Research progress on the relationship between breast cancer treatment and atrial fibrillation_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

LI Jinze ^1,2 , LI Tao ² ,  QIAN Yongjun ²

1. The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610031, P.R.China;
2. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

QIAN Yongjun, Email: qianyongjun@scu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Atrial fibrillation; breast cancer; morbidity; treatment; review

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.201909036

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and breast cancer are common diseases with high incidence, which can be promoted and maintained by a wide range of regulatory factors (changes of hormone secretion, chronic inflammation, dysfunctions in autonomic nervous system, coagulation system and endothelia). There may be a consistent pathophysiological link between the increased incidence of breast cancer and AF, which is currently seldomly reported. The development process of these two diseases are complex, and the occurrence of breast cancer may increase the incidence of AF. In this paper, we reviewed the relationship between breast cancer and AF based on the latest reports.

Citation： LI Jinze, LI Tao, QIAN Yongjun. Research progress on the relationship between breast cancer treatment and atrial fibrillation. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2020, 27(8): 960-964. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201909036 Copy

1.	Schnabel RB, Yin X, Gona P, et al. 50 year trends in atrial fibrillation prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet, 2015, 386(9989): 154-162.
2.	周自强, 胡大一, 陈捷, 等. 中国心房颤动现状的流行病学研究. 中华内科杂志, 2004, 43(7): 491-494.
3.	Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation, 1998, 98(10): 946-952.
4.	Patel PJ, Keating RJ, Gersh BJ, et al. Outcome of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation at the Mayo Clinic and residing in that area. Am J Cardiol, 2004, 94(11): 1379-1382.
5.	Tsang TSM, Gersh BJ. Atrial fibrillation: an old disease, a new epidemic. Am J Med, 2002, 113(5): 432-435.
6.	Anderson JL, Allen Maycock CA, Lappé DL. Frequency of elevation of C-reactive protein in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol, 2004, 94(10): 1255-1259.
7.	Kolb C, Nürnberger S, Ndrepepa G, et al. Modes of initiation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation from analysis of spontaneously occurring episodes using a 12-lead Holter monitoring system. Am J Cardiol, 2001, 88(8): 853-857.
8.	Rugo HS. Paraneoplastic syndromes and other non-neoplastic effects of cancer. In: Goldman’s Cecil Medicine. 24th edition. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2012. 1192-1200.
9.	Staerk L, Wang B, Preis SR, et al. Lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation according to optimal, borderline, or elevated levels of risk factors: cohort study based on longitudinal data from the Framingham Heart Study. BMJ, 2018, 361: k1453.
10.	Cancer stat facts: female breast cancer. National Cancer Institute Web site, https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html.
11.	Stein EA. Morphine effects on the cardiovascular system of awake, freely behaving rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 1976, 223(1): 54-63.
12.	Dieci MV, Arnedos M, Delaloge S, et al. Quantification of residual risk of relapse in breast cancer patients optimally treated. Breast, 2013, 22(Suppl 2): S92-S95.
13.	O’Neal WT, Lakoski SG, Qureshi W, et al. Relation between cancer and atrial fibrillation (from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study). Am J Cardiol, 2015, 115(8): 1090-1094.
14.	Guzzetti S, Costantino G, Vernocchi A, et al. First diagnosis of colorectal or breast cancer and prevalence of atrial fibrillation. Intern Emerg Med, 2008, 3(3): 227-231.
15.	Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2003, 108(24): 3006-3010.
16.	Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2001, 104(24): 2886-2891.
17.	Darby SC, Cutter DJ, Boerma M, et al. Radiation-related heart disease: current knowledge and future prospects. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 76(3): 656-665.
