Diagnosis and treatment pathway of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for esophageal cancer in Henan province_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

 WEI Li ¹ , XING Wenqun ² , YANG Yang ³ , representatives of the Writing Group of Diagnosis and Treatment Pathway of Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for Esophageal Cancer in Henan province

1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, P. R. China;
2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, P. R. China;
3. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WEI Li, Email: wlixxt@sina.com

Keywords：

Esophageal cancer; neoadjuvant; immunotherapy; diagnosis and treatment pathway

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202308005

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Esophageal cancer is a highly prevalent tumor species in Henan province, which brings heavy medical burden to families and society. Surgical treatment plays a dominant role in the treatment of non-advanced esophageal cancer. However, cancer cells in esophageal cancer lesions are highly invasive, postoperative recurrence and metastasis rates are pretty high. More effective systemic and comprehensive treatment is urgently needed to improve the prognosis. We invited 52 doctors in esophageal surgery, oncology, pathology, imaging, and radiation therapy of 32 hospitals at all levels in Henan province, to repeatedly negotiate and fully discuss in combination with evidence and clinical practice experience. Finally, “diagnosis and treatment pathway of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for esophageal cancer in Henan province” was formulated. In this treatment pathway, seven recommendations were proposed from seven perspectives including target population, patient evaluation, protocol selection, surgical timing, postoperative management, organ preservation, and general principles to offer reference for medical personnel related to esophageal cancer surgery.

Citation： WEI Li, XING Wenqun, YANG Yang, representatives of the Writing Group of Diagnosis and Treatment Pathway of Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for Esophageal Cancer in Henan province. Diagnosis and treatment pathway of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for esophageal cancer in Henan province. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2024, 31(2): 186-195. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202308005 Copy

