阿尔茨海默病眼底改变研究进展_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

吴越 ,  卢艳

100038 首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院眼科;

Corresponding author：

卢艳, Email: louiselubj@163.com

Keywords：

阿尔茨海默病/诊断; 淀粉样蛋白; 视网膜/病理生理学; 综述

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2015.06.029

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种常见的神经退行性疾病, 正电子断层扫描、磁共振成像以及生物标记物等方法有助于明确其诊断, 但其检查操作复杂且在评估AD进程方面缺乏足够的敏感性和准确性。视网膜作为中枢神经系统的外延, 与大脑有相近的组织来源和解剖特征, 其血管系统与大脑小血管有相似的生理特性。研究发现, AD患者视网膜神经纤维层厚度、黄斑中心凹容积、视网膜血管密度以及视盘苍白面积存在不同程度的改变; 一些AD生物标记物在视网膜也有不同程度的表达。进一步探讨AD患者眼底改变的形成机制及意义, 将有助于遴选特异、敏感、简便的AD观测评估手段。

Citation： 吴越, 卢艳. 阿尔茨海默病眼底改变研究进展. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2015, 31(6): 610-613. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2015.06.029 Copy

1.	Armstrong RA. Alzheimer's disease and the eye[J]. J Optom, 2009, 2(3):103-111.
2.	Sathya M, Premkumar P, Karthick C, et al. Bace1 in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Clin Chim Acta, 2012, 414:171-178.
3.	Iqbal K, Alonso Adel C, Chen S, et al. Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2005, 1739(2-3):198-210.
4.	Priller C, Bauer T, Mitteregger G, et al. Synapse formation and function is modulated by the amyloid precursor protein[J]. J Neurosci, 2006, 26(27):7212-7221.
5.	Ninomiya H, Roch JM, Sundsmo MP, et al. Amino acid sequence rerms represents the active domain of amyloid beta/a4 protein precursor that promotes fibroblast growth[J]. J Cell Biol, 1993, 121(4):879-886.
6.	Tzekov R, Mullan M. Vision function abnormalities in Alzheimer disease[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2014, 59(4):414-433.
7.	Younkin SG. Evidence that a beta 42 is the real culprit in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Ann Neurol, 1995, 37(3):287-288.
8.	Koronyo Y, Salumbides BC, Black KL, et al. Alzheimer's disease in the retina: imaging retinal abeta plaques for early diagnosis and therapy assessment[J]. Neurodegener Dis, 2012, 10(1-4):285-293.
9.	Hyman BT, Trojanowski JQ. Consensus recommendations for the postmortem diagnosis of Alzheimer disease from the national institute on aging and the reagan institute working group on diagnostic criteria for the neuropathological assessment of Alzheimer disease[J]. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1997, 56(10):1095-1097.
10.	Jack CR Jr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, et al. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2010, 9(1):119-128.
11.	Strozyk D, Blennow K, White LR, et al. Csf abeta 42 levels correlate with amyloid-neuropathology in a population-based autopsy study[J]. Neurology, 2003, 60(4):652-656.
12.	Lewczuk P, Lelental N, Spitzer P, et al. Amyloid-beta 42/40 cerebrospinal fluid concentration ratio in the diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease: validation of two novel assays[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2015, 43(1):183-191.
13.	Souza LC, Sarazin M, Teixeira-Junior AL, et al. Biological markers of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 2014, 72(3):227-231.
14.	Martinez-Morillo E, Hansson O, Atagi Y, et al. Total apolipoprotein e levels and specific isoform composition in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from Alzheimer's disease patients and controls[J]. Acta Neuropathol, 2014, 127(5):633-643.
15.	Marcus C, Mena E, Subramaniam RM. Brain pet in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2014, 39(10):413-422.
16.	Bloudek LM, Spackman DE, Blankenburg M, et al. Review and meta-analysis of biomarkers and diagnostic imaging in Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2011, 26(4):627-645.
17.	Hinton DR, Sadun AA, Blanks JC, et al. Optic-nerve degeneration in Alzheimer's disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 1986, 315(8):485-487.