18.	Cardinale D, Colombo A, Torrisi R, et al. Trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity: clinical and prognostic implications of troponin Ⅰ evaluation. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(25): 3910-3916.
19.	Shan K, Lincoff AM, Young JB. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Ann Intern Med, 1996, 125(1): 47-58.
20.	Saliba W, Rennert HS, Gronich N, et al. Association of atrial fibrillation and cancer: Analysis from two large population-based case-control studies. PLoS One, 2018, 13(1): e0190324.
21.	Wassertheil-Smoller S, McGinn AP, Martin L, et al. The associations of atrial fibrillation with the risks of incident invasive breast and colorectal cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 2017, 185(5): 372-384.
22.	Conen D, Wong JA, Sandhu RK, et al. Risk of malignant cancer among women with new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA Cardiol, 2016, 1(4): 389-396.
23.	Yancik R, Wesley MN, Ries LA, et al. Effect of age and comorbidity in postmenopausal breast cancer patients aged 55 years and older. JAMA, 2001, 285(7): 885-892.
24.	D’Souza M, Smedegaard L, Madelaire C, et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in conjunction with breast cancer. Heart Rhythm, 2019, 16(3): 343-348.
25.	Glauser FL, Downie RL, Smith WR. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in acute heroin overdosage. Bull Narc, 1977, 29(1): 85-89.
26.	Labi M. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in heroin intoxication. Ann Intern Med, 1969, 71(5): 951-959.
27.	Lee CW, Muo CH, Liang JA, et al. Association of intensive morphine treatment and increased stroke incidence in prostate cancer patients: a population-based nested case-control study. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2013, 43(8): 776-781.
28.	Qureshi WT, O’Neal WT, Khodneva Y, et al. Association between opioid use and atrial fibrillation: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. JAMA Intern Med, 2015, 175(6): 1058-1060.
29.	Lendeckel U, Müller C, Röcken C, et al. Expression of opioid receptor subtypes and their ligands in fibrillating human atria. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2005, 28(Suppl 1): S275-S279.
30.	Al-Hasani R, Bruchas MR. Molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor-dependent signaling and behavior. Anesthesiology, 2011, 115(6): 1363-1381.
31.	Spector NL, Blackwell KL. Understanding the mechanisms behind trastuzumab therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2009, 27(34): 5838-5847.
32.	Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, et al. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med, 2001, 344(11): 783-792.
33.	Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J, et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 2005, 353(16): 1673-84.
34.	Moja L, Tagliabue L, Balduzzi S, et al. Trastuzumab containing regimens for early breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, 2012(4): CD006243.
35.	Yuan M, Tse G, Zhang Z, et al. The incidence of atrial fibrillation with trastuzumab treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Ther, 2018, 36(6): e12475.
36.	Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke, 1991, 22(8): 983-988.
37.	Wang SY, Long JB, Hurria A, et al. Cardiovascular events, early discontinuation of trastuzumab, and their impact on survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2014, 146(2): 411-419.
38.	Chen J, Long J, Hurria A, et al. Early termination of adjuvant trastuzumab associated with cardiovascular events in older women with breast cancer. Circulation, 2012, 126(21): A18979.
39.	Yoshiyama Y, Sugiyama T, Kanke M. Cardiotoxicity of trastuzumab (herceptin) in chick embryos. Biol Pharm Bull, 2003, 26(6): 893-895.
40.	ElZarrad MK, Mukhopadhyay P, Mohan N, et al. Trastuzumab alters the expression of genes essential for cardiac function and induces ultrastructural changes of cardiomyocytes in mice. PLoS One, 2013, 8(11): e79543.
41.	Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(38): 2893-2962.
42.	Pardo Sanz A, Rincón Díaz LM, Tamayo AS, et al. Current status of antithrombotic therapy in patients with breast cancer and atrial fibrillation. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed), 2019, 72(7): 589-591.
