Etiology and treatment of vitreous hemorrhage in children_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Liu Zhengwei , Fei Ping , Peng Jie , Lyu Jiao , Liu Jingjing , Tian Tian , Li Xin , Cui Xuehao , Yu Kaiqin , Zhu Xiuyu ,  Zhao Peiquan

Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Medicine School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, China;

Corresponding author：

Zhao Peiquan, Email: zhaopeiquan@xinhuamed.com.cn

Keywords：

Vitreous hemorrhage/etiology; Vitreous hemorrhage/therapy; Child; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.04.030

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Vitreous hemorrhage in children is caused by trauma or non-traumatic factors. Long-term vitreous hemorrhage not only affects children's vision, but also can lead secondary glaucoma, traumatic retinal detachment and other serious complications. Ocular trauma, some ocular and systemic diseases are the common etiology leading to vitreous hemorrhage in children. A small amount of vitreous hemorrhage can be treated by observation and conservative treatment. However, if the vitreous hemorrhage has no obvious absorption or serious complications appeared, it needs to be treated by surgery. The choice of treatment time and methods need to be further studied.

Citation： Liu Zhengwei, Fei Ping, Peng Jie, Lyu Jiao, Liu Jingjing, Tian Tian, Li Xin, Cui Xuehao, Yu Kaiqin, Zhu Xiuyu, Zhao Peiquan. Etiology and treatment of vitreous hemorrhage in children. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2017, 33(4): 434-437. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.04.030 Copy