18.	Kergoat H, Kergoat MJ, Justino L, et al. An evaluation of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness by scanning laser polarimetry in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type[J]. Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 2001, 79(2):187-191.
19.	Parisi V, Restuccia R, Fattapposta F, et al. Morphological and functional retinal impairment in Alzheimer's disease patients[J]. Clin Neurophysiol, 2001, 112(10):1860-1867.
20.	李晓, 张卯年. Alzheimer病与视网膜变性[J].国际眼科纵览, 2013, 37(4):260-264.
21.	Marziani E, Pomati S, Ramolfo P, et al. Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer thickness in Alzheimer's disease using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013, 54(9):5953-5958.
22.	Kesler A, Vakhapova V, Korczyn AD, et al. Retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2011, 113(7):523-526.
23.	Lu Y, Li Z, Zhang X, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease: evidence in optical coherence tomography[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2010, 480(1):69-72.
24.	Kirbas S, Turkyilmaz K, Anlar O, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with Alzheimer disease[J]. J Neuroophthalmol, 2013, 33(1):58-61.
25.	Iseri PK, Altinas O, Tokay T, et al. Relationship between cognitive impairment and retinal morphological and visual functional abnormalities in Alzheimer disease[J]. J Neuroophthalmol, 2006, 26(1):18-24.
26.	Paquet C, Boissonnot M, Roger F, et al. Abnormal retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2007, 420(2):97-99.
27.	Gao L, Liu Y, Li X, et al. Abnormal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and macula lutea in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2015, 60(1):162-167.
28.	Yenice O, Onal S, Midi I, et al. Visual field analysis in patients with parkinson's disease[J]. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2008, 14(3):193-198.
29.	Moreno-Ramos T, Benito-Leon J, Villarejo A, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in dementia associated with parkinson's disease, dementia with lewy bodies, and Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2013, 34(3):659-664.
30.	Larrosa JM, Garcia-Martin E, Bambo MP, et al. Potential new diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease using a linear discriminant function for fourier domain optical coherence tomography[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(5):3043-3051.
31.	Tsai CS, Ritch R, Schwartz B, et al. Optic nerve head and nerve fiber layer in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1991, 109(2):199-204.
32.	Bayer AU, Ferrari F, Erb C. High occurrence rate of glaucoma among patients with Alzheimer's disease[J]. Eur Neurol, 2002, 47(3):165-168.
33.	Tamura H, Kawakami H, Kanamoto T, et al. High frequency of open-angle glaucoma in Japanese patients with Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Neurol Sci, 2006, 246(1-2):79-83.
34.	Silverberg G, Mayo M, Saul T, et al. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with Alzheimer's disease[J]. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res, 2006, 3:7.
35.	Wostyn P, Audenaert K, De Deyn PP. An abnormal high trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference:a missing link between Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma?[J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2008, 110(7):753-754.
36.	Blanks JC, Torigoe Y, Hinton DR, et al. Retinal degeneration in the macula of patients with Alzheimer's disease[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1991, 640:44-46.
37.	Nolan JM, Loskutova E, Howard AN, et al. Macular pigment, visual function, and macular disease among subjects with Alzheimer's disease: an exploratory study[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2014, 42(4):1191-1202.
38.	Klaver CC, Ott A, Hofman A, et al. Is age-related maculopathy associated with Alzheimer's disease? The rotterdam study[J]. Am J Epidemiol, 1999, 150(9):963-968.
