Research progress on active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

ZHAO Wenjun ¹ , YU Bo ¹ , WANG Huifang ¹ ,  LIU Jing ²

1. The First Clinical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China;
2. Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LIU Jing, Email: liujing5585@163.com

Keywords：

papillary thyroid microcarcinoma; low risk; active surveillance; research progression

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202010065

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize the latest research progress in active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma at home and abroad, and provide some reference for future clinical work. Method Retrieved and reviewed relevant literatures about prospective studies on active surveillance of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.Results In recent years, the incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma had increased sharply, but most of the biological activities were inert, tumor-specific mortality was very low, and only a few had progressed. For patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, surgery was a safe and effective treatment method, but due to changes in the epidemiological characteristics of the disease, people were reconsidering whether there was overtreatment in patients without high-risk characteristics. Expert consensus and guidelines no matter at home or abroad mentioned that active monitoring can be considered as an alternative to surgery. For suitable patients, active monitoring might be a better choice.Conclusions Active surveillance for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is basically considered to be a safe and feasible treatment option, but large numbers of clinical trials are still needed to provide evidence for the conversion of conventional clinical treatment models. In the future, by more accurately assessing the tumor progression of patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, active surveillance is promising to alternate surgical treatments.

Citation： ZHAO Wenjun, YU Bo, WANG Huifang, LIU Jing. Research progress on active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2021, 28(8): 1091-1097. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202010065 Copy

