A QUIPS analysis of related factors of poor outcome in children with convulsive status epilepticus_Journal of Epilepsy

Authors：

ZHAN Yu ,  HU Yue

Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University; China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400136,China;

Corresponding author：

HU Yue, Email: huyue915@163.com

Keywords：

Convulsive status epilepticus; Children; Prognosis; QUIPS analysis

DOI：

10.7507/2096-0247.20210019

Video：

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Objective Using Quality in prognosis studies (QUIPS) analysis, this paper systematically reviewed the factors influencing the poor outcome of children with convulsive status epilepticus (CSE).Methods To longitudinal cohort studies on the prognostic evaluation of CSE mortality and mobidity in children.The retrieval time was from January 2008 to November 2019, and three system reviewers PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE and other databases were used to search for literatures related carried out literature extraction and quality evaluation. According to the QUIPS analysis method, the included literatures were scored, the quality grade was divided, and the analysis variables of medium/high quality literatures with statistical significance were selected to draw a conclusion.Results QUIPS analysis was used to assess the literature quality, 17 medium/high quality literatures were included, and the factors with statistical significance (P<0.05) mentioned at least twice or more in≥2 medium/high quality literatures were selected, which were considered as important risk factors affecting prognosis.These factors include: etiology, age, duration of convulsion, refractory CSE, neuroimaging abnormalities.Conclusion Five risk factors indicating poor outcome of CSE in children were summarized. Due to the heterogeneity of various literature studies, Meta-analysis has not been completed, so it has certain limitations.

Citation： ZHAN Yu, HU Yue. A QUIPS analysis of related factors of poor outcome in children with convulsive status epilepticus. Journal of Epilepsy, 2021, 7(2): 112-121. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.20210019 Copy

