Research progress of intermittent theta burst stimulation in the treatment of mental and psychological diseases_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

GONG Yingying ,  JIANG Lushan , JIANG Qingwei

Department of Psychiatry, Changzhou De’an Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

JIANG Lushan, Email: yytg0821@163.com

Keywords：

Intermittent theta burst stimulation; mental and psychological diseases; treatment; safety

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202310227

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

In recent years, the incidence of mental and psychological diseases has increased year by year, affecting patients’ physical and mental health and social stability. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a new type of non-invasive nerve stimulation technology, which can stimulate specific areas in the brain at a high frequency in a short time to regulate brain nerve activity, and has the advantages of non-invasion, easy operation and high safety. In recent years, iTBS has attracted more and more attention in the treatment of mental and psychological diseases. This paper reviews the clinical application of iTBS in common mental and psychological diseases, including depression, schizophrenia, and methamphetamine addiction, in order to provide new treatment strategies and directions for clinical treatment and scientific research of mental and psychological diseases.

Citation： GONG Yingying, JIANG Lushan, JIANG Qingwei. Research progress of intermittent theta burst stimulation in the treatment of mental and psychological diseases. West China Medical Journal, 2024, 39(4): 654-659. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202310227 Copy

1.	Tomczyk S, Schlick S, Gansler T, et al. Continuum beliefs of mental illness: a systematic review of measures. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 2023, 58(1): 1-16.
2.	Hancq ES. Serious mental illness deserves policy priority. Health Aff (Millwood), 2022, 41(5): 773.
3.	Brown HK, Barrett K, Scime NV. Perinatal mental illness and maternal autoimmune disease: a review of current evidence and avenues for future research. Front Neuroendocrinol, 2022, 65: 100975.
4.	Lomas T, VanderWeele TJ. The mental illness-health matrix and the mental state space matrix: complementary meta-conceptual frameworks for evaluating psychological states. J Clin Psychol, 2023, 79(8): 1902-1920.
5.	Pearson E, Siskind D, Hubbard RE, et al. Frailty and severe mental illness: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. J Psychiatr Res, 2022, 147: 166-175.
6.	奚丽华, 张红霞, 黄惠珍. 氯氮平治疗精神性疾病所致心脏不良反应发生的危险因素分析. 海南医学, 2022, 33(4): 424-427.
7.	Vargas MV, Meyer R, Avanes AA, et al. Psychedelics and other psychoplastogens for treating mental illness. Front Psychiatry, 2021, 12: 727117.
8.	王梦雨, 李家磊, 郭虹, 等. D 型人格对老年人抑郁情绪的影响机制: 社会支持和心理弹性的中介作用. 中华老年多器官疾病杂志, 2021, 20(9): 650-654.
9.	刘子财, 温馨, 彭阳, 等. rTMS 与 iTBS 模式经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍的疗效对比研究. 兰州大学学报(医学版), 2021, 47(5): 76-80.
10.	MacLean JA, Sanger TD. Intermittent theta-burst deep brain stimulation in childhood dystonia. Brain Stimul, 2023, 16(2): 558-560.
11.	Gao B, Wang Y, Zhang D, et al. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation with physical exercise improves poststroke motor function: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol, 2022, 13: 964627.
12.	Dong L, Chen WC, Su H, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves cognitive function in polydrug use disorder patients: a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychiatry, 2023, 14: 1156149.
13.	陈天意, 介勇, 汪作为, 等. 双频加速重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的随机双盲对照研究. 临床精神医学杂志, 2023, 33(2): 137-141.
14.	匡宇星, 夏锐, 谢静, 等. 间歇性 θ 短阵脉冲刺激对轻度认知功能障碍患者脑电功能连接的影响. 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志, 2022, 31(11): 984-989.
15.	Weissman CR, Daskalakis ZJ. Accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation: expediting and enhancing treatment outcomes in treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry, 2022, 179(2): 85-87.
