Rethinking strategies for the treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion and secondary macular edema_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

 Shen Lijun , Wu Sulan

Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China;

Corresponding author：

Shen Lijun, Email: slj@mail.eye.ac.cn

Keywords：

Retinal vein occlusion/therapy; Macular edema /therapy; Angiogenesis inhibitors/therapeutic use; Collateral circulation; Collateral circulation; Editorial

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.002

Video：

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Pharmaceutical therapy, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment and intravitreal corticosteroids, is the most common treatment for branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and its complications, however there are confusing ideas about the protocol, patient selection, timing and endpoint of this treatment. The disease is easy to relapse with these drugs therapy. Collateral vessel formation was found in patients receiving intravitreal injection of ranibizumab or triamcinolone for BRVO and secondary macular edema. The mechanism of collateral vessel formation has not been carefully investigated. In the past thrombolysis, arteriovenous fasciostomy and laser choroidal retinal vascular anastomosis were used to reconstruct the retinal circulation, but their rationality, effectiveness and safety need to be further were studied. In recent years, because of the key technology is still immature, the artificial vascular bypass surgery experiment is not yet practical, but provides us a new idea worth looking forward to for the treatment of BRVO.

Citation： Shen Lijun, Wu Sulan. Rethinking strategies for the treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion and secondary macular edema. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2017, 33(2): 114-118. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.002 Copy

1.	Campochiaro PA, Heier JS, Feiner L, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: six-month primary end point results of a phase Ⅲ study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(6): 1102-1112. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.02.021.
2.	Funk M, Kriechbaum K, Prager F, et al. Intraocular concentrations of growth factors and cytokines in retinal vein occlusion and the effect of therapy with Bevacizumab[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2009, 50(3): 1025-1032. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2510.
3.	Noma H, Funatsu H, Yamasaki M, et al. Aqueous humour levels of cytokines are correlated to vitreous levels and severity of macular oedema in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eye (Lond), 2008, 22(1): 42-48. DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702498.
4.	Jaulim A, Ahmed B, KhanamT, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications. An update of the literature[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(5): 901-910. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182870c15.
5.	Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Shah SM, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion: implication of VEGF as a critical Stimulator[J]. Mol Ther, 2008, 16(4): 791-799. DOI: doi:10.1038/mt.2008.10.
6.	The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for macula edema in branch vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1984, 98(3): 271-282.
7.	Chatziralli IP, Jaulim A, Peponis VG, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: treatment modalities: an update of the literature[J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 2014, 29(2): 85-107. DOI: 10.3109/08820538. 2013.833271.
8.	Pulido JS, Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, et al. Retinal vein occlusionspreferred practice pattern^® guidelines[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(1): 182-208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha. 2015.10.045.
9.	Magargal LE, Kimmel AS, Sanborn GE, et al. Temporal branch retinal vein obstruction: a review[J]. Ophthalmic Surg, 1986, 17(4): 240-246.
10.	Battaglia Parodi M, Saviano S, Ravalico G. Grid laser treatment in macular branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 1999, 237(12): 1024-1027.
11.	Tomomatsu Y, Tomomatsu T, Takamura Y, et al. Comparative study of combined bevacizumab/targeted photocoagulation vs bevacizumab alone for macular oedema in ischaemic branch retinal vein occlusions[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2016, 94(3): 225-230. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12721.
12.	Campochiaro PA, Sophie R, Pearlman J, et al. Long-term outcomes in patients with retinal vein occlusion treated with ranibizumab: the RETAIN study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(1): 209-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.038.