1.	郭旭峰, 方文涛. 新分期指导下进展期食管癌术前诱导化疗再思考. 中华外科杂志, 2013, 51(1): 14-17.
2.	中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会. 中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)食管癌诊疗指南2023. 北京人民卫生出版社: 2022. 46-50.
3.	Arianna B, Smita S, Tamar N, et al. Patterns and risk of recurrence in patients with esophageal cancer with a pathologic complete response after chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 157(3): 1249-1259. e5.
4.	Aaron UB, Syeda MHN, Michael JS, et al. Recurrence patterns and associated factors of locoregional failure following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery for esophageal cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2018, 117(2): 150-159.
5.	National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers, 2022, V3: 1-162. URL: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1433. Accessed on 2023-02-10.
6.	中国医师协会放射肿瘤治疗医师分会, 中华医学会放射肿瘤治疗学分会. 中国食管癌放射治疗指南(2020年版). 国际肿瘤学杂志, 2020, 47(11): 641-655.
7.	中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会医政医管局. 食管癌诊疗指南(2022年版). 中华消化外科杂志, 2022, 21(10): 1247-1268.
8.	Kuroki K, Oka S, Tanaka S, et al. Clinical significance of endoscopic ultrasonography in diagnosing invasion depth of early gastric cancer prior to endoscopic submucosal dissection. Gastr Canc, 2021, 24(1): 145-155.
9.	Pech O, Günter E, Dusemund F, et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound in preoperative staging of esophageal cancer: Results from a referral center for early esophageal cancer. Endoscopy, 2010, 42(6): 456-461.
10.	Peng GY, Wu YW, Long QL, et al. A new endoscopic classification system of early-stage esophageal carcinoma and its usefulness in assessing the infiltration depth of esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Invest, 2011, 29(2): 167-72.
11.	Han J M, Wang ZT, et al. Survival and complications after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer: A meta-analysis. Future Oncol, 2021, 17(17): 2257-2274.
12.	Urschel JD, Vasan H. A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Am J Surg, 2003, 185: 538-543.
13.	Berger A, Scott W, Freedman G, et al. Morbidity and mortality are not increased after induction chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy in patients with esophageal cancer. Semin Oncol, 2005, 32: 16-20.
14.	Ken K, Yoshinori I, Hiroyuki D, et al. A randomized controlled phase Ⅲ trial comparing two chemotherapy regimen and chemoradiotherapy regimen as neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer, JCOG1109 NExT study. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(4): 238.
15.	Ge F, Huo Z, Cai X, et al. Evaluation of clinical and safety outcomes of neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy for patients with resectable esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open, 2022, 5(11): e2239778.
16.	Galluzzi L, Humeau J, Buqu A, et al. Immunostimulation with chemotherapy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2020, 17(12): 725-741.
17.	Hong MH, Kim H, Park SY, et al. A phase Ⅱ trial of preoperative chemoradiotherapy and pembrolizumab for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). J Clin Oncol, 2019, 37(15): 4027.
18.	Li CQ, Zhao SG, Zheng YY, et al. Preoperative pembrolizumab combined with chemoradiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (PALACE-1). Eur J Cancer, 2021, 144: 232-241.
19.	Tom E, De C, Van B, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined with atezolizumab for resectable esophageal adenocarcinoma: A single-arm phase Ⅱ feasibility trial (PERFECT). Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 27(12): 3351-3359.
20.	Cao G, Qian P, Yang Z, et al. SCALE-1: Safety and efficacy of short course neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy plus toripalimab for locally advanced resectable squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(16): 4063.
21.	Jin P, Gao Y, Fu Z, et al. Neoadjuvant tislelizumab combined with chemoradiotherapy for resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC): Single arm phase Ⅱ study. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(16): 4068-4068.
22.	Yan X, Zhao J, Lei J, et al. Tislelizumab combined with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant therapy for surgically resectable esophageal cancer (TD-NICE): A single arm, phase Ⅱ study. ESMO-IO abstract, 2021, 32(7): s1442.
23.	Liu J, Yang Y, Liu Z, et al. Multicenter, single-arm, phase Ⅱ trial of camrelizumab and chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Immuno Ther Cancer, 2022, 10: e004291.
24.	Zhang Z, Ye J, Li H, et al. Neoadjuvant sintilimab and chemotherapy in patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A prospective, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 1031171.
25.	He W, Leng X, Mao T, et al. Toripalimab plus paclitaxel and carboplatin as neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncologist, 2022, 27(1): e18-e28.
26.	Yang P, Zhou X, Yang X, et al. Neoadjuvant camrelizumab plus chemotherapy in treating locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients: A pilot study. World J Surg Oncol, 2021, 19(1): 333.
27.	Shang X, Zhang C, Zhao G, et al. Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab combined with paclitaxel and cisplatin as a neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced resectable (stage Ⅲ) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Keystone-001): Interim analysis of a prospective, single-arm, single-center, phase Ⅱ trial. ESMO Abstract, 2021, 32(7): S1428-S1429.