16.	Aceves-Serrano L, Neva JL, Munro J, et al. Continuous but not intermittent theta burst stimulation decreases striatal dopamine release and cortical excitability. Exp Neurol, 2022, 354: 114106.
17.	Ni HC, Chen YL, Chao YP, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation over the posterior superior temporal sulcus for children with autism spectrum disorder: a 4-week randomized blinded controlled trial followed by another 4-week open-label intervention. Autism, 2021, 25(5): 1279-1294.
18.	Stekic A, Zeljkovic M, Zaric Kontic M, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation ameliorates cognitive deficit and attenuates neuroinflammation via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in Alzheimer’s-like disease model. Front Aging Neurosci, 2022, 14: 889983.
19.	Deng X, Wang J, Zang Y, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation over the parietal cortex has a significant neural effect on working memory. Hum Brain Mapp, 2022, 43(3): 1076-1086.
20.	Torres IJ, Ge R, McGirr A, et al. Effects of intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognition and hippocampal volumes in bipolar depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 2023, 25(1): 24-32.
21.	Bodén R, Bengtsson J, Thörnblom E, et al. Dorsomedial prefrontal theta burst stimulation to treat anhedonia, avolition, and blunted affect in schizophrenia or depression - a randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord, 2021, 290: 308-315.
22.	Luo L, Liu M, Fan Y, et al. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation improves motor function by inhibiting neuronal pyroptosis and regulating microglial polarization via TLR4/NFκB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in cerebral ischemic mice. J Neuroinflammation, 2022, 19(1): 141.
23.	Chu HT, Cheng CM, Liang CS, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of theta-burst stimulation for major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2021, 106: 110168.
24.	杜彬, 曹音, 董贯忠, 等. 强化 iTBS 与高频 rTMS 治疗首发抑郁症患者临床效果比较. 中国实用神经疾病杂志, 2022, 25(4): 426-431.
25.	曾鹏, 钟凤元, 王璐, 等. 间歇性 θ 短阵脉冲刺激治疗缺血性脑卒中后重度抑郁的临床研究. 中国医学创新, 2022, 19(23): 129-133.
26.	Struckmann W, Bodén R, Gingnell M, et al. Modulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity after intermittent theta-burst stimulation in depression: combining findings from fNIRS and fMRI. Neuroimage Clin, 2022, 34: 103028.
27.	Cole J, Sohn MN, Harris AD, et al. Efficacy of adjunctive D-cycloserine to intermittent theta-burst stimulation for major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 2022, 79(12): 1153-1161.
28.	Neuteboom D, Zantvoord JB, Goya-Maldonado R, et al. Accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation in major depressive disorder: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res, 2023, 327: 115429.
29.	Cai DB, Qin ZJ, Lan XJ, et al. Accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation for major depressive disorder or bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr, 2023, 85: 103618.
30.	Blumberger DM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Wang W, et al. A randomized sham controlled comparison of once vs twice-daily intermittent theta burst stimulation in depression: a Canadian rTMS treatment and biomarker network in depression (CARTBIND) study. Brain Stimul, 2021, 14(6): 1447-1455.
31.	林红, 刘陈, 尹娥, 等. iTBS 模式重复经颅磁刺激联合氟伏沙明治疗首发青少年抑郁症非自杀性自伤行为的临床观察. 国际精神病学杂志, 2023, 50(4): 716-718.
32.	杨婷婷, 李丹丹, 李红, 等. 间断性 θ 爆发式磁刺激对自闭症谱系障碍儿童疗效分析. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2021, 47(1): 23-26.
33.	叶琳琳, 曹磊, 张甜甜, 等. 健侧半球间歇 θ 脉冲刺激和低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗卒中后视空间忽略的效果比较. 中国脑血管病杂志, 2022, 19(2): 79-87.
34.	Jauhar S, Johnstone M, McKenna PJ. Schizophrenia. Lancet, 2022, 399(10323): 473-486.
35.	Campeau A, Mills RH, Stevens T, et al. Multi-omics of human plasma reveals molecular features of dysregulated inflammation and accelerated aging in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry, 2022, 27(2): 1217-1225.
36.	Faden J, Citrome L. Schizophrenia: one name, many different manifestations. Med Clin North Am, 2023, 107(1): 61-72.