1.	Yokozawa T, Miyauchi A, Kuma K, et al. Accurate and simple method of diagnosing thyroid nodules the modified technique of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. Thyroid, 1995, 5(2): 141-145.
2.	Davies L, Ouellette M, Hunter M, et al. The increasing incidence of small thyroid cancers: where are the cases coming from? Laryngoscope, 2010, 120(12): 2446-2451.
3.	Ito Y, Uruno T, Nakano K, et al. An observation trial without surgical treatment in patients with papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid, 2003, 13(4): 381-387.
4.	Molinaro E, Campopiano MC, Pieruzzi L, et al. Active surveillance in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas is feasible and safe: experience at a single Italian center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 105(3): e172-e180.
5.	Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid, 2016, 26(1): 1-133.
6.	Brito JP, Ito Y, Miyauchi A, et al. A Clinical framework to facilitate risk stratification when considering an active surveillance alternative to immediate biopsy and surgery in papillary microcarcinoma. Thyroid, 2016, 26(1): 144-149.
7.	Ito Y, Oda H, Miyauchi A. Insights and clinical questions about the active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas. Endocr J, 2016, 63(4): 323-328.
8.	Takami H, Ito Y, Okamoto T, et al. Therapeutic strategy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma in Japan based on a newly established guideline managed by Japanese Society of Thyroid Surgeons and Japanese Association of Endocrine Surgeons. World J Surg, 2011, 35(1): 111-121.
9.	Ito Y, Onoda N, Okamoto T. The revised clinical practice guidelines on the management of thyroid tumors by the Japan Associations of Endocrine Surgeons: Core questions and recommendations for treatments of thyroid cancer. Endocr J, 2020, 67(7): 669-717.
10.	中国抗癌协会甲状腺癌专业委员会 (CATO). 甲状腺微小乳头状癌诊断与治疗中国专家共识 (2016 版). 中国肿瘤临床, 2016, 43(10): 405-411.
11.	Miyauchi A, Ito Y, Oda H. Insights into the management of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid, 2018, 28(1): 23-31.
12.	Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Ito Y, et al. Estimation of the lifetime probability of disease progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid during active surveillance. Surgery, 2018, 163(1): 48-52.
13.	Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kihara M, et al. Patient age is significantly related to the progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid under observation. Thyroid, 2014, 24(1): 27-34.
14.	Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Inoue H, et al. An observational trial for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japanese patients. World J Surg, 2010, 34(1): 28-35.
15.	Liu C, Chen T, Zeng W, et al. Reevaluating the prognostic significance of male gender for papillary thyroid carcinoma and microcarcinoma: a SEER database analysis. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 11412.
16.	Kwon H, Oh HS, Kim M, et al. Active surveillance for patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a single center’s experience in Korea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2017, 102(6): 1917-1925.
17.	Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kudo T, et al. Effects of pregnancy on papillary microcarcinomas of the thyroid re-evaluated in the entire patient series at Kuma hospital. Thyroid, 2016, 26(1): 156-160.
18.	Park HS, Roman SA, Sosa JA. Treatment patterns of aging Americans with differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer, 2010, 116(1): 20-30.
19.	Zambeli-Ljepović A, Wang F, Dinan MA, et al. Low-risk thyroid cancer in elderly: Total thyroidectomy/RAI predominates but lacks survival advantage. J Surg Res, 2019, 243: 189-197.
20.	Zambeli-Ljepović A, Wang F, Dinan MA, et al. Extent of surgery for low-risk thyroid cancer in the elderly: Equipoise in survival but not in short-term outcomes. Surgery, 2019, 166(5): 895-900.
21.	Applewhite MK, James BC, Kaplan SP, et al. Quality of life in thyroid cancer is similar to that of other cancers with worse survival. World J Surg, 2016, 40(3): 551-561.
22.	Kong SH, Ryu J, Kim MJ, et al. Longitudinal assessment of quality of life according to treatment options in low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients: Active surveillance or immediate surgery (Interim Analysis of MAeSTro). Thyroid, 2019, 29(8): 1089-1096.
23.	Sakai T, Sugitani I, Ebina A, et al. Active surveillance for T1bN0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid, 2019, 29(1): 59-63.
24.	Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kudo T, et al. Kinetic analysis of growth activity in enlarging papillary thyroid microcarcinomas. Thyroid, 2019, 29(12): 1765-1773.
25.	Cheng SP, Lee JJ, Chien MN, et al. Lymphovascular invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma revisited in the era of active surveillance. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2020, 46(10 Pt A): 1814-1819.
26.	Tuttle RM, Fagin JA, Minkowitz G, et al. Natural history and tumor volume kinetics of papillary thyroid cancers during active surveillance. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2017, 143(10): 1015-1020.
27.	Hirokawa M, Kudo T, Ota H, et al. Pathological characteristics of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma with progression during active surveillance. Endocr J, 2016, 63(9): 805-810.
28.	Oh HS, Ha J, Kim HI, et al. Active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A multi-center cohort study in Korea. Thyroid, 2018, 28(12): 1587-1594.