43.	Aune D, Sen A, Schlesinger S, et al. Body mass index, abdominal fatness, fat mass and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol, 2017, 32(3): 181-192.
44.	Saiki H, Petersen IA, Scott CG, et al. Risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in older women after contemporary radiotherapy for breast cancer. Circulation, 2017, 135(15): 1388-1396.
45.	Darby SC, Ewertz M, McGale P, et al. Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 2013, 368(11): 987-998.
46.	Maisel WH, Stevenson LW. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and rationale for therapy. Am J Cardiol, 2003, 91(6A): 2D-8D.
47.	Schmitz KH, Prosnitz RG, Schwartz AL, et al. Prospective surveillance andmanagement of cardiac toxicity and health in breast cancer survivors. Cancer, 2012, 118(8 suppl): 2270-2276.
48.	Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, et al. Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates. Am J Cardiol, 1998, 82(8A): 2N-9N.
49.	Martín-García A, Mitroi C, García Sanz R, et al. Current status of cardio-oncology in Spain: a national multidisciplinary survey. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed), 2019, 72(1): 84-86.
50.	Erichsen R, Christiansen CF, Mehnert F, et al. Colorectal cancer and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter: a population-based case-control study. Intern Emerg Med, 2012, 7(5): 431-438.
51.	Farmakis D, Parissis J, Filippatos G. Insights into onco-cardiology: atrial fibrillation in cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(10): 945-953.
52.	Walsh SR, Gladwish KM, Ward NJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation and survival in colorectal cancer. World J Surg Oncol, 2004, 2: 40.
53.	Ostenfeld EB, Erichsen R, Pedersen L, et al. Atrial fibrillation as a marker of occult cancer. PLoS One, 2014, 9(8): e102861.
54.	Tamargo J, Caballero R, Delpòn E. Cancer chemotherapy and cardiac arrhythmias: a review. Drug Saf, 2015, 38(2): 129-152.
55.	Tamargo J, Caballero R, Delpòn E. Drug-induced atrial fibrillation: does it matter? Discov Med, 2012, 14(78): 295-299.
56.	Bracci L, Schiavoni G, Sistigu A, et al. Immune-based mechanisms of cytotoxic chemotherapy: implications for the design of novel and rationale-based combined treatments against cancer. Cell Death Differ, 2014, 21(1): 15-25.
57.	Tse G, Yan BP, Chan YW, et al. Reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction: the link with cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Front Physiol, 2016, 7: 313.
58.	Tse G, Lai ET, Lee AP, et al. Electrophysiological mechanisms of gastrointestinal arrhythmogenesis: lessons from the Heart. Front Physiol, 2016, 7: 230.
59.	Wigmore SJ, Maingay JP, Fearon KC, et al. Effect of interleukin-4 on pro-inflammatory cytokine production and the acute phase response in healthy individuals and in patients with cancer or multiple organ failure. Clin Sci (Lond), 1998, 95(3): 347-354.
60.	O’Hanlon DM, Lynch J, Cormican M, et al. The acute phase response in breast carcinoma. Anticancer Res, 2002, 22(2B): 1289-1293.
61.	Martin R, Delgado JM, Molto JM, et al. Cardiovascular reflexes in patients with malignant disease. Ital J Neurol Sci, 1992, 13(2): 125-129.
62.	Sørensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Steffensen FH, et al. The risk of a diagnosis of cancer after primary deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med, 1998, 338(17): 1169-1173.
63.	Skelton CL. The heart and hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med, 1982, 307(19): 1206-1208.
64.	Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR. Paraneoplastic pemphigus: an autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med, 1990, 323(25): 1729-1735.
65.	Darnell RB. Onconeural antigens and the paraneoplastic neurologic disorders: at the intersection of cancer, immunity, and the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1996, 93(10): 4529-4536.
66.	Kim YI, Neher E. IgG from patients with Lambert-Eaton syndrome blocks voltage-dependent calcium channels. Science, 1988, 239(4838): 405-408.
67.	Vernino S, Adamski J, Krjzer TJ, et al. Neuronal nicotinic Ach-receptor antibody in subacute autonomic neuropathy and cancer-related syndromes. Neurology, 1998, 50(6): 1806-1813.