39.	Williams MA, Silvestri V, Craig D, et al. The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2014, 42(3):909-914.
40.	Cheung CY, Ong YT, Ikram MK, et al. Retinal microvasculature in Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2014, 42 Suppl 4:S339-352.
41.	Baker ML, Marino Larsen EK, Kuller LH, et al. Retinal microvascular signs, cognitive function, and dementia in older persons: the cardiovascular health study[J]. Stroke, 2007, 38(7):2041-2047.
42.	Berisha F, Feke GT, Trempe CL, et al. Retinal abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci, 2007, 48(5):2285-2289.
43.	Frost S, Kanagasingam Y, Sohrabi H, et al. Retinal vascular biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of Alzheimer's disease[J/OL]. Transl Psychiatry, 2013, 3:233[2013-02-26].http://www.nature.com/tp/journal/v3/n2/full/tp2012150a.html.
44.	Cheung CY, Ong YT, Ikram MK, et al. Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer's disease[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2014, 10(2):135-142.
45.	Qiu C, Cotch MF, Sigurdsson S, et al. Cerebral microbleeds, retinopathy, and dementia: the ages-reykjavik study[J]. Neurology, 2010, 75(24):2221-2228.
46.	Morin PJ, Abraham CR, Amaratunga A, et al. Amyloid precursor protein is synthesized by retinal ganglion cells, rapidly transported to the optic nerve plasma membrane and nerve terminals, and metabolized[J]. J Neurochem, 1993, 61(2):464-473.
47.	Loffler KU, Edward DP, Tso MO. Immunoreactivity against tau, amyloid precursor protein, and beta-amyloid in the human retina[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci, 1995, 36(1):24-31.
48.	Archer S, Hirano J, Diss JK, et al. Expression and localization in the fish retina of a homologue of the Alzheimer's related PS1 gene[J]. Neuroreport, 1998, 9(13):3115-3122.
49.	Ning A, Cui J, To E, et al. Amyloid-beta deposits lead to retinal degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2008, 49(11):5136-5143.
50.	Dutescu RM, Li QX, Crowston J, et al. Amyloid precursor protein processing and retinal pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2009, 247(9):1213-1221.
51.	Tsai Y, Lu B, Ljubimov AV, et al. Ocular changes in Tgf344-AD rat model of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci, 2014, 55(1):523-534.
52.	Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Koronyo Y, Ljubimov AV, et al. Identification of amyloid plaques in retinas from Alzheimer's patients and noninvasive in vivo optical imaging of retinal plaques in a mouse model[J]. Neuroimage, 2011, 54 Suppl 1:S204-217.
53.	Yang F, Lim GP, Begum AN, et al. Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo[J]. J Biol Chem, 2005, 280(7):5892-5901.
54.	Garcia-Alloza M, Borrelli LA, Rozkalne A, et al. Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo, disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model[J]. J Neurochem, 2007, 102(4):1095-1104.
55.	Zhao H, Chang R, Che H, et al. Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein by calpain regulation in retina of Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2013, 551:12-16.
56.	Dehabadi MH, Davis BM, Wong TK, et al. Retinal manifestations of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Neurodegener Dis Managt, 2014, 4(3):241-252.
57.	Ho WL, Leung Y, Tsang AW, et al. Review: tauopathy in the retina and optic nerve: does it shadow pathological changes in the brain?[J]. Mol Vis, 2012, 18:2700-2710.
58.	Ho CY, Troncoso JC, Knox D, et al. Beta-amyloid, phospho-tau and alpha-synuclein deposits similar to those in the brain are not identified in the eyes of Alzheimer's and parkinson's disease patients[J]. Brain Pathol, 2014, 24(1):25-32.
59.	Schon C, Hoffmann NA, Ochs SM, et al. Long-term in vivo imaging of fibrillar tau in the retina of p301s transgenic mice[J/OL]. Plos One, 2012, 7(12):53547[2012-12-31].http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053547..

