to return to work after mild traumatic brain injury: a thematic analysis. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 2021, 31(9): 1349-1373.
14.	Bloom B, Thomas S, Ahrensberg JM, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of return to work after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj, 2018, 32(13/14): 1623-1636.
15.	Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, et al. The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. Eur J Neurol, 2012, 19(1): 155-162.
16.	Rao N, Rosenthal M, Cronin-Stubbs D, et al. Return to work after rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj, 1990, 4(1): 49-56.
17.	Tibæk M, Kammersgaard LP, Johnsen SP, et al. Long-term return to work after acquired brain injury in young danish adults: a nation-wide registry-based cohort study. Front Neurol, 2019, 9: 1180.
18.	Pretz C, Kowalski RG, Cuthbert JP, et al. Return to productivity projections for individuals with moderate to severe TBI following inpatient rehabilitation: a NIDILRR TBIMS and CDC Interagency Collaboration. J Head Trauma Rehabil, 2020, 35(2): 140-151.
19.	Sigurdardottir S, Andelic N, Wehling E, et al. Return to work after severe traumatic brain injury: a national study with a one-year follow-up of neurocognitive and behavioural outcomes. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 2020, 30(2): 281-297.
20.	Simpson GK, McRae P, Hallab L, et al. Participation in competitive employment after severe traumatic brain injury: new employment versus return to previous (pre-injury) employment. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 2020, 30(6): 995-1012.
21.	Pretz CR, Cuthbert JP, Whiteneck GG. A validation study for using iterative proportional fitting to weight the traumatic brain injury model systems national database: an NIDRR-sponsored study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2015, 96(4): 746-749.
22.	Libeson L, Downing M, Ross P, et al. The experience of return to work in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI): a qualitative study. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 2020, 30(3): 412-429.
23.	Thor JA, Mazlan M, Waran V. Employment status after traumatic brain injury and the effect of concomitant injuries on return to work. Brain Inj, 2021, 35(8): 949-956.
24.	Crampton A, Teel E, Chevignard M, et al. Vestibular-ocular reflex dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury: a narrative review. Neurochirurgie, 2021, 67(3): 231-237.
25.	Libeson L, Ross P, Downing M, et al. Exploring employment following traumatic brain injury in persons who completed an insurer funded vocational rehabilitation program in Australia. Disabil Rehabil, 2022, 44(24): 7428-7438.
26.	Watkin C, Phillips J, Radford K. What is a ‘return to work’ following traumatic brain injury? Analysis of work outcomes 12 months post TBI. Brain Inj, 2020, 34(1): 68-77.
27.	白金月, 马力. 以全科医生为基础的轻度创伤性脑损伤管理模式研究. 中国初级卫生保健, 2021, 35(12): 29-32.
28.	Management of Concussion/mTBI Working Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of concussion/mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev, 2009, 46(6): CP1-CP68.
29.	Adams RJ. Improving health outcomes with better patient understanding and education. Risk Manag Healthc Policy, 2010, 3: 61-72.
30.	Lee SY, Amatya B, Judson R, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury: a critical appraisal. Brain Inj, 2019, 33(10): 1263-1271.
31.	Buhagiar F, Fitzgerald M, Bell J, et al. Neuromodulation for mild traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: a systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci, 2020, 14: 598208.
32.	Stilling J, Paxman E, Mercier L, et al. Treatment of persistent post-traumatic headache and post-concussion symptoms using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a pilot, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Neurotrauma, 2020, 37(2): 312-323.
33.	Walker JE, Norman CA, Weber RK. Impact of qEEG-guided coherence training for patients with a mild closed head injury. J Neurother, 2002, 6(2): 31-43.
34.	姜蔼玲, 李嫦, 庞国防, 等. 脑外伤后综合征研究进展. 中国老年保健医学, 2019, 17(4): 102-105.
35.	Kraemer Y, Mäki K, Marinkovic I, et al. Post-traumatic headache after mild traumatic brain injury in a one-year follow up study - risk factors and return to work. J Headache Pain, 2022, 23(1): 27.
36.	Lambru G, Benemei S, Andreou AP, et al. Position paper on post-traumatic headache: the relationship between head trauma, stress disorder, and migraine. Pain Ther, 2021, 10(1): 1-13.
37.	Devine JM, Zafonte RD. Physical exercise and cognitive recovery in acquired brain injury: a review of the literature. PM R, 2009, 1(6): 560-575.