28.	Li Ji, Liu J, Li Z, et al. Camrelizumab plus chemotherapy as neoadjuvant therapy for resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (NIC-ESCC2019): A multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 15: 4028.
29.	Qi Y, Meng X, Shan Z, et al. Camrelizumab combined with chemotherapy or apatinib as neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A phase 2 trial. ISDE Abstract Diseases of the Esophagus, 2022, 35(2): doac051.355.
30.	Duan H, Shao C, Pan M, et al. Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in resectable esophageal cancer: An open-label, single-arm study (PEN-ICE). Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 849984.
31.	Zhang Z, Hong ZN, Xie S, et al. Neoadjuvant sintilimab plus chemotherapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A single-arm, single-center, phase 2 trial (ESONICT-1). Ann Transl Med, 2021, 9(21): 1623.
32.	Li H, Deng J, Ge S, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of perioperative toripalimab in combination with FLOT in patients with locally advanced resectable gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15): 4050.
33.	Yamamoto S, Kato K, Daiko H, et al. Feasibility study of nivolumab as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally esophageal carcinoma: FRONTiER (JCOG1804E). Future Oncol, 2020, 16(19): 1351-1357.
34.	Yang H, Liu H, Chen Y, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery versus surgery alone for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (neocrtec5010): A phase Ⅲ multicenter, randomized, open-label clinical trial. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(27): 2796-2803.
35.	Hagen P, Hulshof M, Van J, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med, 2012, 366(22): 2074-2084.
36.	Takeda F , Tustumi F, De C, et al. Prognostic value of tumor regression grade based on ryan score in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of esophagus. Ann Surg Oncol, 2020, 27 (4): 1241-1247.
37.	Noordman B, Spaander M, Valkema R, et al. Detection of residual disease after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer preSANO a prospective multicentre diagnostic cohort study. Lancet Oncol, 2018, 19(7): 965-974.
38.	Sholl LM. Understanding patterns of pathologic response following neoadjuvant immunotherapy for solid tumors. Ann Oncol, 2018, 29(8): 1630-1632.
39.	Cottrell TR, Thompson ED, Forde PM, et al. Pathologic features of response to neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 in resected non-small-cell lung carcinoma: A proposal for quantitative immune-related pathologic response criteria (irPRC). Ann Oncol, 2018, 29(8): 1853-1860.
40.	Tang H, Jiang D, Zhang S, et al. Residual tumor characteristics of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2021, 162(6): 1632-1641.
41.	中国医院协会介入医学中心分会. 医学影像学在食管癌治疗决策中应用的专家共识. 中华介入放射学电子杂志, 2021, 9(1): 1-8.
42.	Gouw D, Klarenbeek B, Driessen M, et al. Detecting pathological complete response in esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy based on imaging techniques: A diagnostic systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Oncol, 2019, 14(7): 1156-1171.
43.	Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, et al. The European organization for research and treatment of cancer QLQ‐C30: A quality‐of‐life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1993, 85(5): 365-376.
44.	Viklund P, Lindblad M, Lagergren J. Influence of surgery related factors on quality of life after esophageal or cardia cancer resection. World J Surg, 2005, 29(7): 841‐848.
45.	Hesari AE, Lari MA, Shandiz FH. Psychometric analysis of a Persian version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer OG25 Quality of Life Questionnaire in esophagogastric cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(6): 2739-2745.
46.	赵宏波, 郝安林, 王卫杰. 新辅助化疗联合手术治疗食管癌术后并发症分析. 中国肿瘤外科杂志, 2015, 7(6): 379-380.
47.	Philip H, Saqib A, Robert C, et al. Outcomes and survival following neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the esophagus: Inverse propensity score weighted analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2020, 46(12): 2248-2256.
48.	Brahmer JR, Lacchetti C, Schneider BJ, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(17): 1714-1768.
49.	Moehler M, Ajani J, Kuzdzal T, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab in resected esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer (EC/GEJC) following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT): 14-month follow-up of CheckMate 577. Ann Oncol, 2021, 32(suppl_5): S1040-S1075.
50.	Berend JW, Ben ME, Wayne LH, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by active surveillance versus standard esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2022, 275(3): 467-476.
51.	李志刚. 免疫新时代食管癌按需治疗关键问题及策略. 中华消化外科杂志, 2022, 21(10): 1337-1341.
52.	Chikatoshi K, Hiroki H, Hirofumi F, et al. A phase Ⅱ study of chemoselection with docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5–fluorouracil as a strategy for organ preservation in patients with resectable esophageal cancer (CROC trial). J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15): 4027.