37.	Javitt DC. Cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia: from pathophysiology to treatment. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 2023, 63: 119-141.
38.	Sabe M, Pillinger T, Kaiser S, et al. Half a century of research on antipsychotics and schizophrenia: a scientometric study of hotspots, nodes, bursts, and trends. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2022, 136: 104608.
39.	Huang H, Zhang B, Mi L, et al. Reconfiguration of functional dynamics in cortico-thalamo-cerebellar circuit in schizophrenia following high-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci, 2022, 16: 928315.
40.	Adam O, Blay M, Brunoni AR, et al. Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation to improve insight in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr Bull, 2022, 48(6): 1284-1294.
41.	刘世鑫, 牛伟盼, 邬素萍. 不同模式经颅磁刺激对精神分裂症患者阴性症状及认知功能的影响. 神经疾病与精神卫生, 2021, 21(7): 462-467.
42.	Wu Y, Wang L, Yu F, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) as an optimal treatment for schizophrenia risk decision: an ERSP study. Front Psychiatry, 2021, 12: 594102.
43.	金莹, 李觉, 朱明环, 等. 间歇性 θ 爆发式磁刺激治疗精神分裂症患者社会认知功能的临床效果. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2021, 47(9): 540-545.
44.	Bation R, Magnin C, Poulet E, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation for negative symptoms of schizophrenia—A double-blind, sham-controlled pilot study. NPJ Schizophr, 2021, 7(1): 10.
45.	Goh KK, Chen CH, Wu TH, et al. Efficacy and safety of intermittent theta-burst stimulation in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized sham-controlled trials. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13: 944437.
46.	Wang L, Li Q, Wu Y, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation improved visual-spatial working memory in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a pilot study. J Psychiatr Res, 2022, 149: 44-53.
47.	Zhang X, Yang X, Shi Z, et al. A systematic review of intermittent theta burst stimulation for neurocognitive dysfunction in older adults with schizophrenia. J Pers Med, 2023, 13(3): 485.
48.	Basavaraju R, Ithal D, Thanki MV, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation of cerebellar vermis enhances fronto-cerebellar resting state functional connectivity in schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Res, 2021, 238: 108-120.
49.	Purushotham A, Goyal N, Sinha VK, et al. Motor cortical plasticity in adolescents with early onset schizophrenia: a TMS-EMG study assessing the perturbation effect of intermittent and continuous theta burst stimulation. Int J Dev Neurosci, 2022, 82(7): 576-583.
50.	Jin Y, Tong J, Huang Y, et al. Effectiveness of accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation for social cognition and negative symptoms among individuals with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Res, 2023, 320: 115033.
51.	Liu L, Liu M, Zhao W, et al. Levo-tetrahydropalmatine: a new potential medication for methamphetamine addiction and neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol, 2021, 344: 113809.
52.	李海龙, 章睿, 陈杰, 等. 重复经颅磁刺激对甲基苯丙胺成瘾者焦虑及抑郁的影响研究. 中国康复医学杂志, 2021, 36(10): 1272-1275, 1282.
53.	Liu Q, Sun H, Hu Y, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation vs. high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of methamphetamine patients. Front Psychiatry, 2022, 13: 842947.
54.	Sun Y, Wang H, Ku Y. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation increases the working memory capacity of methamphetamine addicts. Brain Sci, 2022, 12(9): 1212.
55.	Su H, Chen T, Jiang H, et al. Intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for methamphetamine addiction: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2020, 31: 158-161.
56.	Chen T, Su H, Wang L, et al. Modulation of methamphetamine-related attention bias by intermittent theta-burst stimulation on left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2021, 9: 667476.
57.	Zhao D, Li Y, Liu T, et al. Twice-daily theta burst stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces methamphetamine craving: a pilot study. Front Neurosci, 2020, 14: 208.