1. Schnabel RB, Yin X, Gona P, et al. 50 year trends in atrial fibrillation prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet, 2015, 386(9989): 154-162.
2. 周自强, 胡大一, 陈捷, 等. 中国心房颤动现状的流行病学研究. 中华内科杂志, 2004, 43(7): 491-494.
3. Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation, 1998, 98(10): 946-952.
4. Patel PJ, Keating RJ, Gersh BJ, et al. Outcome of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation at the Mayo Clinic and residing in that area. Am J Cardiol, 2004, 94(11): 1379-1382.
5. Tsang TSM, Gersh BJ. Atrial fibrillation: an old disease, a new epidemic. Am J Med, 2002, 113(5): 432-435.
6. Anderson JL, Allen Maycock CA, Lappé DL. Frequency of elevation of C-reactive protein in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol, 2004, 94(10): 1255-1259.
7. Kolb C, Nürnberger S, Ndrepepa G, et al. Modes of initiation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation from analysis of spontaneously occurring episodes using a 12-lead Holter monitoring system. Am J Cardiol, 2001, 88(8): 853-857.
8. Rugo HS. Paraneoplastic syndromes and other non-neoplastic effects of cancer. In: Goldman’s Cecil Medicine. 24th edition. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2012. 1192-1200.
9. Staerk L, Wang B, Preis SR, et al. Lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation according to optimal, borderline, or elevated levels of risk factors: cohort study based on longitudinal data from the Framingham Heart Study. BMJ, 2018, 361: k1453.
10. Cancer stat facts: female breast cancer. National Cancer Institute Web site, https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html.
11. Stein EA. Morphine effects on the cardiovascular system of awake, freely behaving rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 1976, 223(1): 54-63.
12. Dieci MV, Arnedos M, Delaloge S, et al. Quantification of residual risk of relapse in breast cancer patients optimally treated. Breast, 2013, 22(Suppl 2): S92-S95.
13. O’Neal WT, Lakoski SG, Qureshi W, et al. Relation between cancer and atrial fibrillation (from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study). Am J Cardiol, 2015, 115(8): 1090-1094.
14. Guzzetti S, Costantino G, Vernocchi A, et al. First diagnosis of colorectal or breast cancer and prevalence of atrial fibrillation. Intern Emerg Med, 2008, 3(3): 227-231.
15. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2003, 108(24): 3006-3010.
16. Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2001, 104(24): 2886-2891.
17. Darby SC, Cutter DJ, Boerma M, et al. Radiation-related heart disease: current knowledge and future prospects. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 76(3): 656-665.
18. Cardinale D, Colombo A, Torrisi R, et al. Trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity: clinical and prognostic implications of troponin Ⅰ evaluation. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(25): 3910-3916.
19. Shan K, Lincoff AM, Young JB. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Ann Intern Med, 1996, 125(1): 47-58.
20. Saliba W, Rennert HS, Gronich N, et al. Association of atrial fibrillation and cancer: Analysis from two large population-based case-control studies. PLoS One, 2018, 13(1): e0190324.
21. Wassertheil-Smoller S, McGinn AP, Martin L, et al. The associations of atrial fibrillation with the risks of incident invasive breast and colorectal cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 2017, 185(5): 372-384.
22. Conen D, Wong JA, Sandhu RK, et al. Risk of malignant cancer among women with new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA Cardiol, 2016, 1(4): 389-396.
23. Yancik R, Wesley MN, Ries LA, et al. Effect of age and comorbidity in postmenopausal breast cancer patients aged 55 years and older. JAMA, 2001, 285(7): 885-892.
24. D’Souza M, Smedegaard L, Madelaire C, et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in conjunction with breast cancer. Heart Rhythm, 2019, 16(3): 343-348.
25. Glauser FL, Downie RL, Smith WR. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in acute heroin overdosage. Bull Narc, 1977, 29(1): 85-89.
26. Labi M. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in heroin intoxication. Ann Intern Med, 1969, 71(5): 951-959.
27. Lee CW, Muo CH, Liang JA, et al. Association of intensive morphine treatment and increased stroke incidence in prostate cancer patients: a population-based nested case-control study. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2013, 43(8): 776-781.
28. Qureshi WT, O’Neal WT, Khodneva Y, et al. Association between opioid use and atrial fibrillation: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. JAMA Intern Med, 2015, 175(6): 1058-1060.
29. Lendeckel U, Müller C, Röcken C, et al. Expression of opioid receptor subtypes and their ligands in fibrillating human atria. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2005, 28(Suppl 1): S275-S279.
30. Al-Hasani R, Bruchas MR. Molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor-dependent signaling and behavior. Anesthesiology, 2011, 115(6): 1363-1381.
31. Spector NL, Blackwell KL. Understanding the mechanisms behind trastuzumab therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2009, 27(34): 5838-5847.
32. Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, et al. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med, 2001, 344(11): 783-792.
33. Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J, et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 2005, 353(16): 1673-84.
34. Moja L, Tagliabue L, Balduzzi S, et al. Trastuzumab containing regimens for early breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, 2012(4): CD006243.
