The status and progress of studies of idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasis_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

HuLiying ,  LiZhiqing , YuRongguo , LiXiaorong , WangLinni , YangJin

Tianjin Medical University Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300384, China;

Corresponding author：

LiZhiqing, Email: lzhqyk@163.com

Keywords：

Telangiectasis/diagnosis; Telangiectasis/therapy; Macula lutea/injuries; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2016.04.026

Video：

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Idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasis (IPT) is a retinal vascular disease which is characterized by foveal and parafoveal telangiectasia. The main clinical manifestations are retinal telangiectasis, reduced retinal transparency, retinal venular dilatation, yellow exudation, retinal pigment epithelial lesions, retinal hemorrhage, macular atrophy, macular hole or lamellar hole, subretinal neovascularization and retinal detachment. According to the clinical characteristics and features of fluorescein angiography, IPT can be divided into 3 types and 6 subtypes. Laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, and intravitreal injection of glucocorticoid or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs, can reduce the macular edema and neovascularization. However, due to the unclear etiology of IPT, the existing treatment measures are not specific for its etiology. We need to work hard to understand further the clinical features and pathogenesis of IPT and search the targeted treatments based on its pathogenesis mechanism.

Citation： HuLiying, LiZhiqing, YuRongguo, LiXiaorong, WangLinni, YangJin. The status and progress of studies of idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasis. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2016, 32(4): 440-444. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2016.04.026 Copy