1. Tomczyk S, Schlick S, Gansler T, et al. Continuum beliefs of mental illness: a systematic review of measures. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 2023, 58(1): 1-16.
2. Hancq ES. Serious mental illness deserves policy priority. Health Aff (Millwood), 2022, 41(5): 773.
3. Brown HK, Barrett K, Scime NV. Perinatal mental illness and maternal autoimmune disease: a review of current evidence and avenues for future research. Front Neuroendocrinol, 2022, 65: 100975.
4. Lomas T, VanderWeele TJ. The mental illness-health matrix and the mental state space matrix: complementary meta-conceptual frameworks for evaluating psychological states. J Clin Psychol, 2023, 79(8): 1902-1920.
5. Pearson E, Siskind D, Hubbard RE, et al. Frailty and severe mental illness: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. J Psychiatr Res, 2022, 147: 166-175.
6. 奚丽华, 张红霞, 黄惠珍. 氯氮平治疗精神性疾病所致心脏不良反应发生的危险因素分析. 海南医学, 2022, 33(4): 424-427.
7. Vargas MV, Meyer R, Avanes AA, et al. Psychedelics and other psychoplastogens for treating mental illness. Front Psychiatry, 2021, 12: 727117.
8. 王梦雨, 李家磊, 郭虹, 等. D 型人格对老年人抑郁情绪的影响机制: 社会支持和心理弹性的中介作用. 中华老年多器官疾病杂志, 2021, 20(9): 650-654.
9. 刘子财, 温馨, 彭阳, 等. rTMS 与 iTBS 模式经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍的疗效对比研究. 兰州大学学报(医学版), 2021, 47(5): 76-80.
10. MacLean JA, Sanger TD. Intermittent theta-burst deep brain stimulation in childhood dystonia. Brain Stimul, 2023, 16(2): 558-560.
11. Gao B, Wang Y, Zhang D, et al. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation with physical exercise improves poststroke motor function: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol, 2022, 13: 964627.
12. Dong L, Chen WC, Su H, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves cognitive function in polydrug use disorder patients: a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychiatry, 2023, 14: 1156149.
13. 陈天意, 介勇, 汪作为, 等. 双频加速重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的随机双盲对照研究. 临床精神医学杂志, 2023, 33(2): 137-141.
14. 匡宇星, 夏锐, 谢静, 等. 间歇性 θ 短阵脉冲刺激对轻度认知功能障碍患者脑电功能连接的影响. 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志, 2022, 31(11): 984-989.
15. Weissman CR, Daskalakis ZJ. Accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation: expediting and enhancing treatment outcomes in treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry, 2022, 179(2): 85-87.
16. Aceves-Serrano L, Neva JL, Munro J, et al. Continuous but not intermittent theta burst stimulation decreases striatal dopamine release and cortical excitability. Exp Neurol, 2022, 354: 114106.
17. Ni HC, Chen YL, Chao YP, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation over the posterior superior temporal sulcus for children with autism spectrum disorder: a 4-week randomized blinded controlled trial followed by another 4-week open-label intervention. Autism, 2021, 25(5): 1279-1294.
18. Stekic A, Zeljkovic M, Zaric Kontic M, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation ameliorates cognitive deficit and attenuates neuroinflammation via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in Alzheimer’s-like disease model. Front Aging Neurosci, 2022, 14: 889983.
19. Deng X, Wang J, Zang Y, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation over the parietal cortex has a significant neural effect on working memory. Hum Brain Mapp, 2022, 43(3): 1076-1086.
20. Torres IJ, Ge R, McGirr A, et al. Effects of intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognition and hippocampal volumes in bipolar depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 2023, 25(1): 24-32.
21. Bodén R, Bengtsson J, Thörnblom E, et al. Dorsomedial prefrontal theta burst stimulation to treat anhedonia, avolition, and blunted affect in schizophrenia or depression - a randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord, 2021, 290: 308-315.
22. Luo L, Liu M, Fan Y, et al. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation improves motor function by inhibiting neuronal pyroptosis and regulating microglial polarization via TLR4/NFκB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in cerebral ischemic mice. J Neuroinflammation, 2022, 19(1): 141.
23. Chu HT, Cheng CM, Liang CS, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of theta-burst stimulation for major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2021, 106: 110168.
24. 杜彬, 曹音, 董贯忠, 等. 强化 iTBS 与高频 rTMS 治疗首发抑郁症患者临床效果比较. 中国实用神经疾病杂志, 2022, 25(4): 426-431.
25. 曾鹏, 钟凤元, 王璐, 等. 间歇性 θ 短阵脉冲刺激治疗缺血性脑卒中后重度抑郁的临床研究. 中国医学创新, 2022, 19(23): 129-133.
26. Struckmann W, Bodén R, Gingnell M, et al. Modulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity after intermittent theta-burst stimulation in depression: combining findings from fNIRS and fMRI. Neuroimage Clin, 2022, 34: 103028.
27. Cole J, Sohn MN, Harris AD, et al. Efficacy of adjunctive D-cycloserine to intermittent theta-burst stimulation for major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 2022, 79(12): 1153-1161.
28. Neuteboom D, Zantvoord JB, Goya-Maldonado R, et al. Accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation in major depressive disorder: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res, 2023, 327: 115429.
29. Cai DB, Qin ZJ, Lan XJ, et al. Accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation for major depressive disorder or bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr, 2023, 85: 103618.