1. 郭旭峰, 方文涛. 新分期指导下进展期食管癌术前诱导化疗再思考. 中华外科杂志, 2013, 51(1): 14-17.
2. 中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会. 中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)食管癌诊疗指南2023. 北京人民卫生出版社: 2022. 46-50.
3. Arianna B, Smita S, Tamar N, et al. Patterns and risk of recurrence in patients with esophageal cancer with a pathologic complete response after chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 157(3): 1249-1259. e5.
4. Aaron UB, Syeda MHN, Michael JS, et al. Recurrence patterns and associated factors of locoregional failure following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery for esophageal cancer. J Surg Oncol, 2018, 117(2): 150-159.
5. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers, 2022, V3: 1-162. URL: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1433. Accessed on 2023-02-10.
6. 中国医师协会放射肿瘤治疗医师分会, 中华医学会放射肿瘤治疗学分会. 中国食管癌放射治疗指南(2020年版). 国际肿瘤学杂志, 2020, 47(11): 641-655.
7. 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会医政医管局. 食管癌诊疗指南(2022年版). 中华消化外科杂志, 2022, 21(10): 1247-1268.
8. Kuroki K, Oka S, Tanaka S, et al. Clinical significance of endoscopic ultrasonography in diagnosing invasion depth of early gastric cancer prior to endoscopic submucosal dissection. Gastr Canc, 2021, 24(1): 145-155.
9. Pech O, Günter E, Dusemund F, et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound in preoperative staging of esophageal cancer: Results from a referral center for early esophageal cancer. Endoscopy, 2010, 42(6): 456-461.
10. Peng GY, Wu YW, Long QL, et al. A new endoscopic classification system of early-stage esophageal carcinoma and its usefulness in assessing the infiltration depth of esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Invest, 2011, 29(2): 167-72.
11. Han J M, Wang ZT, et al. Survival and complications after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer: A meta-analysis. Future Oncol, 2021, 17(17): 2257-2274.
12. Urschel JD, Vasan H. A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Am J Surg, 2003, 185: 538-543.
13. Berger A, Scott W, Freedman G, et al. Morbidity and mortality are not increased after induction chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy in patients with esophageal cancer. Semin Oncol, 2005, 32: 16-20.
14. Ken K, Yoshinori I, Hiroyuki D, et al. A randomized controlled phase Ⅲ trial comparing two chemotherapy regimen and chemoradiotherapy regimen as neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer, JCOG1109 NExT study. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(4): 238.
15. Ge F, Huo Z, Cai X, et al. Evaluation of clinical and safety outcomes of neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy for patients with resectable esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open, 2022, 5(11): e2239778.
16. Galluzzi L, Humeau J, Buqu A, et al. Immunostimulation with chemotherapy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2020, 17(12): 725-741.
17. Hong MH, Kim H, Park SY, et al. A phase Ⅱ trial of preoperative chemoradiotherapy and pembrolizumab for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). J Clin Oncol, 2019, 37(15): 4027.
18. Li CQ, Zhao SG, Zheng YY, et al. Preoperative pembrolizumab combined with chemoradiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (PALACE-1). Eur J Cancer, 2021, 144: 232-241.
19. Tom E, De C, Van B, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined with atezolizumab for resectable esophageal adenocarcinoma: A single-arm phase Ⅱ feasibility trial (PERFECT). Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 27(12): 3351-3359.
20. Cao G, Qian P, Yang Z, et al. SCALE-1: Safety and efficacy of short course neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy plus toripalimab for locally advanced resectable squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(16): 4063.
21. Jin P, Gao Y, Fu Z, et al. Neoadjuvant tislelizumab combined with chemoradiotherapy for resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC): Single arm phase Ⅱ study. J Clin Oncol, 2023, 41(16): 4068-4068.
22. Yan X, Zhao J, Lei J, et al. Tislelizumab combined with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant therapy for surgically resectable esophageal cancer (TD-NICE): A single arm, phase Ⅱ study. ESMO-IO abstract, 2021, 32(7): s1442.
23. Liu J, Yang Y, Liu Z, et al. Multicenter, single-arm, phase Ⅱ trial of camrelizumab and chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Immuno Ther Cancer, 2022, 10: e004291.
24. Zhang Z, Ye J, Li H, et al. Neoadjuvant sintilimab and chemotherapy in patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A prospective, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 1031171.
25. He W, Leng X, Mao T, et al. Toripalimab plus paclitaxel and carboplatin as neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncologist, 2022, 27(1): e18-e28.
26. Yang P, Zhou X, Yang X, et al. Neoadjuvant camrelizumab plus chemotherapy in treating locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients: A pilot study. World J Surg Oncol, 2021, 19(1): 333.
27. Shang X, Zhang C, Zhao G, et al. Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab combined with paclitaxel and cisplatin as a neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced resectable (stage Ⅲ) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Keystone-001): Interim analysis of a prospective, single-arm, single-center, phase Ⅱ trial. ESMO Abstract, 2021, 32(7): S1428-S1429.