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3.	Spirn MJ, Lynn MJ, Hubbard GB 3rd.Vitreous hemorrhage in children[J]. Ophthalmology, 2006, 113(5): 848-852.
4.	Fanconi M, Lips U.Shaken baby syndrome in Switzerland: results of a prospective follow-up study, 2002-2007[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2010, 169(8): 1023-1028. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-010-1175-x.
5.	Burkhart ZN, Thurber CJ, Chuang AZ, et al. Risk factors associated with retinal hemorrhage in suspected abusive head trauma[J]. J AAPOS, 2015, 19(2): 119-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2014.12. 007.
6.	Paiva WS, Soares MS, Amorim RL, et al. Traumatic brain injury and shaken baby syndrome[J]. Acta Med Port, 2011, 24(5): 805-808.
7.	Rishi P, Rishi E, Gupta A, et al. Vitreous hemorrhage in children and adolescents in India[J]. J AAPOS, 2013, 17(1): 64-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.10.013.
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27.	Wu WC, Drenser KA, Capone A, et al. Plasmin enzyme-assisted vitreoretinal surgery in congenital X-linked retinoschisis: surgical techniques based on a new classification system[J]. Retina, 2007, 27(8): 1079-1085. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31806196d0.
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1. 聂文英, 吴汉荣, 戚以胜, 等.新生儿眼病筛查的初步研究[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2008, 44(6): 497-502. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0412-4081.2008.06.005.Nie WY, Wu HR, Qi YS, et al. A pilot study of ocular diseases screening for neonates in China[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2008, 44(6): 497-502. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0412-4081.2008.06.005.
2. 张琦, 费萍, 赵培泉.903名婴儿RetCamⅡ检查临床分析[J]. 上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2013(8): 1126-1130. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.018.Zhang Q, Fei P, Zhao PQ.Clinical application of RetCam Ⅱ examination in 903 infants[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Medical Science), 2013(8): 1126-1130. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.018.
3. Spirn MJ, Lynn MJ, Hubbard GB 3rd.Vitreous hemorrhage in children[J]. Ophthalmology, 2006, 113(5): 848-852.
4. Fanconi M, Lips U.Shaken baby syndrome in Switzerland: results of a prospective follow-up study, 2002-2007[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2010, 169(8): 1023-1028. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-010-1175-x.
5. Burkhart ZN, Thurber CJ, Chuang AZ, et al. Risk factors associated with retinal hemorrhage in suspected abusive head trauma[J]. J AAPOS, 2015, 19(2): 119-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2014.12. 007.
6. Paiva WS, Soares MS, Amorim RL, et al. Traumatic brain injury and shaken baby syndrome[J]. Acta Med Port, 2011, 24(5): 805-808.
7. Rishi P, Rishi E, Gupta A, et al. Vitreous hemorrhage in children and adolescents in India[J]. J AAPOS, 2013, 17(1): 64-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.10.013.
8. Sudhalkar A, Chhablani J, Jalali S, et al. Spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage in children[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2013, 156(6): 1267-1271. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.042.
9. Sudhalkar A, Chhablani J, Rani PK, et al. Bilateral vitreous hemorrhage in children: clinical features and outcomes[J]. J Ophthalmic Vis Res, 2015, 10(2): 139-143. DOI: 10.4103/2008-322X.163769.
10. Ness T, Janknecht P, Berghorn C.Frequency of ocular hemorrhages in patients with subarachnoidal hemorrhage[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2005, 243(9): 859-862. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-005-1131-z.
11. Fountas KN, Kapsalaki EZ, Lee GP, et al. Terson hemorrhage in patients suffering aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: predisposing factors and prognostic significance[J]. J Neurosurg, 2008, 109(3): 439-444. DOI: 10.3171/JNS/2008/109/9/0439.
12. Naithani P, Mehrotra A, Venkatesh P, et al. Bilateral vitreous hemorrhage in a child due to isolated platelet factor 3 availability defect[J]. J AAPOS, 2008, 12(2): 203-204. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2007.09.013.
13. Kudo T, Suzuki Y, Metoki T, et al. A case of childhood vitrectomy performed for dense vitreous hemorrhage secondary to leukemia therapy and tumor lysis syndrome[J]. Case Rep Ophthalmol, 2015, 6(1): 34-38. DOI: 10.1159/000374088.
14. Barry GP, Shields CL, Binenbaum G.Leukocoria and vitreous hemorrhage as the initial manifestation of sickle retinopathy in a 3-year, 6-month-old child with sickle trait (AS)[J]. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 2011, 48: 58-60. DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20111004-02.
15. Mansour AM, Jaroudi MO.Recurrent vitreous haemorrhage and epidural haematoma in a child with hypofibrinogenaemia[J/OL]. BMJ Case Rep, 2012, 2012: 006478[2012-07-09]. http://casereports.bmj.com/content/2012/bcr-2012-006478.long. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-006478.
16. Gohari AR, Reith J, Scarborough M, et al. Multifocal juvenile xanthogranuloma presenting with a hand mass and bilateral vitreous hemorrhage in a neonate[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2010, 4(4): 346-351. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0b013e3181aff4f3.
17. Baxter J, Gandhewar R, Holden R.Chronic granulomatous disease and neovascularisation causing a vitreous haemorrhage[J/OL]. BMJ Case Rep, 2010, 2010: 0720103179[2010-12-29]. http://casereports.bmj.com/content/2010/bcr.07.2010.3179.long. DOI: 10.1136/bcr.07.2010.3179.