38.	Mani K, Cater B, Hudlikar A. Cognition and return to work after mild/moderate traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Work, 2017, 58(1): 51-62.
39.	Kumar KS, Samuelkamaleshkumar S, Viswanathan A, et al. Cognitive rehabilitation for adults with traumatic brain injury to improve occupational outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, 6(6): CD007935.
40.	Manoli R, Delecroix H, Daveluy W, et al. Impact of cognitive and behavioural functioning on vocational outcome following traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil, 2021, 43(18): 2531-2540.
41.	Fure SCR, Howe EI, Andelic N, et al. Cognitive and vocational rehabilitation after mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial. Ann Phys Rehabil Med, 2021, 64(5): 101538.
42.	Rytter HM, Westenbaek K, Henriksen H, et al. Specialized interdisciplinary rehabilitation reduces persistent post-concussive symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Brain Inj, 2019, 33(3): 266-281.
43.	Dornonville de la Cour FL, Rasmussen MA, Foged EM, et al. Vocational rehabilitation in mild traumatic brain injury: supporting return to work and daily life functioning. Front Neurol, 2019, 10: 103.

1. Zhang H, Zhao Y, Qu Y, et al. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cognition in patients with traumatic brain injury: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol, 2022, 13: 832818.
2. Sun D, Jiang B, Ru X, et al. Prevalence and altered causes of traumatic brain injury in China: a nationwide survey in 2013. Neuroepidemiology, 2020, 54(2): 106-113.
3. Maas AIR, Menon DK, Adelson PD, et al. Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol, 2017, 16(12): 987-1048.
4. Meares S, Shores EA, Smyth T, et al. Identifying posttraumatic amnesia in individuals with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 15 after mild traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2015, 96(5): 956-959.
5. 薛钦, 马力, 刘伟明, 等. 轻型脑创伤患者重返工作的研究现况. 中华全科医学, 2023, 21(6): 1012-1015, 1038.
6. Nguyen R, Fiest KM, McChesney J, et al. The international incidence of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Neurol Sci, 2016, 43(6): 774-785.
7. Yue JK, Phelps RR, Hemmerle DD, et al. Predictors of six-month inability to return to work in previously employed subjects after mild traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI pilot study. J Concussion, 2021, 5: 10.
8. van der Vlegel M, Polinder S, Mikolic A, et al. The association of post-concussion and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms with health-related quality of life, health care use and return-to-work after mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(11): 2473.
9. Lamore K, Dubois T, Rothe U, et al. Return to work interventions for cancer survivors: a systematic review and a methodological critique. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019, 16(8): 1343.
10. Vayr F, Savall F, Bigay-Game L, et al. Lung cancer survivors and employment: a systematic review. Lung Cancer, 2019, 131: 31-39.
11. 郭亚雯, 符博, 梅永霞, 等. 重返工作测评工具研究进展. 中国康复理论与实践, 2018, 24(12): 1417-1421.
12. Skandsen T, Einarsen CE, Normann I, et al. The epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury: the Trondheim MTBI follow-up study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, 2018, 26(1): 34.
13. Graff HJ, Deleu NW, Christiansen P, et al. Facilitators of and barriers to return to work after mild traumatic brain injury: a thematic analysis. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 2021, 31(9): 1349-1373.
14. Bloom B, Thomas S, Ahrensberg JM, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of return to work after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj, 2018, 32(13/14): 1623-1636.
15. Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, et al. The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. Eur J Neurol, 2012, 19(1): 155-162.
16. Rao N, Rosenthal M, Cronin-Stubbs D, et al. Return to work after rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj, 1990, 4(1): 49-56.
17. Tibæk M, Kammersgaard LP, Johnsen SP, et al. Long-term return to work after acquired brain injury in young danish adults: a nation-wide registry-based cohort study. Front Neurol, 2019, 9: 1180.
18. Pretz C, Kowalski RG, Cuthbert JP, et al. Return to productivity projections for individuals with moderate to severe TBI following inpatient rehabilitation: a NIDILRR TBIMS and CDC Interagency Collaboration. J Head Trauma Rehabil, 2020, 35(2): 140-151.
19. Sigurdardottir S, Andelic N, Wehling E, et al. Return to work after severe traumatic brain injury: a national study with a one-year follow-up of neurocognitive and behavioural outcomes. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 2020, 30(2): 281-297.