1.	Gass JD, Oyakawa RT. Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1982, 100(5):769-780.
2.	Gass JD, Blodi BA. Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis:update of classification and follow-up study[J]. Ophthalmology, 1993, 100(10):1536-1546.
3.	Nowilaty SR, Al-Shamsi HN, Al-Khars W. Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis:a current review[J]. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, 2010, 17(3):224-241. DOI:10.4103/0974-9233.65501.
4.	Lee ST, Friedman SM, Rubin ML. Cystoid macular edema secondary to juxtafoveolar telangiectasis in Coats' disease[J]. Ophthalmic Surg, 1991, 22(4):218-221.
5.	Yannuzzi LA, Bardal AM, Freund KB. Idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2006, 124(4):450-460.
6.	Tripathi R, Ashton N. Electron microscopical study of Coat's disease[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1971, 55(5):289-301.
7.	Franze K, Grosche J, Skatchkov SN, et al. Müller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2007, 104(20):8287-8292.
8.	Bringmann A, Pannicke T, Grosche J, et al. Muller cells in the healthy and diseased retina[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2006, 25(4):397-424.
9.	Watzke RC, Klein ML, Folk JC, et al. Long-term juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasia[J]. Retina, 2005, 25(6):727-735.
10.	Engelbrecht NE, Aaberg TM Jr, Sung J, et al. Neovascular membranes associated with idiopathic juxtafoveolar telangiectasis[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2002, 120(3):320-324.
11.	Davidorf FH, Pressman MD, Chambers RB. Juxtafoveal telangiectasisa name change?[J]. Retina, 2004, 24(3):474-478.
12.	Charbel Issa P, Gillies MC, Chew EY, et al. Macular telangiectasia type 2[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2013, 34:49-77. DOI:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.11.002.
13.	Maruko I, Iida T, Sekiryu T, et al. Early morphological changes and functional abnormalities in group 2A idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis using spectral domain optical coherence tomography and microperimetry[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2008, 92(11):1488-1491. DOI:10.1136/bjo.2007.131409.
14.	Gillies MC, Zhu M, Chew EY, et al. Familial asymptomatic macular telangiectasia type 2[J]. Ophthalmology, 2009, 116(12):2422-2429. DOI:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.05.010.
15.	Barthelmes D, Gillies MC, Fleischhauer JC, et al. A case of idiopathic perifoveal telangiectasia preceded by features of cone dystrophy[J]. Eye, 2007, 21(12):1534-1535.
16.	张君, 胡运韬. 特发性旁中心凹毛细血管扩张症的研究[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2010, 10(4):709-712. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5123.2010.04.032. Zhang J, Hu YT. Research summary of idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasis[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2010, 10(4):709-712. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5123.2010.04.032.
17.	Hannan SR, Madhusudhana KC, Rennie C, et al. Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis in monozygotic twins[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2007, 91(12):1729-1730.
18.	Kotoula MG, Chatzoulis DZ, Karabatsas CH, et al. Resolution of macular edema in idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis using PDT[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging, 2009, 40(1):65-67.
19.	Smithen LM, Spaide RF. Photodynamic therapy and intravitreal triamcinolone for a subretinal neovascularization in bilateral idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2004, 138(5):884-885.
20.	Snyers B, Verougstraete C, Postelmans L, et al. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal neovascular membrane in type 2A idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2004, 137(5):812-819.
21.	Shanmugam MP, Agarwal M. RPE atrophy following photodynamic therapy in type 2A idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasis[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2005, 53(1):61-63.
22.	Shukla D, Venkatesh R. Spontaneous closure of full-thickness macular hole in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2012, 250(11):1711-1712. DOI:10.1007/s00417-011-1817-3.