1.	Shavonne Massey, Brenda Banwell. Clinical implications of status epilepticus in children. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2018, 2(2): 81-83.
2.	Raspall-Chaure M, Chin RF, Neville BG. Outcome of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol, 2006, 5(9): 769-779.
3.	Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League Against Epilepsy. Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1993, 34(4): 592-596.
4.	Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus-report of the ILAE task force on classification of status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(10): 1515-1523.
5.	Jan A Gorter, Erwin A van Vliet, Eleonora Aronica. Status epilepticus, blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, and epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 8(49): 13-16.
6.	Yu-Tze Ng, Rama Maganti. Status epilepticus in childhood. J Paediatr Child Health, 2013, 49(6): 432-437.
7.	Eliana Garzon, Regina Maria França Fernandes, Américo Ceiki Sakamoto. Analysis of clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in human status Epilepticus. Seizure, 2003, 12(6): 337-345.
8.	Wendy G Mitchell. Status epilepticus and acute serial seizures in children. Journal of child neurology, 2002, 17(Suppl 1): 36-43.
9.	AORossetti, S Hurwitz, GLogroscino, EB Bromfield. Prognosis of status epilepticus: role of aetiology, age, and consciousness impairment at presentation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2006, 77(5): 611-615.
10.	Claire L Novorol, Richard F M Chin, Rod C Scott. Outcome of convulsive status epilepticus: a review. Arch Dis Child, 2007, 92(11): 948-951.
11.	BGR Neville, RFM Chin, RC Scott. Childhood convulsive status epilepticus: epidemiology, management and outcome. Acta Neurol Scand, 2017, 115(Suppl 4): 21-24.
12.	Jill A Hayden, Pierre Côté, Claire Bombardier. Evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med, 2006, 144(6): 427-437.
13.	唐少文, 张渊, 陶必林, 等. 偏倚风险评估系列(七): 预后因素研究. 中华流行病学杂志, 2018, 39(7): 1003-1008.
14.	Manish Sadarangani, Claire Seaton, J Anthony G Scott, et al. Incidence and outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in Kenyan children: a cohort study. Lancet Neurol, 2008, 7(2): 145-150.
15.	Ruzica Kravljanac, Nebojsa Jovic, Milena Djuric, et al. Outcome of status epilepticus in children treated in the intensive care unit: a study of 302 cases. Epilepsia, 2011, 52(2): 358-363.
16.	S Gunasekhara Raju, S Somasekhar Rao. Status epilepticus in children clinico etiological profile and outcome. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. , 2015, 4(92): 15762-15770.
17.	Muzafar Jan, Suhail Naik, Sartaj Ali, et al. Frequency, Etiology and immediate outcome of children admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) with convulsive status epilepticus in Kashmir North India. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2015, 4(63): 10887-10895.
18.	Eman F Halawa, Iman Draz, Dalia Ahmed. Predictors of outcome of convulsive status epilepticus among an egyptian pediatric tertiary hospital. Journal of child neurology, 2015, 30(13): 1736-1742.
19.	Indumathy Santhanam, Sangeetha Yoganathan, V Akila Sivakumar, et al. Predictors of outcome in children with status epilepticus during resuscitation in pediatric emergency department: A retrospective observational study. Ann Indian Acad Neurol, 2017, 20(2): 142-148.
20.	Ruzica Kravljanac, Nebojsa Jovic, Biljana Vucetic Tadic, et al. New-onset seizure presenting as status epilepticus: Etiology and clinical characteristics in a cohort of 236 children. Seizure, 2018, 5(63): 79-84.
21.	T Shatirishvili, N Tatishvili, G Lomidze, et al. Etiology as a predictor of morbidity after convulsive status epilepticus in children. Georgian Medical News, 2014, 6(231): 60-63.