1. Armstrong RA. Alzheimer's disease and the eye[J]. J Optom, 2009, 2(3):103-111.
2. Sathya M, Premkumar P, Karthick C, et al. Bace1 in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Clin Chim Acta, 2012, 414:171-178.
3. Iqbal K, Alonso Adel C, Chen S, et al. Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2005, 1739(2-3):198-210.
4. Priller C, Bauer T, Mitteregger G, et al. Synapse formation and function is modulated by the amyloid precursor protein[J]. J Neurosci, 2006, 26(27):7212-7221.
5. Ninomiya H, Roch JM, Sundsmo MP, et al. Amino acid sequence rerms represents the active domain of amyloid beta/a4 protein precursor that promotes fibroblast growth[J]. J Cell Biol, 1993, 121(4):879-886.
6. Tzekov R, Mullan M. Vision function abnormalities in Alzheimer disease[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2014, 59(4):414-433.
7. Younkin SG. Evidence that a beta 42 is the real culprit in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Ann Neurol, 1995, 37(3):287-288.
8. Koronyo Y, Salumbides BC, Black KL, et al. Alzheimer's disease in the retina: imaging retinal abeta plaques for early diagnosis and therapy assessment[J]. Neurodegener Dis, 2012, 10(1-4):285-293.
9. Hyman BT, Trojanowski JQ. Consensus recommendations for the postmortem diagnosis of Alzheimer disease from the national institute on aging and the reagan institute working group on diagnostic criteria for the neuropathological assessment of Alzheimer disease[J]. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1997, 56(10):1095-1097.
10. Jack CR Jr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, et al. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2010, 9(1):119-128.
11. Strozyk D, Blennow K, White LR, et al. Csf abeta 42 levels correlate with amyloid-neuropathology in a population-based autopsy study[J]. Neurology, 2003, 60(4):652-656.
12. Lewczuk P, Lelental N, Spitzer P, et al. Amyloid-beta 42/40 cerebrospinal fluid concentration ratio in the diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease: validation of two novel assays[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2015, 43(1):183-191.
13. Souza LC, Sarazin M, Teixeira-Junior AL, et al. Biological markers of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 2014, 72(3):227-231.
14. Martinez-Morillo E, Hansson O, Atagi Y, et al. Total apolipoprotein e levels and specific isoform composition in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from Alzheimer's disease patients and controls[J]. Acta Neuropathol, 2014, 127(5):633-643.
15. Marcus C, Mena E, Subramaniam RM. Brain pet in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2014, 39(10):413-422.
16. Bloudek LM, Spackman DE, Blankenburg M, et al. Review and meta-analysis of biomarkers and diagnostic imaging in Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2011, 26(4):627-645.
17. Hinton DR, Sadun AA, Blanks JC, et al. Optic-nerve degeneration in Alzheimer's disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 1986, 315(8):485-487.
18. Kergoat H, Kergoat MJ, Justino L, et al. An evaluation of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness by scanning laser polarimetry in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type[J]. Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 2001, 79(2):187-191.
19. Parisi V, Restuccia R, Fattapposta F, et al. Morphological and functional retinal impairment in Alzheimer's disease patients[J]. Clin Neurophysiol, 2001, 112(10):1860-1867.
20. 李晓, 张卯年. Alzheimer病与视网膜变性[J].国际眼科纵览, 2013, 37(4):260-264.
21. Marziani E, Pomati S, Ramolfo P, et al. Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer thickness in Alzheimer's disease using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013, 54(9):5953-5958.
22. Kesler A, Vakhapova V, Korczyn AD, et al. Retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2011, 113(7):523-526.
23. Lu Y, Li Z, Zhang X, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease: evidence in optical coherence tomography[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2010, 480(1):69-72.
24. Kirbas S, Turkyilmaz K, Anlar O, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with Alzheimer disease[J]. J Neuroophthalmol, 2013, 33(1):58-61.
25. Iseri PK, Altinas O, Tokay T, et al. Relationship between cognitive impairment and retinal morphological and visual functional abnormalities in Alzheimer disease[J]. J Neuroophthalmol, 2006, 26(1):18-24.
26. Paquet C, Boissonnot M, Roger F, et al. Abnormal retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2007, 420(2):97-99.
27. Gao L, Liu Y, Li X, et al. Abnormal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and macula lutea in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease[J]. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2015, 60(1):162-167.
28. Yenice O, Onal S, Midi I, et al. Visual field analysis in patients with parkinson's disease[J]. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2008, 14(3):193-198.
29. Moreno-Ramos T, Benito-Leon J, Villarejo A, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in dementia associated with parkinson's disease, dementia with lewy bodies, and Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2013, 34(3):659-664.
30. Larrosa JM, Garcia-Martin E, Bambo MP, et al. Potential new diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease using a linear discriminant function for fourier domain optical coherence tomography[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(5):3043-3051.