29.	Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Ito Y, et al. Natural history of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Kinetic analyses on tumor volume during active surveillance and before presentation. Surgery, 2019, 165(1): 25-30.
30.	Fukuoka O, Sugitani I, Ebina A, et al. Natural history of asymptomatic papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Time-dependent changes in calcification and vascularity during active surveillance. World J Surg, 2016, 40(3): 529-537.
31.	Yu XM, Wan Y, Sippel RS, et al. Should all papillary thyroid microcarcinomas be aggressively treated? An analysis of 18,445 cases. Ann Surg, 2011, 254(4): 653-660.
32.	Machens A, Dralle H. Correlation between the number of lymph node metastases and lung metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(12): 4375-4382.
33.	Sugitani I, Toda K, Yamada K, et al. Three distinctly different kinds of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma should be recognized: our treatment strategies and outcomes. World J Surg, 2010, 34(6): 1222-1231.
34.	Cho SJ, Suh CH, Baek JH, et al. Active surveillance for small papillary thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid, 2019, 29(10): 1399-1408.
35.	Ito Y, Miyauchi A. Active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas in Japan and other countries: a review. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 15(1): 5-12.
36.	Seo JW, Hwang SH, Cho A, et al. Prognostic impact of ultrasonography features and (18)f-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol, 2016, 9(1): 62-69.
37.	Lee DH, Kim YK, Yu HW, et al. Computed tomography for detecting cervical lymph node metastasis in patients who have papillary thyroid microcarcinoma with tumor characteristics appropriate for active surveillance. Thyroid, 2019, 29(11): 1653-1659.
38.	Zhou Y, Su GY, Hu H, et al. Radiomics analysis of dual-energy CT-derived iodine maps for diagnosing metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Eur Radiol, 2020, 30(11): 6251-6262.
39.	刘文, 闫雪晶, 程若川, 等. 术前临床及超声检查特征对甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移预测价值研究. 中国实用外科杂志, 2020, 40(10): 1197-1201.
40.	D’Cruz AK, Vaish R, Vaidya A, et al. Molecular markers in well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2018, 275(6): 1375-1384.
41.	Tallini G, de Biase D, Durante C, et al. BRAF V600E and risk stratification of thyroid microcarcinoma: a multicenter pathological and clinical study. Mod Pathol, 2015, 28(10): 1343-1359.
42.	Kim KJ, Kim SG, Tan J, et al. BRAF V600E status may facilitate decision-making on active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Eur J Cancer, 2020, 124: 161-169.
43.	Jeon MJ, Chun SM, Lee JY, et al. Mutational profile of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma with extensive lymph node metastasis. Endocrine, 2019, 64(1): 130-138.
44.	Lee S, Bae JS, Jung CK, et al. Extensive lymphatic spread of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is associated with an increase in expression of genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell-like properties. Cancer Med, 2019, 8(15): 6528-6537.
45.	Yang J, Gong Y, Yan S, et al. Association between TERT promoter mutations and clinical behaviors in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine, 2020, 67(1): 44-57.
46.	Yabuta T, Matsuse M, Hirokawa M, et al. TERT promoter mutations were not found in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas that showed disease progression on active surveillance. Thyroid, 2017, 27(9): 1206-1207.
47.	Jiang K, Li G, Chen W, et al. Plasma exosomal miR-146b-5p and miR-222-3p are potential biomarkers for lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Onco Targets Ther, 2020, 13: 1311-1319.
48.	Rosario PW, Ward LS, Graf H, et al. Thyroid nodules ≤ 1 cm and papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: Brazilian experts opinion. Arch Endocrinol Metab, 2019, 63(5): 456-461.
49.	Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kudo T, et al. Trends in the implementation of active surveillance for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas at Kuma hospital: Gradual increase and heterogeneity in the acceptance of this new management option. Thyroid, 2018, 28(4): 488-495.
50.	Davies L, Roman BR, Fukushima M, et al. Patient experience of thyroid cancer active surveillance in Japan. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2019, 145(4): 363-370.
51.	Sugitani I, Ito Y, Miyauchi A, et al. Active surveillance versus immediate surgery: Questionnaire survey on the current treatment strategy for adult patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japan. Thyroid, 2019, 29(11): 1563-1571.
52.	Rosario PW, Mourão GF, Calsolari MR. Active surveillance in adults with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: A prospective study. Horm Metab Res, 2019, 51(11): 703-708.
53.	Smith DP, King MT, Egger S, et al. Quality of life three years after diagnosis of localised prostate cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ, 2010, 340(7739): 195.
54.	Jeon MJ, Lee YM, Sung TY, et al. Quality of life in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma managed by active surveillance or lobectomy: A cross-sectional study. Thyroid, 2019, 29(7): 956-962.
55.	蒋义雪, 雷建勇, 李佩芳, 等. 低危型甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者接受不同干预方式后的生存质量和焦虑情况对比调查研究. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2018, 25(8): 941-946.