35. Yuan M, Tse G, Zhang Z, et al. The incidence of atrial fibrillation with trastuzumab treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Ther, 2018, 36(6): e12475.
36. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke, 1991, 22(8): 983-988.
37. Wang SY, Long JB, Hurria A, et al. Cardiovascular events, early discontinuation of trastuzumab, and their impact on survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2014, 146(2): 411-419.
38. Chen J, Long J, Hurria A, et al. Early termination of adjuvant trastuzumab associated with cardiovascular events in older women with breast cancer. Circulation, 2012, 126(21): A18979.
39. Yoshiyama Y, Sugiyama T, Kanke M. Cardiotoxicity of trastuzumab (herceptin) in chick embryos. Biol Pharm Bull, 2003, 26(6): 893-895.
40. ElZarrad MK, Mukhopadhyay P, Mohan N, et al. Trastuzumab alters the expression of genes essential for cardiac function and induces ultrastructural changes of cardiomyocytes in mice. PLoS One, 2013, 8(11): e79543.
41. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(38): 2893-2962.
42. Pardo Sanz A, Rincón Díaz LM, Tamayo AS, et al. Current status of antithrombotic therapy in patients with breast cancer and atrial fibrillation. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed), 2019, 72(7): 589-591.
43. Aune D, Sen A, Schlesinger S, et al. Body mass index, abdominal fatness, fat mass and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol, 2017, 32(3): 181-192.
44. Saiki H, Petersen IA, Scott CG, et al. Risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in older women after contemporary radiotherapy for breast cancer. Circulation, 2017, 135(15): 1388-1396.
45. Darby SC, Ewertz M, McGale P, et al. Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 2013, 368(11): 987-998.
46. Maisel WH, Stevenson LW. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and rationale for therapy. Am J Cardiol, 2003, 91(6A): 2D-8D.
47. Schmitz KH, Prosnitz RG, Schwartz AL, et al. Prospective surveillance andmanagement of cardiac toxicity and health in breast cancer survivors. Cancer, 2012, 118(8 suppl): 2270-2276.
48. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, et al. Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates. Am J Cardiol, 1998, 82(8A): 2N-9N.
49. Martín-García A, Mitroi C, García Sanz R, et al. Current status of cardio-oncology in Spain: a national multidisciplinary survey. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed), 2019, 72(1): 84-86.
50. Erichsen R, Christiansen CF, Mehnert F, et al. Colorectal cancer and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter: a population-based case-control study. Intern Emerg Med, 2012, 7(5): 431-438.
51. Farmakis D, Parissis J, Filippatos G. Insights into onco-cardiology: atrial fibrillation in cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(10): 945-953.
52. Walsh SR, Gladwish KM, Ward NJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation and survival in colorectal cancer. World J Surg Oncol, 2004, 2: 40.
53. Ostenfeld EB, Erichsen R, Pedersen L, et al. Atrial fibrillation as a marker of occult cancer. PLoS One, 2014, 9(8): e102861.
54. Tamargo J, Caballero R, Delpòn E. Cancer chemotherapy and cardiac arrhythmias: a review. Drug Saf, 2015, 38(2): 129-152.
55. Tamargo J, Caballero R, Delpòn E. Drug-induced atrial fibrillation: does it matter? Discov Med, 2012, 14(78): 295-299.
56. Bracci L, Schiavoni G, Sistigu A, et al. Immune-based mechanisms of cytotoxic chemotherapy: implications for the design of novel and rationale-based combined treatments against cancer. Cell Death Differ, 2014, 21(1): 15-25.
57. Tse G, Yan BP, Chan YW, et al. Reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction: the link with cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Front Physiol, 2016, 7: 313.
58. Tse G, Lai ET, Lee AP, et al. Electrophysiological mechanisms of gastrointestinal arrhythmogenesis: lessons from the Heart. Front Physiol, 2016, 7: 230.
59. Wigmore SJ, Maingay JP, Fearon KC, et al. Effect of interleukin-4 on pro-inflammatory cytokine production and the acute phase response in healthy individuals and in patients with cancer or multiple organ failure. Clin Sci (Lond), 1998, 95(3): 347-354.
60. O’Hanlon DM, Lynch J, Cormican M, et al. The acute phase response in breast carcinoma. Anticancer Res, 2002, 22(2B): 1289-1293.
61. Martin R, Delgado JM, Molto JM, et al. Cardiovascular reflexes in patients with malignant disease. Ital J Neurol Sci, 1992, 13(2): 125-129.
62. Sørensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Steffensen FH, et al. The risk of a diagnosis of cancer after primary deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med, 1998, 338(17): 1169-1173.
63. Skelton CL. The heart and hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med, 1982, 307(19): 1206-1208.
64. Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR. Paraneoplastic pemphigus: an autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med, 1990, 323(25): 1729-1735.
65. Darnell RB. Onconeural antigens and the paraneoplastic neurologic disorders: at the intersection of cancer, immunity, and the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1996, 93(10): 4529-4536.
66. Kim YI, Neher E. IgG from patients with Lambert-Eaton syndrome blocks voltage-dependent calcium channels. Science, 1988, 239(4838): 405-408.
67. Vernino S, Adamski J, Krjzer TJ, et al. Neuronal nicotinic Ach-receptor antibody in subacute autonomic neuropathy and cancer-related syndromes. Neurology, 1998, 50(6): 1806-1813.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Research progress on the relationship between breast cancer treatment and atrial fibrillation

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