13.	Yoshimura T, Sonoda KH, Sugahara M, et al. Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory immune mediators in vitreoretinal diseases[J/OL]. PLoS ONE, 2009, 4(12): 8158[2009-12-04]. . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008158.
14.	Patel PJ, Zaheer I, Karia N. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for macular edema owing to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eye (Lond), 2008, 22(1): 60-64. DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702518.
15.	Moisseiev E, Goldstein M, Waisbourd M, et al. Long-term evaluation ofpatients treated with dexamethasone intravitreal implant for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eye (Lond), 2013, 27(1): 65-71. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.226.
16.	Scott IU, Ip MS, van Veldhuisen PC, et al. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone with standard care to treat vision loss associated with macular Edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: the Standard Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) study report 6[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2009, 127(9): 1115-1128. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.233.
17.	Shen L, You Y, Sun S, et al. Intraocular and systemic pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide after a single 40-mg posterior subtenon application[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(12): 2365-2371. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.033.
18.	Kola M, Hacioglu D, Turk A, et al. The effectiveness and reliability of posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide injection in branch retinal vein occlusion-related macular edema[J]. Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 2016, 35(3): 185-189. DOI: 10.3109/15569527. 2015.1074586.
19.	Isola V, Pece A, Massironi C, et al. Accelerated ischemic vascular retinopathy after intravitreally injected bevacizumab for central retinal vein occlusion in elderly patients[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2013, 7: 455-460. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S30156.
20.	Weinberg DV, Wahle AE, Ip MS, et al. Score Study report 12: development of venous collaterals in the Score Study[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(2): 287-295. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318263d106.
21.	Singh RP, Lee TJ, Yau L, et al. Collateral vessel presence in branch and central retinal vein occlusions and their impact on visual acuity and anatomical gains: a retrospective analysis[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(11): 2242-2249. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000209.
22.	Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman MB. Natural history of visual outcome in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(1): 119-133. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.04.019.
23.	Irvine AR, Shorb SR, Morris BW. Optociliary veins[J]. Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol, 1977, 83(3 Pt 1): 541-546.
24.	Hattenbach LO, Friedrich Arndt C, Lerche R, et al. Retinal vein occlusion and low-dose fibrinolytic therapy (R. O. L. F.): a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter study of low-dose recombinant tissue plasminogen activator versus hemodilution in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2009, 29(7): 932-940. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181a3b870.
25.	Osterloh MD, Charles S. Surgical decompression of branch retinal vein occlusions[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1988, 106(10): 1469-1471.
26.	Adelman RA, Parnes AJ, Bopp S, et al. Strategy for the management of macular edema in retinal vein occlusion: the European VitreoRetinal Society macular edema study[J/OL]. Biomed Res Int, 2015, 2015: 870987[2015-01-29]. . DOI: 10.1155/2015/870987.
27.	Fekrat S, Goldberg MF, Finkelstein D. Laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for nonischemic central or branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1998, 116(1): 43-52.
28.	McAllister IL, Gillies M, Smithies LA, et al. The central retinal veinbypass study: a trial of laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosisfor central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(5): 954-965. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.10.026.
29.	McAllister IL, Smithies LA, Previn V. Technique of laser chorioretinal anastomosis creation in central retinal vein occlusion and success rate with a new photocoagulator system[J]. Retina, 2016, 36(10): 1971-1978. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001025.
30.	Shen LJ, Chen YQ, Cheng D, et al. In vivo retinal vein bypass surgery in a porcine model[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2016, 41(1): 79-87. DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.997887.