22.	Nicola Specchio, Nicola Pietrafusa, Marcello Bellusci, et al. Pediatric status epilepticus: Identification of prognostic factors using the new ILAE classification after 5 years of follow-up. Epilepsia, 2019, 60(12): 2486-2498.
23.	Gulser Esen Besli, Sema Saltik, Muferet Erguven, et al. Status epilepticus in children: causes, clinical features and short-term outcome. Pediatrics international: official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society, 2010, 52(5): 749-753.
24.	Tahir Saeed Siddiqui, Anis-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Ali Jan, et al. Status epilepticus: aetiology and outcome in children. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 2008, 20(3): 51-53.
25.	Marco R Molinero, Kenton R Holden, Luis C Rodriguez, et al. Pediatric convulsive status epilepticus in Honduras, Central America. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(10): 2314-2319.
26.	Kuang-Lin Lin, Jainn-Jim Lin, Shao-Hsuan Hsia, et al. Analysis of convulsive status epilepticus in children of Taiwan. Pediatr Neurol, 2009, 41(6): 413-418.
27.	Yoshihiro Maegaki, Youichi Kurozawa, Akiko Tamasaki, et al. Early predictors of status epilepticus-associated mortality and morbidity in children. Brain & Bevelopment, 2015, 37(5): 478-486.
28.	Samir Shah, Namrata Shah, Robert Johnson, et al. Single center outcomes of status epilepticus at a paediatric intensive care unit. Can J Neurol Sci, 2016, 43(1): 105-112.
29.	Yavini Reddy, Yusentha Balakrishna, Lawrence Mubaiwa. Convulsive status epilepticus in a quaternary hospital paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in south africa: an 8 year review. Seizure, 2017, 8(51): 55-60.
30.	Raid Harb Hommady, Muhammad Talal Alrifai, Osama Khaled Mubayrik, et al. Retrospective review of pediatric status epilepticus in 116 Saudi patients: predictors of outcome. Annals of Saudi medicine, 2017, 37(6): 455-460.
31.	Vimlesh Soni, Pratibha Singhi, Arushi Gahlot Saini, et al. Clinical profile and neurodevelopmental outcome of new-onset acute symptomatic seizures in children. Seizure, 2017, 6(50): 130-136.
32.	Muhammad Uzair, Asif Ibrahim, Faisal Zafar, et al. Etiology and outcomes of convulsive status epilepticus in children. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 2019, 35(3): 620-623.
33.	de Jonge RC, van Furth AM, Wassenaar M, et al. Predicting sequelae and death after bacterial meningitis in childhood: a systematic review of prognostic studies. BMC Infect Dis, 2010,10: 232.
34.	Samuels N, van de Graaf RA, de Jonge RCJ, Reiss IKM, Vermeulen MJ. Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates: a systematic review of prognostic studies. BMC Pediatr, 2017, 17(1): 105.
35.	Major RW, Cheng MRI, Grant RA, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2018, 13(3): e0192895.
36.	Fitzmaurice C, Dicker D, Pain A, et al. Global burden of disease cancer collaboration. The global burden of cancer 2013. JAMA Oncol, 2015, 1: 505-527.
37.	Saba Jafarpour, Coral M Stredny, Juan Piantino. Baseline and outcome assessment in pediatric status epilepticus. Seizure, 2019, (68): 52-61.
38.	Claudine Sculier, Marina Gaínza-Lein, Iván Sánchez Fernández. Long-term outcomes of status epilepticus: A critical assessment. Epilepsia, 2018, 59(Suppl 2): 155-169.
39.	Eylem Ulas Saz, Bulent Karapinar, Mustafa Ozcetin, et al. Convulsive status epilepticus in children: etiology, treatment protocol and outcome. Seizure, 2011, 20(2): 115-118.
40.	Syndi Seinfeld, Howard P Goodkin, Shlomo Shinnar. Status epilepticus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2016, 6(3): a022830.
41.	Eugen Trinka, Reetta Kälviäinen. 25 years of advances in the definition, classification and treatment of status epilepticus. Seizure, 2017, 11(44): 65-73.
42.	束晓梅. 儿童癫痫持续状态的病因学. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2017, 32(12): 886-888.