23.	Loutfi M, Papathomas T, Kamal A. Macular oedema related to idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 1 treated with dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex)[J/OL]. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med, 2014, 2014:231913[2014-06-17]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/231913. DOI:10.1155/2014/231913.
24.	Jonas JB, Degenring RF, Kreissig I, et al. Intraocular pressure elevation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection[J]. Ophthalmology, 2005, 112(4):593-598.
25.	Thompson JT. Cataract formation and other complications of intravitreal triamcinolone for macular edema[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2006, 141(4):629-637.
26.	Kovach JL, Rosenfeld PJ. Bevacizumab (avastin) therapy for idiopathic macular telangiectasia type Ⅱ[J]. Retina, 2009, 29(1):27-32. DOI:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31818ba9de.
27.	Maia OO Jr, Bonanomi MT, Takahashi WY, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for foveal detachment in idiopathic perifoveal telangiectasia[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2007, 144(2):296-299.
28.	Charbel Issa P, Finger RP, Holz FG, et al. Eighteen month follow-up of intravitreal bevacizumab in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2008, 92(7):941-945. DOI:10.1136/bjo.2007.129627.
29.	Gamulescu MA, Walter A, Sachs H, et al. Bevacizumab in the treatment of idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2008, 246(8):1189-1193. DOI:10.1007/s00417-008-0795-6.
30.	Roller AB, Folk JC, Patel NM, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for treatment of proliferative and nonproliferative type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(9):1848-1855.
31.	Charbel Issa P, Holz FG, Scholl HP. Findings in fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography after intravitreal bevacizumab in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Ophthalmology, 2007, 114(9):1736-1742. DOI:10.1136/bjo.2007.129627.
32.	Toy BC, Koo E, Cukras C, et al. Treatment of nonneovascular idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 2 with intrevitreal ranibizumab:results of a phase 2 clinical trial[J]. Retina, 2012, 32(5):996-1006. DOI:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31824690a8.
33.	van Wijngaarden P, Qureshi SH. Inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration:a review of current practice[J]. Clin Exp Optom, 2008, 91(5):427-437.
34.	Karagiannis D, Georgalas I, Ladas I, et al. A case of subretinal neovascularization treated with intravitreal ranibizumab in a patient with idiopathic juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasis[J]. Clin Interv Aging, 2009, 4:63-65.
35.	Jorge R, Costa RA, Calucci D, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) associated with the regression of subretinal neovascularization in idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2006, 245(7):1045-1048.
36.	Mandal S, Venkatesh P, Abbas Z, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for subretinal neovascularization secondary to type 2A idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasia[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2007, 2459(12):1825-1829.
37.	Ciarnella A, Verrilli S, Fenicia V, et al. Intravitreal ranibizumab and laser photocoagulation in the management of idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasia type 1:a case report[J]. Case Rep Ophthalmol, 2012, 3(3):298-303. DOI:10.1159/000342848.
38.	Charbel Issa P, Troeger E, Finger R, et al. Structure-function correlation of the human central retina[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2010, 5(9):12864[2010-09-22]. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012864. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0012864.
39.	Gass JD. Histopathologic study of presumed parafoveal telangiectasis[J]. Retina, 2000, 20(2):226-227.
40.	Green WR, Quigley HA, De la Cruz Z, et al. Parafoveal retinal telangiectasis:light and electron microscopy study[J]. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK, 1980, 100(Pt 1):162-170.
41.	Chew EY, Murphy RP, Newsome DA, et al. Parafoveal telangiectasis and diabetic retinopathy[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1986, 104(1):71-75.
42.	Millay RH, Klein ML, Handelman IL, et al. Abnormal glucose metabolism and parafoveal telangiectasia[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1986, 102(3):363-370.