20. Simpson GK, McRae P, Hallab L, et al. Participation in competitive employment after severe traumatic brain injury: new employment versus return to previous (pre-injury) employment. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 2020, 30(6): 995-1012.
21. Pretz CR, Cuthbert JP, Whiteneck GG. A validation study for using iterative proportional fitting to weight the traumatic brain injury model systems national database: an NIDRR-sponsored study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2015, 96(4): 746-749.
22. Libeson L, Downing M, Ross P, et al. The experience of return to work in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI): a qualitative study. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 2020, 30(3): 412-429.
23. Thor JA, Mazlan M, Waran V. Employment status after traumatic brain injury and the effect of concomitant injuries on return to work. Brain Inj, 2021, 35(8): 949-956.
24. Crampton A, Teel E, Chevignard M, et al. Vestibular-ocular reflex dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury: a narrative review. Neurochirurgie, 2021, 67(3): 231-237.
25. Libeson L, Ross P, Downing M, et al. Exploring employment following traumatic brain injury in persons who completed an insurer funded vocational rehabilitation program in Australia. Disabil Rehabil, 2022, 44(24): 7428-7438.
26. Watkin C, Phillips J, Radford K. What is a ‘return to work’ following traumatic brain injury? Analysis of work outcomes 12 months post TBI. Brain Inj, 2020, 34(1): 68-77.
27. 白金月, 马力. 以全科医生为基础的轻度创伤性脑损伤管理模式研究. 中国初级卫生保健, 2021, 35(12): 29-32.
28. Management of Concussion/mTBI Working Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of concussion/mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev, 2009, 46(6): CP1-CP68.
29. Adams RJ. Improving health outcomes with better patient understanding and education. Risk Manag Healthc Policy, 2010, 3: 61-72.
30. Lee SY, Amatya B, Judson R, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury: a critical appraisal. Brain Inj, 2019, 33(10): 1263-1271.
31. Buhagiar F, Fitzgerald M, Bell J, et al. Neuromodulation for mild traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: a systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci, 2020, 14: 598208.
32. Stilling J, Paxman E, Mercier L, et al. Treatment of persistent post-traumatic headache and post-concussion symptoms using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a pilot, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Neurotrauma, 2020, 37(2): 312-323.
33. Walker JE, Norman CA, Weber RK. Impact of qEEG-guided coherence training for patients with a mild closed head injury. J Neurother, 2002, 6(2): 31-43.
34. 姜蔼玲, 李嫦, 庞国防, 等. 脑外伤后综合征研究进展. 中国老年保健医学, 2019, 17(4): 102-105.
35. Kraemer Y, Mäki K, Marinkovic I, et al. Post-traumatic headache after mild traumatic brain injury in a one-year follow up study - risk factors and return to work. J Headache Pain, 2022, 23(1): 27.
36. Lambru G, Benemei S, Andreou AP, et al. Position paper on post-traumatic headache: the relationship between head trauma, stress disorder, and migraine. Pain Ther, 2021, 10(1): 1-13.
37. Devine JM, Zafonte RD. Physical exercise and cognitive recovery in acquired brain injury: a review of the literature. PM R, 2009, 1(6): 560-575.
38. Mani K, Cater B, Hudlikar A. Cognition and return to work after mild/moderate traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Work, 2017, 58(1): 51-62.
39. Kumar KS, Samuelkamaleshkumar S, Viswanathan A, et al. Cognitive rehabilitation for adults with traumatic brain injury to improve occupational outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, 6(6): CD007935.
40. Manoli R, Delecroix H, Daveluy W, et al. Impact of cognitive and behavioural functioning on vocational outcome following traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil, 2021, 43(18): 2531-2540.
41. Fure SCR, Howe EI, Andelic N, et al. Cognitive and vocational rehabilitation after mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial. Ann Phys Rehabil Med, 2021, 64(5): 101538.
42. Rytter HM, Westenbaek K, Henriksen H, et al. Specialized interdisciplinary rehabilitation reduces persistent post-concussive symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Brain Inj, 2019, 33(3): 266-281.
43. Dornonville de la Cour FL, Rasmussen MA, Foged EM, et al. Vocational rehabilitation in mild traumatic brain injury: supporting return to work and daily life functioning. Front Neurol, 2019, 10: 103.

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