43.	Ericka L Fink, Patrick M Kochanek, Robert C Tasker, et al. International survey of critically III children with acute neurologic insults: The prevalence of acute critical neurological disease in children: A global epidemiological assessment study. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2017, 18(4): 330-342.
44.	Rebecca M Verellen, Jose E Cavazos. Pathophysiological considerations of seizures, epilepsy, and status epilepticus in the elderly. Aging and disease, 2011, 2(4): 278-285.
45.	Rui-Juan Lv, Qun Wang, Tao Cui, et al. Status epilepticus-related etiology, incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis. Epilepsy research, 2017, 7(136): 12-17.
46.	Piia Metsäranta, Matti Koivikko, Jukka Peltola, et al. Outcome after prolonged convulsive seizures in 186 children: low morbidity, no mortality. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2004, 46(1): 4-8.
47.	Y Maegaki, Y Kurozawa, K Hanaki, et al. Risk factors for fatality and neurological sequelae after status epilepticus in children. Neuropediatrics, 2005, 36(3): 186-192.
48.	Nahin Hussain, Richard Appleton, Kent Thorburn. Aetiology, course and outcome of children admitted to paediatric intensive care with convulsive status epilepticus: a retrospective 5-year review. Seizure, 2007, 16(4): 305-312.
49.	Sunit Singhi, Aruna Murthy, Pratibha Singhi, et al. Continuous midazolam versus diazepam infusion for refractory convulsive status epilepticus. Journal of child neurology, 2002, 17(2): 106-110.
50.	Dale C Hesdorffer, Marco D'Amelio. Mortality in the first 30 days following incident acute symptomatic seizures. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(Suppl 11): 43-45.
51.	Miquel Raspall-Chaure, Richard F M Chin, Brian G Neville, et al. Outcome of pediatric convulsive status epilepticus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol, 2006, 5(9): 769-779.
52.	Iván Sánchez Fernández, Martina Vendrame, Kush Kapur, et al. Comparison of pediatric patients with status epilepticus lasting 5-29 min versus ≥30 min. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 8(37): 1-6.
53.	Norbert Károly, Endre Dobó, András Mihály. Comparative immunohistochemical study of the effects of pilocarpine on the mossy cells, mossy fibres and inhibitory neurones in murine dentate gyrus. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars), 2015, 75(2): 220-237.
54.	Emilie Sheppard, Sarah Lippé. Cognitive outcome of status epilepticus in children. Epilepsy research and treatment, 2012: 984124.
55.	Florise A C P Lambrechtsen, Jeffrey R Buchhalter. Aborted and refractory status epilepticus in children: a comparative analysis. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(4): 615-625.
56.	Mohammad Barzegar, Mohammad Mahdavi, Afshin Galegolab Behbehani, et al. Refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children: Etiology, associated risk factors and outcome. Iranian journal of child neurology, 2015, 9(4): 24-31.
57.	Iván Sánchez Fernández, Nicholas S Abend, Satish Agadi, et al. Gaps and opportunities in refractory status epilepticus research in children: a multi-center approach by the Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group (pSERG). Seizure, 2014, 23(2): 87-97.
58.	Lokesh Lingappa, Ramesh Konanki, Ravi Patel, et al. Clinical profile and outcome of refractory convulsive status epilepticus in older children from a developing country. Seizure, 2016, 5(36): 31-35.
59.	Marina M Martinos, Michael Yoong, Shekhar Patil, et al. Early developmental outcomes in children following convulsive status epilepticus: a longitudinal study. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(6): 1012-1019.
60.	Marina M Martinos, Michael Yoong, Shekhar Patil, et al. Biphasic clinical course and early white matter abnormalities may be indicators of neurological sequelae after status epilepticus in children. Neuropediatrics, 2006, 37(1): 32-41.