30. Blumberger DM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Wang W, et al. A randomized sham controlled comparison of once vs twice-daily intermittent theta burst stimulation in depression: a Canadian rTMS treatment and biomarker network in depression (CARTBIND) study. Brain Stimul, 2021, 14(6): 1447-1455.
31. 林红, 刘陈, 尹娥, 等. iTBS 模式重复经颅磁刺激联合氟伏沙明治疗首发青少年抑郁症非自杀性自伤行为的临床观察. 国际精神病学杂志, 2023, 50(4): 716-718.
32. 杨婷婷, 李丹丹, 李红, 等. 间断性 θ 爆发式磁刺激对自闭症谱系障碍儿童疗效分析. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2021, 47(1): 23-26.
33. 叶琳琳, 曹磊, 张甜甜, 等. 健侧半球间歇 θ 脉冲刺激和低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗卒中后视空间忽略的效果比较. 中国脑血管病杂志, 2022, 19(2): 79-87.
34. Jauhar S, Johnstone M, McKenna PJ. Schizophrenia. Lancet, 2022, 399(10323): 473-486.
35. Campeau A, Mills RH, Stevens T, et al. Multi-omics of human plasma reveals molecular features of dysregulated inflammation and accelerated aging in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry, 2022, 27(2): 1217-1225.
36. Faden J, Citrome L. Schizophrenia: one name, many different manifestations. Med Clin North Am, 2023, 107(1): 61-72.
37. Javitt DC. Cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia: from pathophysiology to treatment. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 2023, 63: 119-141.
38. Sabe M, Pillinger T, Kaiser S, et al. Half a century of research on antipsychotics and schizophrenia: a scientometric study of hotspots, nodes, bursts, and trends. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2022, 136: 104608.
39. Huang H, Zhang B, Mi L, et al. Reconfiguration of functional dynamics in cortico-thalamo-cerebellar circuit in schizophrenia following high-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci, 2022, 16: 928315.
40. Adam O, Blay M, Brunoni AR, et al. Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation to improve insight in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr Bull, 2022, 48(6): 1284-1294.
41. 刘世鑫, 牛伟盼, 邬素萍. 不同模式经颅磁刺激对精神分裂症患者阴性症状及认知功能的影响. 神经疾病与精神卫生, 2021, 21(7): 462-467.
42. Wu Y, Wang L, Yu F, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) as an optimal treatment for schizophrenia risk decision: an ERSP study. Front Psychiatry, 2021, 12: 594102.
43. 金莹, 李觉, 朱明环, 等. 间歇性 θ 爆发式磁刺激治疗精神分裂症患者社会认知功能的临床效果. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2021, 47(9): 540-545.
44. Bation R, Magnin C, Poulet E, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation for negative symptoms of schizophrenia—A double-blind, sham-controlled pilot study. NPJ Schizophr, 2021, 7(1): 10.
45. Goh KK, Chen CH, Wu TH, et al. Efficacy and safety of intermittent theta-burst stimulation in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized sham-controlled trials. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13: 944437.
46. Wang L, Li Q, Wu Y, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation improved visual-spatial working memory in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a pilot study. J Psychiatr Res, 2022, 149: 44-53.
47. Zhang X, Yang X, Shi Z, et al. A systematic review of intermittent theta burst stimulation for neurocognitive dysfunction in older adults with schizophrenia. J Pers Med, 2023, 13(3): 485.
48. Basavaraju R, Ithal D, Thanki MV, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation of cerebellar vermis enhances fronto-cerebellar resting state functional connectivity in schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Res, 2021, 238: 108-120.
49. Purushotham A, Goyal N, Sinha VK, et al. Motor cortical plasticity in adolescents with early onset schizophrenia: a TMS-EMG study assessing the perturbation effect of intermittent and continuous theta burst stimulation. Int J Dev Neurosci, 2022, 82(7): 576-583.
50. Jin Y, Tong J, Huang Y, et al. Effectiveness of accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation for social cognition and negative symptoms among individuals with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Res, 2023, 320: 115033.
51. Liu L, Liu M, Zhao W, et al. Levo-tetrahydropalmatine: a new potential medication for methamphetamine addiction and neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol, 2021, 344: 113809.
52. 李海龙, 章睿, 陈杰, 等. 重复经颅磁刺激对甲基苯丙胺成瘾者焦虑及抑郁的影响研究. 中国康复医学杂志, 2021, 36(10): 1272-1275, 1282.
53. Liu Q, Sun H, Hu Y, et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation vs. high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of methamphetamine patients. Front Psychiatry, 2022, 13: 842947.
54. Sun Y, Wang H, Ku Y. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation increases the working memory capacity of methamphetamine addicts. Brain Sci, 2022, 12(9): 1212.
55. Su H, Chen T, Jiang H, et al. Intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for methamphetamine addiction: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2020, 31: 158-161.
56. Chen T, Su H, Wang L, et al. Modulation of methamphetamine-related attention bias by intermittent theta-burst stimulation on left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2021, 9: 667476.
57. Zhao D, Li Y, Liu T, et al. Twice-daily theta burst stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces methamphetamine craving: a pilot study. Front Neurosci, 2020, 14: 208.

West China Medical Journal

Research progress of intermittent theta burst stimulation in the treatment of mental and psychological diseases

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