1. Gass JD, Oyakawa RT. Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1982, 100(5):769-780.
2. Gass JD, Blodi BA. Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis:update of classification and follow-up study[J]. Ophthalmology, 1993, 100(10):1536-1546.
3. Nowilaty SR, Al-Shamsi HN, Al-Khars W. Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis:a current review[J]. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, 2010, 17(3):224-241. DOI:10.4103/0974-9233.65501.
4. Lee ST, Friedman SM, Rubin ML. Cystoid macular edema secondary to juxtafoveolar telangiectasis in Coats' disease[J]. Ophthalmic Surg, 1991, 22(4):218-221.
5. Yannuzzi LA, Bardal AM, Freund KB. Idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2006, 124(4):450-460.
6. Tripathi R, Ashton N. Electron microscopical study of Coat's disease[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1971, 55(5):289-301.
7. Franze K, Grosche J, Skatchkov SN, et al. Müller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2007, 104(20):8287-8292.
8. Bringmann A, Pannicke T, Grosche J, et al. Muller cells in the healthy and diseased retina[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2006, 25(4):397-424.
9. Watzke RC, Klein ML, Folk JC, et al. Long-term juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasia[J]. Retina, 2005, 25(6):727-735.
10. Engelbrecht NE, Aaberg TM Jr, Sung J, et al. Neovascular membranes associated with idiopathic juxtafoveolar telangiectasis[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2002, 120(3):320-324.
11. Davidorf FH, Pressman MD, Chambers RB. Juxtafoveal telangiectasisa name change?[J]. Retina, 2004, 24(3):474-478.
12. Charbel Issa P, Gillies MC, Chew EY, et al. Macular telangiectasia type 2[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2013, 34:49-77. DOI:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.11.002.
13. Maruko I, Iida T, Sekiryu T, et al. Early morphological changes and functional abnormalities in group 2A idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis using spectral domain optical coherence tomography and microperimetry[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2008, 92(11):1488-1491. DOI:10.1136/bjo.2007.131409.
14. Gillies MC, Zhu M, Chew EY, et al. Familial asymptomatic macular telangiectasia type 2[J]. Ophthalmology, 2009, 116(12):2422-2429. DOI:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.05.010.
15. Barthelmes D, Gillies MC, Fleischhauer JC, et al. A case of idiopathic perifoveal telangiectasia preceded by features of cone dystrophy[J]. Eye, 2007, 21(12):1534-1535.
16. 张君, 胡运韬. 特发性旁中心凹毛细血管扩张症的研究[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2010, 10(4):709-712. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5123.2010.04.032. Zhang J, Hu YT. Research summary of idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasis[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2010, 10(4):709-712. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5123.2010.04.032.
17. Hannan SR, Madhusudhana KC, Rennie C, et al. Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis in monozygotic twins[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2007, 91(12):1729-1730.
18. Kotoula MG, Chatzoulis DZ, Karabatsas CH, et al. Resolution of macular edema in idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis using PDT[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging, 2009, 40(1):65-67.
19. Smithen LM, Spaide RF. Photodynamic therapy and intravitreal triamcinolone for a subretinal neovascularization in bilateral idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2004, 138(5):884-885.
20. Snyers B, Verougstraete C, Postelmans L, et al. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal neovascular membrane in type 2A idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2004, 137(5):812-819.
21. Shanmugam MP, Agarwal M. RPE atrophy following photodynamic therapy in type 2A idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasis[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2005, 53(1):61-63.
22. Shukla D, Venkatesh R. Spontaneous closure of full-thickness macular hole in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2012, 250(11):1711-1712. DOI:10.1007/s00417-011-1817-3.
23. Loutfi M, Papathomas T, Kamal A. Macular oedema related to idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 1 treated with dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex)[J/OL]. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med, 2014, 2014:231913[2014-06-17]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/231913. DOI:10.1155/2014/231913.
24. Jonas JB, Degenring RF, Kreissig I, et al. Intraocular pressure elevation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection[J]. Ophthalmology, 2005, 112(4):593-598.
25. Thompson JT. Cataract formation and other complications of intravitreal triamcinolone for macular edema[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2006, 141(4):629-637.
26. Kovach JL, Rosenfeld PJ. Bevacizumab (avastin) therapy for idiopathic macular telangiectasia type Ⅱ[J]. Retina, 2009, 29(1):27-32. DOI:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31818ba9de.
27. Maia OO Jr, Bonanomi MT, Takahashi WY, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for foveal detachment in idiopathic perifoveal telangiectasia[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2007, 144(2):296-299.
28. Charbel Issa P, Finger RP, Holz FG, et al. Eighteen month follow-up of intravitreal bevacizumab in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2008, 92(7):941-945. DOI:10.1136/bjo.2007.129627.
29. Gamulescu MA, Walter A, Sachs H, et al. Bevacizumab in the treatment of idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2008, 246(8):1189-1193. DOI:10.1007/s00417-008-0795-6.
30. Roller AB, Folk JC, Patel NM, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for treatment of proliferative and nonproliferative type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(9):1848-1855.
31. Charbel Issa P, Holz FG, Scholl HP. Findings in fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography after intravitreal bevacizumab in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia[J]. Ophthalmology, 2007, 114(9):1736-1742. DOI:10.1136/bjo.2007.129627.
32. Toy BC, Koo E, Cukras C, et al. Treatment of nonneovascular idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 2 with intrevitreal ranibizumab:results of a phase 2 clinical trial[J]. Retina, 2012, 32(5):996-1006. DOI:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31824690a8.
33. van Wijngaarden P, Qureshi SH. Inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration:a review of current practice[J]. Clin Exp Optom, 2008, 91(5):427-437.
34. Karagiannis D, Georgalas I, Ladas I, et al. A case of subretinal neovascularization treated with intravitreal ranibizumab in a patient with idiopathic juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasis[J]. Clin Interv Aging, 2009, 4:63-65.
35. Jorge R, Costa RA, Calucci D, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) associated with the regression of subretinal neovascularization in idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2006, 245(7):1045-1048.
36. Mandal S, Venkatesh P, Abbas Z, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for subretinal neovascularization secondary to type 2A idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasia[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2007, 2459(12):1825-1829.
37. Ciarnella A, Verrilli S, Fenicia V, et al. Intravitreal ranibizumab and laser photocoagulation in the management of idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasia type 1:a case report[J]. Case Rep Ophthalmol, 2012, 3(3):298-303. DOI:10.1159/000342848.
38. Charbel Issa P, Troeger E, Finger R, et al. Structure-function correlation of the human central retina[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2010, 5(9):12864[2010-09-22]. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012864. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0012864.
39. Gass JD. Histopathologic study of presumed parafoveal telangiectasis[J]. Retina, 2000, 20(2):226-227.
40. Green WR, Quigley HA, De la Cruz Z, et al. Parafoveal retinal telangiectasis:light and electron microscopy study[J]. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK, 1980, 100(Pt 1):162-170.
41. Chew EY, Murphy RP, Newsome DA, et al. Parafoveal telangiectasis and diabetic retinopathy[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1986, 104(1):71-75.
42. Millay RH, Klein ML, Handelman IL, et al. Abnormal glucose metabolism and parafoveal telangiectasia[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1986, 102(3):363-370.

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