28. Li Ji, Liu J, Li Z, et al. Camrelizumab plus chemotherapy as neoadjuvant therapy for resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (NIC-ESCC2019): A multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 15: 4028.
29. Qi Y, Meng X, Shan Z, et al. Camrelizumab combined with chemotherapy or apatinib as neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A phase 2 trial. ISDE Abstract Diseases of the Esophagus, 2022, 35(2): doac051.355.
30. Duan H, Shao C, Pan M, et al. Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in resectable esophageal cancer: An open-label, single-arm study (PEN-ICE). Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 849984.
31. Zhang Z, Hong ZN, Xie S, et al. Neoadjuvant sintilimab plus chemotherapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A single-arm, single-center, phase 2 trial (ESONICT-1). Ann Transl Med, 2021, 9(21): 1623.
32. Li H, Deng J, Ge S, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of perioperative toripalimab in combination with FLOT in patients with locally advanced resectable gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15): 4050.
33. Yamamoto S, Kato K, Daiko H, et al. Feasibility study of nivolumab as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally esophageal carcinoma: FRONTiER (JCOG1804E). Future Oncol, 2020, 16(19): 1351-1357.
34. Yang H, Liu H, Chen Y, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery versus surgery alone for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (neocrtec5010): A phase Ⅲ multicenter, randomized, open-label clinical trial. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(27): 2796-2803.
35. Hagen P, Hulshof M, Van J, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med, 2012, 366(22): 2074-2084.
36. Takeda F , Tustumi F, De C, et al. Prognostic value of tumor regression grade based on ryan score in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of esophagus. Ann Surg Oncol, 2020, 27 (4): 1241-1247.
37. Noordman B, Spaander M, Valkema R, et al. Detection of residual disease after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer preSANO a prospective multicentre diagnostic cohort study. Lancet Oncol, 2018, 19(7): 965-974.
38. Sholl LM. Understanding patterns of pathologic response following neoadjuvant immunotherapy for solid tumors. Ann Oncol, 2018, 29(8): 1630-1632.
39. Cottrell TR, Thompson ED, Forde PM, et al. Pathologic features of response to neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 in resected non-small-cell lung carcinoma: A proposal for quantitative immune-related pathologic response criteria (irPRC). Ann Oncol, 2018, 29(8): 1853-1860.
40. Tang H, Jiang D, Zhang S, et al. Residual tumor characteristics of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2021, 162(6): 1632-1641.
41. 中国医院协会介入医学中心分会. 医学影像学在食管癌治疗决策中应用的专家共识. 中华介入放射学电子杂志, 2021, 9(1): 1-8.
42. Gouw D, Klarenbeek B, Driessen M, et al. Detecting pathological complete response in esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy based on imaging techniques: A diagnostic systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Oncol, 2019, 14(7): 1156-1171.
43. Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, et al. The European organization for research and treatment of cancer QLQ‐C30: A quality‐of‐life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1993, 85(5): 365-376.
44. Viklund P, Lindblad M, Lagergren J. Influence of surgery related factors on quality of life after esophageal or cardia cancer resection. World J Surg, 2005, 29(7): 841‐848.
45. Hesari AE, Lari MA, Shandiz FH. Psychometric analysis of a Persian version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer OG25 Quality of Life Questionnaire in esophagogastric cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(6): 2739-2745.
46. 赵宏波, 郝安林, 王卫杰. 新辅助化疗联合手术治疗食管癌术后并发症分析. 中国肿瘤外科杂志, 2015, 7(6): 379-380.
47. Philip H, Saqib A, Robert C, et al. Outcomes and survival following neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the esophagus: Inverse propensity score weighted analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2020, 46(12): 2248-2256.
48. Brahmer JR, Lacchetti C, Schneider BJ, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(17): 1714-1768.
49. Moehler M, Ajani J, Kuzdzal T, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab in resected esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer (EC/GEJC) following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT): 14-month follow-up of CheckMate 577. Ann Oncol, 2021, 32(suppl_5): S1040-S1075.
50. Berend JW, Ben ME, Wayne LH, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by active surveillance versus standard esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2022, 275(3): 467-476.
51. 李志刚. 免疫新时代食管癌按需治疗关键问题及策略. 中华消化外科杂志, 2022, 21(10): 1337-1341.
52. Chikatoshi K, Hiroki H, Hirofumi F, et al. A phase Ⅱ study of chemoselection with docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5–fluorouracil as a strategy for organ preservation in patients with resectable esophageal cancer (CROC trial). J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15): 4027.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Diagnosis and treatment pathway of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for esophageal cancer in Henan province

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