1. Shavonne Massey, Brenda Banwell. Clinical implications of status epilepticus in children. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2018, 2(2): 81-83.
2. Raspall-Chaure M, Chin RF, Neville BG. Outcome of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol, 2006, 5(9): 769-779.
3. Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League Against Epilepsy. Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1993, 34(4): 592-596.
4. Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus-report of the ILAE task force on classification of status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(10): 1515-1523.
5. Jan A Gorter, Erwin A van Vliet, Eleonora Aronica. Status epilepticus, blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, and epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 8(49): 13-16.
6. Yu-Tze Ng, Rama Maganti. Status epilepticus in childhood. J Paediatr Child Health, 2013, 49(6): 432-437.
7. Eliana Garzon, Regina Maria França Fernandes, Américo Ceiki Sakamoto. Analysis of clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in human status Epilepticus. Seizure, 2003, 12(6): 337-345.
8. Wendy G Mitchell. Status epilepticus and acute serial seizures in children. Journal of child neurology, 2002, 17(Suppl 1): 36-43.
9. AORossetti, S Hurwitz, GLogroscino, EB Bromfield. Prognosis of status epilepticus: role of aetiology, age, and consciousness impairment at presentation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2006, 77(5): 611-615.
10. Claire L Novorol, Richard F M Chin, Rod C Scott. Outcome of convulsive status epilepticus: a review. Arch Dis Child, 2007, 92(11): 948-951.
11. BGR Neville, RFM Chin, RC Scott. Childhood convulsive status epilepticus: epidemiology, management and outcome. Acta Neurol Scand, 2017, 115(Suppl 4): 21-24.
12. Jill A Hayden, Pierre Côté, Claire Bombardier. Evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med, 2006, 144(6): 427-437.
13. 唐少文, 张渊, 陶必林, 等. 偏倚风险评估系列(七): 预后因素研究. 中华流行病学杂志, 2018, 39(7): 1003-1008.
14. Manish Sadarangani, Claire Seaton, J Anthony G Scott, et al. Incidence and outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in Kenyan children: a cohort study. Lancet Neurol, 2008, 7(2): 145-150.
15. Ruzica Kravljanac, Nebojsa Jovic, Milena Djuric, et al. Outcome of status epilepticus in children treated in the intensive care unit: a study of 302 cases. Epilepsia, 2011, 52(2): 358-363.
16. S Gunasekhara Raju, S Somasekhar Rao. Status epilepticus in children clinico etiological profile and outcome. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. , 2015, 4(92): 15762-15770.
17. Muzafar Jan, Suhail Naik, Sartaj Ali, et al. Frequency, Etiology and immediate outcome of children admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) with convulsive status epilepticus in Kashmir North India. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2015, 4(63): 10887-10895.
18. Eman F Halawa, Iman Draz, Dalia Ahmed. Predictors of outcome of convulsive status epilepticus among an egyptian pediatric tertiary hospital. Journal of child neurology, 2015, 30(13): 1736-1742.
19. Indumathy Santhanam, Sangeetha Yoganathan, V Akila Sivakumar, et al. Predictors of outcome in children with status epilepticus during resuscitation in pediatric emergency department: A retrospective observational study. Ann Indian Acad Neurol, 2017, 20(2): 142-148.
20. Ruzica Kravljanac, Nebojsa Jovic, Biljana Vucetic Tadic, et al. New-onset seizure presenting as status epilepticus: Etiology and clinical characteristics in a cohort of 236 children. Seizure, 2018, 5(63): 79-84.
21. T Shatirishvili, N Tatishvili, G Lomidze, et al. Etiology as a predictor of morbidity after convulsive status epilepticus in children. Georgian Medical News, 2014, 6(231): 60-63.
22. Nicola Specchio, Nicola Pietrafusa, Marcello Bellusci, et al. Pediatric status epilepticus: Identification of prognostic factors using the new ILAE classification after 5 years of follow-up. Epilepsia, 2019, 60(12): 2486-2498.
23. Gulser Esen Besli, Sema Saltik, Muferet Erguven, et al. Status epilepticus in children: causes, clinical features and short-term outcome. Pediatrics international: official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society, 2010, 52(5): 749-753.
24. Tahir Saeed Siddiqui, Anis-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Ali Jan, et al. Status epilepticus: aetiology and outcome in children. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 2008, 20(3): 51-53.
25. Marco R Molinero, Kenton R Holden, Luis C Rodriguez, et al. Pediatric convulsive status epilepticus in Honduras, Central America. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(10): 2314-2319.
26. Kuang-Lin Lin, Jainn-Jim Lin, Shao-Hsuan Hsia, et al. Analysis of convulsive status epilepticus in children of Taiwan. Pediatr Neurol, 2009, 41(6): 413-418.
27. Yoshihiro Maegaki, Youichi Kurozawa, Akiko Tamasaki, et al. Early predictors of status epilepticus-associated mortality and morbidity in children. Brain & Bevelopment, 2015, 37(5): 478-486.
28. Samir Shah, Namrata Shah, Robert Johnson, et al. Single center outcomes of status epilepticus at a paediatric intensive care unit. Can J Neurol Sci, 2016, 43(1): 105-112.
29. Yavini Reddy, Yusentha Balakrishna, Lawrence Mubaiwa. Convulsive status epilepticus in a quaternary hospital paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in south africa: an 8 year review. Seizure, 2017, 8(51): 55-60.
30. Raid Harb Hommady, Muhammad Talal Alrifai, Osama Khaled Mubayrik, et al. Retrospective review of pediatric status epilepticus in 116 Saudi patients: predictors of outcome. Annals of Saudi medicine, 2017, 37(6): 455-460.
31. Vimlesh Soni, Pratibha Singhi, Arushi Gahlot Saini, et al. Clinical profile and neurodevelopmental outcome of new-onset acute symptomatic seizures in children. Seizure, 2017, 6(50): 130-136.