1. Yokozawa T, Miyauchi A, Kuma K, et al. Accurate and simple method of diagnosing thyroid nodules the modified technique of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. Thyroid, 1995, 5(2): 141-145.
2. Davies L, Ouellette M, Hunter M, et al. The increasing incidence of small thyroid cancers: where are the cases coming from? Laryngoscope, 2010, 120(12): 2446-2451.
3. Ito Y, Uruno T, Nakano K, et al. An observation trial without surgical treatment in patients with papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid, 2003, 13(4): 381-387.
4. Molinaro E, Campopiano MC, Pieruzzi L, et al. Active surveillance in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas is feasible and safe: experience at a single Italian center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 105(3): e172-e180.
5. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid, 2016, 26(1): 1-133.
6. Brito JP, Ito Y, Miyauchi A, et al. A Clinical framework to facilitate risk stratification when considering an active surveillance alternative to immediate biopsy and surgery in papillary microcarcinoma. Thyroid, 2016, 26(1): 144-149.
7. Ito Y, Oda H, Miyauchi A. Insights and clinical questions about the active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas. Endocr J, 2016, 63(4): 323-328.
8. Takami H, Ito Y, Okamoto T, et al. Therapeutic strategy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma in Japan based on a newly established guideline managed by Japanese Society of Thyroid Surgeons and Japanese Association of Endocrine Surgeons. World J Surg, 2011, 35(1): 111-121.
9. Ito Y, Onoda N, Okamoto T. The revised clinical practice guidelines on the management of thyroid tumors by the Japan Associations of Endocrine Surgeons: Core questions and recommendations for treatments of thyroid cancer. Endocr J, 2020, 67(7): 669-717.
10. 中国抗癌协会甲状腺癌专业委员会 (CATO). 甲状腺微小乳头状癌诊断与治疗中国专家共识 (2016 版). 中国肿瘤临床, 2016, 43(10): 405-411.
11. Miyauchi A, Ito Y, Oda H. Insights into the management of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid, 2018, 28(1): 23-31.
12. Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Ito Y, et al. Estimation of the lifetime probability of disease progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid during active surveillance. Surgery, 2018, 163(1): 48-52.
13. Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kihara M, et al. Patient age is significantly related to the progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid under observation. Thyroid, 2014, 24(1): 27-34.
14. Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Inoue H, et al. An observational trial for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japanese patients. World J Surg, 2010, 34(1): 28-35.
15. Liu C, Chen T, Zeng W, et al. Reevaluating the prognostic significance of male gender for papillary thyroid carcinoma and microcarcinoma: a SEER database analysis. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 11412.
16. Kwon H, Oh HS, Kim M, et al. Active surveillance for patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a single center’s experience in Korea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2017, 102(6): 1917-1925.
17. Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kudo T, et al. Effects of pregnancy on papillary microcarcinomas of the thyroid re-evaluated in the entire patient series at Kuma hospital. Thyroid, 2016, 26(1): 156-160.
18. Park HS, Roman SA, Sosa JA. Treatment patterns of aging Americans with differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer, 2010, 116(1): 20-30.
19. Zambeli-Ljepović A, Wang F, Dinan MA, et al. Low-risk thyroid cancer in elderly: Total thyroidectomy/RAI predominates but lacks survival advantage. J Surg Res, 2019, 243: 189-197.
20. Zambeli-Ljepović A, Wang F, Dinan MA, et al. Extent of surgery for low-risk thyroid cancer in the elderly: Equipoise in survival but not in short-term outcomes. Surgery, 2019, 166(5): 895-900.
21. Applewhite MK, James BC, Kaplan SP, et al. Quality of life in thyroid cancer is similar to that of other cancers with worse survival. World J Surg, 2016, 40(3): 551-561.
22. Kong SH, Ryu J, Kim MJ, et al. Longitudinal assessment of quality of life according to treatment options in low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients: Active surveillance or immediate surgery (Interim Analysis of MAeSTro). Thyroid, 2019, 29(8): 1089-1096.
23. Sakai T, Sugitani I, Ebina A, et al. Active surveillance for T1bN0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid, 2019, 29(1): 59-63.
24. Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kudo T, et al. Kinetic analysis of growth activity in enlarging papillary thyroid microcarcinomas. Thyroid, 2019, 29(12): 1765-1773.
25. Cheng SP, Lee JJ, Chien MN, et al. Lymphovascular invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma revisited in the era of active surveillance. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2020, 46(10 Pt A): 1814-1819.
26. Tuttle RM, Fagin JA, Minkowitz G, et al. Natural history and tumor volume kinetics of papillary thyroid cancers during active surveillance. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2017, 143(10): 1015-1020.
27. Hirokawa M, Kudo T, Ota H, et al. Pathological characteristics of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma with progression during active surveillance. Endocr J, 2016, 63(9): 805-810.
28. Oh HS, Ha J, Kim HI, et al. Active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A multi-center cohort study in Korea. Thyroid, 2018, 28(12): 1587-1594.
29. Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Ito Y, et al. Natural history of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Kinetic analyses on tumor volume during active surveillance and before presentation. Surgery, 2019, 165(1): 25-30.
30. Fukuoka O, Sugitani I, Ebina A, et al. Natural history of asymptomatic papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Time-dependent changes in calcification and vascularity during active surveillance. World J Surg, 2016, 40(3): 529-537.
31. Yu XM, Wan Y, Sippel RS, et al. Should all papillary thyroid microcarcinomas be aggressively treated? An analysis of 18,445 cases. Ann Surg, 2011, 254(4): 653-660.
32. Machens A, Dralle H. Correlation between the number of lymph node metastases and lung metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(12): 4375-4382.
33. Sugitani I, Toda K, Yamada K, et al. Three distinctly different kinds of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma should be recognized: our treatment strategies and outcomes. World J Surg, 2010, 34(6): 1222-1231.
34. Cho SJ, Suh CH, Baek JH, et al. Active surveillance for small papillary thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid, 2019, 29(10): 1399-1408.
35. Ito Y, Miyauchi A. Active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas in Japan and other countries: a review. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 15(1): 5-12.
36. Seo JW, Hwang SH, Cho A, et al. Prognostic impact of ultrasonography features and (18)f-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol, 2016, 9(1): 62-69.
37. Lee DH, Kim YK, Yu HW, et al. Computed tomography for detecting cervical lymph node metastasis in patients who have papillary thyroid microcarcinoma with tumor characteristics appropriate for active surveillance. Thyroid, 2019, 29(11): 1653-1659.
38. Zhou Y, Su GY, Hu H, et al. Radiomics analysis of dual-energy CT-derived iodine maps for diagnosing metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Eur Radiol, 2020, 30(11): 6251-6262.
39. 刘文, 闫雪晶, 程若川, 等. 术前临床及超声检查特征对甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移预测价值研究. 中国实用外科杂志, 2020, 40(10): 1197-1201.
40. D’Cruz AK, Vaish R, Vaidya A, et al. Molecular markers in well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2018, 275(6): 1375-1384.
41. Tallini G, de Biase D, Durante C, et al. BRAF V600E and risk stratification of thyroid microcarcinoma: a multicenter pathological and clinical study. Mod Pathol, 2015, 28(10): 1343-1359.
42. Kim KJ, Kim SG, Tan J, et al. BRAF V600E status may facilitate decision-making on active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Eur J Cancer, 2020, 124: 161-169.
43. Jeon MJ, Chun SM, Lee JY, et al. Mutational profile of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma with extensive lymph node metastasis. Endocrine, 2019, 64(1): 130-138.
44. Lee S, Bae JS, Jung CK, et al. Extensive lymphatic spread of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is associated with an increase in expression of genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell-like properties. Cancer Med, 2019, 8(15): 6528-6537.
45. Yang J, Gong Y, Yan S, et al. Association between TERT promoter mutations and clinical behaviors in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine, 2020, 67(1): 44-57.
46. Yabuta T, Matsuse M, Hirokawa M, et al. TERT promoter mutations were not found in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas that showed disease progression on active surveillance. Thyroid, 2017, 27(9): 1206-1207.
47. Jiang K, Li G, Chen W, et al. Plasma exosomal miR-146b-5p and miR-222-3p are potential biomarkers for lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Onco Targets Ther, 2020, 13: 1311-1319.
48. Rosario PW, Ward LS, Graf H, et al. Thyroid nodules ≤ 1 cm and papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: Brazilian experts opinion. Arch Endocrinol Metab, 2019, 63(5): 456-461.
49. Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kudo T, et al. Trends in the implementation of active surveillance for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas at Kuma hospital: Gradual increase and heterogeneity in the acceptance of this new management option. Thyroid, 2018, 28(4): 488-495.
50. Davies L, Roman BR, Fukushima M, et al. Patient experience of thyroid cancer active surveillance in Japan. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2019, 145(4): 363-370.
51. Sugitani I, Ito Y, Miyauchi A, et al. Active surveillance versus immediate surgery: Questionnaire survey on the current treatment strategy for adult patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japan. Thyroid, 2019, 29(11): 1563-1571.
52. Rosario PW, Mourão GF, Calsolari MR. Active surveillance in adults with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: A prospective study. Horm Metab Res, 2019, 51(11): 703-708.
53. Smith DP, King MT, Egger S, et al. Quality of life three years after diagnosis of localised prostate cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ, 2010, 340(7739): 195.
54. Jeon MJ, Lee YM, Sung TY, et al. Quality of life in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma managed by active surveillance or lobectomy: A cross-sectional study. Thyroid, 2019, 29(7): 956-962.
55. 蒋义雪, 雷建勇, 李佩芳, 等. 低危型甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者接受不同干预方式后的生存质量和焦虑情况对比调查研究. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2018, 25(8): 941-946.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Research progress on active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma

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