1. Campochiaro PA, Heier JS, Feiner L, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: six-month primary end point results of a phase Ⅲ study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(6): 1102-1112. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.02.021.
2. Funk M, Kriechbaum K, Prager F, et al. Intraocular concentrations of growth factors and cytokines in retinal vein occlusion and the effect of therapy with Bevacizumab[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2009, 50(3): 1025-1032. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2510.
3. Noma H, Funatsu H, Yamasaki M, et al. Aqueous humour levels of cytokines are correlated to vitreous levels and severity of macular oedema in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eye (Lond), 2008, 22(1): 42-48. DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702498.
4. Jaulim A, Ahmed B, KhanamT, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications. An update of the literature[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(5): 901-910. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182870c15.
5. Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Shah SM, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion: implication of VEGF as a critical Stimulator[J]. Mol Ther, 2008, 16(4): 791-799. DOI: doi:10.1038/mt.2008.10.
6. The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for macula edema in branch vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1984, 98(3): 271-282.
7. Chatziralli IP, Jaulim A, Peponis VG, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: treatment modalities: an update of the literature[J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 2014, 29(2): 85-107. DOI: 10.3109/08820538. 2013.833271.
8. Pulido JS, Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, et al. Retinal vein occlusionspreferred practice pattern^® guidelines[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(1): 182-208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha. 2015.10.045.
9. Magargal LE, Kimmel AS, Sanborn GE, et al. Temporal branch retinal vein obstruction: a review[J]. Ophthalmic Surg, 1986, 17(4): 240-246.
10. Battaglia Parodi M, Saviano S, Ravalico G. Grid laser treatment in macular branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 1999, 237(12): 1024-1027.
11. Tomomatsu Y, Tomomatsu T, Takamura Y, et al. Comparative study of combined bevacizumab/targeted photocoagulation vs bevacizumab alone for macular oedema in ischaemic branch retinal vein occlusions[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2016, 94(3): 225-230. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12721.
12. Campochiaro PA, Sophie R, Pearlman J, et al. Long-term outcomes in patients with retinal vein occlusion treated with ranibizumab: the RETAIN study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(1): 209-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.038.
13. Yoshimura T, Sonoda KH, Sugahara M, et al. Comprehensive analysis of inflammatory immune mediators in vitreoretinal diseases[J/OL]. PLoS ONE, 2009, 4(12): 8158[2009-12-04]. . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008158.
14. Patel PJ, Zaheer I, Karia N. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for macular edema owing to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eye (Lond), 2008, 22(1): 60-64. DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702518.
15. Moisseiev E, Goldstein M, Waisbourd M, et al. Long-term evaluation ofpatients treated with dexamethasone intravitreal implant for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eye (Lond), 2013, 27(1): 65-71. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.226.
16. Scott IU, Ip MS, van Veldhuisen PC, et al. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone with standard care to treat vision loss associated with macular Edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: the Standard Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) study report 6[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2009, 127(9): 1115-1128. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.233.
17. Shen L, You Y, Sun S, et al. Intraocular and systemic pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide after a single 40-mg posterior subtenon application[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(12): 2365-2371. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.033.
18. Kola M, Hacioglu D, Turk A, et al. The effectiveness and reliability of posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide injection in branch retinal vein occlusion-related macular edema[J]. Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 2016, 35(3): 185-189. DOI: 10.3109/15569527. 2015.1074586.
19. Isola V, Pece A, Massironi C, et al. Accelerated ischemic vascular retinopathy after intravitreally injected bevacizumab for central retinal vein occlusion in elderly patients[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2013, 7: 455-460. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S30156.
20. Weinberg DV, Wahle AE, Ip MS, et al. Score Study report 12: development of venous collaterals in the Score Study[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(2): 287-295. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318263d106.
21. Singh RP, Lee TJ, Yau L, et al. Collateral vessel presence in branch and central retinal vein occlusions and their impact on visual acuity and anatomical gains: a retrospective analysis[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(11): 2242-2249. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000209.
22. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman MB. Natural history of visual outcome in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(1): 119-133. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.04.019.
23. Irvine AR, Shorb SR, Morris BW. Optociliary veins[J]. Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol, 1977, 83(3 Pt 1): 541-546.
24. Hattenbach LO, Friedrich Arndt C, Lerche R, et al. Retinal vein occlusion and low-dose fibrinolytic therapy (R. O. L. F.): a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter study of low-dose recombinant tissue plasminogen activator versus hemodilution in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2009, 29(7): 932-940. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181a3b870.
25. Osterloh MD, Charles S. Surgical decompression of branch retinal vein occlusions[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1988, 106(10): 1469-1471.
26. Adelman RA, Parnes AJ, Bopp S, et al. Strategy for the management of macular edema in retinal vein occlusion: the European VitreoRetinal Society macular edema study[J/OL]. Biomed Res Int, 2015, 2015: 870987[2015-01-29]. . DOI: 10.1155/2015/870987.
27. Fekrat S, Goldberg MF, Finkelstein D. Laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for nonischemic central or branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1998, 116(1): 43-52.
28. McAllister IL, Gillies M, Smithies LA, et al. The central retinal veinbypass study: a trial of laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosisfor central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(5): 954-965. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.10.026.
29. McAllister IL, Smithies LA, Previn V. Technique of laser chorioretinal anastomosis creation in central retinal vein occlusion and success rate with a new photocoagulator system[J]. Retina, 2016, 36(10): 1971-1978. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001025.
30. Shen LJ, Chen YQ, Cheng D, et al. In vivo retinal vein bypass surgery in a porcine model[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2016, 41(1): 79-87. DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.997887.

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Rethinking strategies for the treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion and secondary macular edema

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