32. Muhammad Uzair, Asif Ibrahim, Faisal Zafar, et al. Etiology and outcomes of convulsive status epilepticus in children. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 2019, 35(3): 620-623.
33. de Jonge RC, van Furth AM, Wassenaar M, et al. Predicting sequelae and death after bacterial meningitis in childhood: a systematic review of prognostic studies. BMC Infect Dis, 2010,10: 232.
34. Samuels N, van de Graaf RA, de Jonge RCJ, Reiss IKM, Vermeulen MJ. Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates: a systematic review of prognostic studies. BMC Pediatr, 2017, 17(1): 105.
35. Major RW, Cheng MRI, Grant RA, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2018, 13(3): e0192895.
36. Fitzmaurice C, Dicker D, Pain A, et al. Global burden of disease cancer collaboration. The global burden of cancer 2013. JAMA Oncol, 2015, 1: 505-527.
37. Saba Jafarpour, Coral M Stredny, Juan Piantino. Baseline and outcome assessment in pediatric status epilepticus. Seizure, 2019, (68): 52-61.
38. Claudine Sculier, Marina Gaínza-Lein, Iván Sánchez Fernández. Long-term outcomes of status epilepticus: A critical assessment. Epilepsia, 2018, 59(Suppl 2): 155-169.
39. Eylem Ulas Saz, Bulent Karapinar, Mustafa Ozcetin, et al. Convulsive status epilepticus in children: etiology, treatment protocol and outcome. Seizure, 2011, 20(2): 115-118.
40. Syndi Seinfeld, Howard P Goodkin, Shlomo Shinnar. Status epilepticus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2016, 6(3): a022830.
41. Eugen Trinka, Reetta Kälviäinen. 25 years of advances in the definition, classification and treatment of status epilepticus. Seizure, 2017, 11(44): 65-73.
42. 束晓梅. 儿童癫痫持续状态的病因学. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2017, 32(12): 886-888.
43. Ericka L Fink, Patrick M Kochanek, Robert C Tasker, et al. International survey of critically III children with acute neurologic insults: The prevalence of acute critical neurological disease in children: A global epidemiological assessment study. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2017, 18(4): 330-342.
44. Rebecca M Verellen, Jose E Cavazos. Pathophysiological considerations of seizures, epilepsy, and status epilepticus in the elderly. Aging and disease, 2011, 2(4): 278-285.
45. Rui-Juan Lv, Qun Wang, Tao Cui, et al. Status epilepticus-related etiology, incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis. Epilepsy research, 2017, 7(136): 12-17.
46. Piia Metsäranta, Matti Koivikko, Jukka Peltola, et al. Outcome after prolonged convulsive seizures in 186 children: low morbidity, no mortality. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2004, 46(1): 4-8.
47. Y Maegaki, Y Kurozawa, K Hanaki, et al. Risk factors for fatality and neurological sequelae after status epilepticus in children. Neuropediatrics, 2005, 36(3): 186-192.
48. Nahin Hussain, Richard Appleton, Kent Thorburn. Aetiology, course and outcome of children admitted to paediatric intensive care with convulsive status epilepticus: a retrospective 5-year review. Seizure, 2007, 16(4): 305-312.
49. Sunit Singhi, Aruna Murthy, Pratibha Singhi, et al. Continuous midazolam versus diazepam infusion for refractory convulsive status epilepticus. Journal of child neurology, 2002, 17(2): 106-110.
50. Dale C Hesdorffer, Marco D'Amelio. Mortality in the first 30 days following incident acute symptomatic seizures. Epilepsia, 2005, 46(Suppl 11): 43-45.
51. Miquel Raspall-Chaure, Richard F M Chin, Brian G Neville, et al. Outcome of pediatric convulsive status epilepticus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol, 2006, 5(9): 769-779.
52. Iván Sánchez Fernández, Martina Vendrame, Kush Kapur, et al. Comparison of pediatric patients with status epilepticus lasting 5-29 min versus ≥30 min. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 8(37): 1-6.
53. Norbert Károly, Endre Dobó, András Mihály. Comparative immunohistochemical study of the effects of pilocarpine on the mossy cells, mossy fibres and inhibitory neurones in murine dentate gyrus. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars), 2015, 75(2): 220-237.
54. Emilie Sheppard, Sarah Lippé. Cognitive outcome of status epilepticus in children. Epilepsy research and treatment, 2012: 984124.
55. Florise A C P Lambrechtsen, Jeffrey R Buchhalter. Aborted and refractory status epilepticus in children: a comparative analysis. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(4): 615-625.
56. Mohammad Barzegar, Mohammad Mahdavi, Afshin Galegolab Behbehani, et al. Refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children: Etiology, associated risk factors and outcome. Iranian journal of child neurology, 2015, 9(4): 24-31.
57. Iván Sánchez Fernández, Nicholas S Abend, Satish Agadi, et al. Gaps and opportunities in refractory status epilepticus research in children: a multi-center approach by the Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group (pSERG). Seizure, 2014, 23(2): 87-97.
58. Lokesh Lingappa, Ramesh Konanki, Ravi Patel, et al. Clinical profile and outcome of refractory convulsive status epilepticus in older children from a developing country. Seizure, 2016, 5(36): 31-35.
59. Marina M Martinos, Michael Yoong, Shekhar Patil, et al. Early developmental outcomes in children following convulsive status epilepticus: a longitudinal study. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(6): 1012-1019.
60. Marina M Martinos, Michael Yoong, Shekhar Patil, et al. Biphasic clinical course and early white matter abnormalities may be indicators of neurological sequelae after status epilepticus in children. Neuropediatrics, 2006, 37(1): 32-41.

Journal of Epilepsy

A QUIPS analysis of related factors of poor outcome in children with convulsive status epilepticus

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