31. Tsai CS, Ritch R, Schwartz B, et al. Optic nerve head and nerve fiber layer in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1991, 109(2):199-204.
32. Bayer AU, Ferrari F, Erb C. High occurrence rate of glaucoma among patients with Alzheimer's disease[J]. Eur Neurol, 2002, 47(3):165-168.
33. Tamura H, Kawakami H, Kanamoto T, et al. High frequency of open-angle glaucoma in Japanese patients with Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Neurol Sci, 2006, 246(1-2):79-83.
34. Silverberg G, Mayo M, Saul T, et al. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with Alzheimer's disease[J]. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res, 2006, 3:7.
35. Wostyn P, Audenaert K, De Deyn PP. An abnormal high trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference:a missing link between Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma?[J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2008, 110(7):753-754.
36. Blanks JC, Torigoe Y, Hinton DR, et al. Retinal degeneration in the macula of patients with Alzheimer's disease[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1991, 640:44-46.
37. Nolan JM, Loskutova E, Howard AN, et al. Macular pigment, visual function, and macular disease among subjects with Alzheimer's disease: an exploratory study[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2014, 42(4):1191-1202.
38. Klaver CC, Ott A, Hofman A, et al. Is age-related maculopathy associated with Alzheimer's disease? The rotterdam study[J]. Am J Epidemiol, 1999, 150(9):963-968.
39. Williams MA, Silvestri V, Craig D, et al. The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2014, 42(3):909-914.
40. Cheung CY, Ong YT, Ikram MK, et al. Retinal microvasculature in Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2014, 42 Suppl 4:S339-352.
41. Baker ML, Marino Larsen EK, Kuller LH, et al. Retinal microvascular signs, cognitive function, and dementia in older persons: the cardiovascular health study[J]. Stroke, 2007, 38(7):2041-2047.
42. Berisha F, Feke GT, Trempe CL, et al. Retinal abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci, 2007, 48(5):2285-2289.
43. Frost S, Kanagasingam Y, Sohrabi H, et al. Retinal vascular biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of Alzheimer's disease[J/OL]. Transl Psychiatry, 2013, 3:233[2013-02-26].http://www.nature.com/tp/journal/v3/n2/full/tp2012150a.html.
44. Cheung CY, Ong YT, Ikram MK, et al. Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer's disease[J]. Alzheimers Dement, 2014, 10(2):135-142.
45. Qiu C, Cotch MF, Sigurdsson S, et al. Cerebral microbleeds, retinopathy, and dementia: the ages-reykjavik study[J]. Neurology, 2010, 75(24):2221-2228.
46. Morin PJ, Abraham CR, Amaratunga A, et al. Amyloid precursor protein is synthesized by retinal ganglion cells, rapidly transported to the optic nerve plasma membrane and nerve terminals, and metabolized[J]. J Neurochem, 1993, 61(2):464-473.
47. Loffler KU, Edward DP, Tso MO. Immunoreactivity against tau, amyloid precursor protein, and beta-amyloid in the human retina[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci, 1995, 36(1):24-31.
48. Archer S, Hirano J, Diss JK, et al. Expression and localization in the fish retina of a homologue of the Alzheimer's related PS1 gene[J]. Neuroreport, 1998, 9(13):3115-3122.
49. Ning A, Cui J, To E, et al. Amyloid-beta deposits lead to retinal degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2008, 49(11):5136-5143.
50. Dutescu RM, Li QX, Crowston J, et al. Amyloid precursor protein processing and retinal pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2009, 247(9):1213-1221.
51. Tsai Y, Lu B, Ljubimov AV, et al. Ocular changes in Tgf344-AD rat model of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci, 2014, 55(1):523-534.
52. Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Koronyo Y, Ljubimov AV, et al. Identification of amyloid plaques in retinas from Alzheimer's patients and noninvasive in vivo optical imaging of retinal plaques in a mouse model[J]. Neuroimage, 2011, 54 Suppl 1:S204-217.
53. Yang F, Lim GP, Begum AN, et al. Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo[J]. J Biol Chem, 2005, 280(7):5892-5901.
54. Garcia-Alloza M, Borrelli LA, Rozkalne A, et al. Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo, disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model[J]. J Neurochem, 2007, 102(4):1095-1104.
55. Zhao H, Chang R, Che H, et al. Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein by calpain regulation in retina of Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2013, 551:12-16.
56. Dehabadi MH, Davis BM, Wong TK, et al. Retinal manifestations of Alzheimer's disease[J]. Neurodegener Dis Managt, 2014, 4(3):241-252.
57. Ho WL, Leung Y, Tsang AW, et al. Review: tauopathy in the retina and optic nerve: does it shadow pathological changes in the brain?[J]. Mol Vis, 2012, 18:2700-2710.
58. Ho CY, Troncoso JC, Knox D, et al. Beta-amyloid, phospho-tau and alpha-synuclein deposits similar to those in the brain are not identified in the eyes of Alzheimer's and parkinson's disease patients[J]. Brain Pathol, 2014, 24(1):25-32.
59. Schon C, Hoffmann NA, Ochs SM, et al. Long-term in vivo imaging of fibrillar tau in the retina of p301s transgenic mice[J/OL]. Plos One, 2012, 7(12):53547[2012-12-31].http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053547..

Previous Article
颅脑病变导致的后视路损伤患者视觉康复治疗研究进展
Next Article
玻璃体腔填充硅油对视网膜与视神经的影响

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

阿尔茨海默病眼底改变研究进展

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content