18. Levin M, Hall JP, Guerami A.Vitreous hemorrhage from carbon monoxide retinopathy[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2016, 10(2): 157-159. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000214.
19. Takci S, Kadayifcilar S, Coskun T. A rare galactosemia complication: vitreous hemorrhage[J]. JIMD Rep, 2012, 5: 89-93. DOI: 10.1007/8904_2011_103.
20. 陈雨, 朱晓华.儿童非外伤性玻璃体积血的临床分析[J]眼科新进展, 2006, 26(10): 768-769. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5141.2006.10.014.Chen Y, Zhu XH.Clinical analysis of the nontraumatic vitreous hemorrhage in children[J]. Rec Adu Ophthalmol, 2006, 26(10): 768-769. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5141.2006.10.014.
21. AlHarkan DH, Kahtani ES, Gikandi PW, et al. Vitreous hemorrhage in pediatric age group[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2014, 2014: 497083[2014-11-19]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/497083. DOI: 10.1155/2014/497083.
22. Chaudhary R, Upendran M, Campion N, et al. The role of computerised tomography in predicting visual outcome in ocular trauma patients[J]. Eye (Lond), 2015, 29(7): 867-871. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.39.
23. 马志中, 胡运韬.关于开放性眼外伤救治的几个重要问题[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2013, 49(8): 673-675. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2013.08.001.Ma ZZ, Hu YT.Some important aspects about treatment of open globe injury[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2013, 49(8): 673-675. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2013.08.001.
24. Darlow BA, Ells AL, Gilbert CE, et al. Are we there yet? bevacizumab therapy for retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2013, 98(2): 170-174. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2011-301148.
25. Mohney BG.Axial myopia associated with dense vitreous hemorrhage of the neonate[J]. J AAPOS, 2002, 6(6): 348-353. DOI: 10.1067/mpa.2002.129044.
26. Bagger M, Prause JU, Heegaard S, et al. Late onset retinoblastoma presenting with vitreous haemorrhage[J]. Open Ophthalmol J, 2012, 6: 23-25. DOI: 10.2174/1874364101206010023.
27. Wu WC, Drenser KA, Capone A, et al. Plasmin enzyme-assisted vitreoretinal surgery in congenital X-linked retinoschisis: surgical techniques based on a new classification system[J]. Retina, 2007, 27(8): 1079-1085. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31806196d0.
28. Siqueira RC, Costa RA, Scott IU, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection associated with regression of retinal neovascularization caused by sickle cell retinopathy[J]. Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 2006, 84(6): 834-835. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00779.x.
29. Lalwani GA, Berrocal AM, Murray TG, et al. Off-label use of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for salvage treatment in progressive threshold retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Retina, 2008, 28(3 Suppl): S13-18. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181644ad2.
30. He YG, Wang H, Zhao B, et al. Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor level in Coats' disease and possible therapeutic role of bevacizumab[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2010, 248(10): 1519-1521. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1366-1.
31. 陈欢, 陈有信, 韩若安.玻璃体腔注射抗血管内皮生长因子药物联合其他方法治疗晚期Coats病的疗效观察[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2015, 31(3): 252-255. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2015.03.010.Chen H, Chen YX, Han RA.Outcomes of adjuvant intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in advanced Coats disease[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2015, 31(3): 252-255. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2015.03.010.
32. 杨琼, 魏文斌, 刘月明, 等.单纯玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗及其联合其他方法治疗3期以上Coats病的疗效观察[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2014, 30(5): 462-465. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2014.05.008.Yang Q, Wei WB, Liu YM.Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab and combined treatment for severe Coats disease[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2014, 30(5): 462-465. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2014.05.008.
33. Ramasubramanian A, Shields CL.Bevacizumab for Coats' disease with exudative retinal detachment and risk of vitreoretinal traction[J]. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012,96(3): 356-359. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-300141.
34. Kaelin WG Jr.Molecular basis of the VHL hereditary cancer syndrome[J]. Nat Rev Cancer, 2002, 2(9): 673-682. DOI: 10.1038/nrc885.
35. Dahr SS, Cusick M, Rodriguez-Coleman H, et al. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy with pegaptanib for advanced von Hippel-Lindau disease of the retina[J]. Retina, 2007, 27(2): 150-158. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318030a290.
36. Wong WT, Liang KJ, Hammel K, et al. Intravitreal ranibizumab therapy for retinal capillary hemangioblastoma related to von Hippel-Lindau disease[J]. Ophthalmology, 2008, 115(11): 1957-1964. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.04.033.
37. Honda S, Hirabayashi H, Tsukahara Y, et al. Acute contraction of the proliferative membrane after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for advanced retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2008, 246(7): 1061-1063. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-008-0786-7.
38. El-Sabagh HA, Abdelghaffar W, Labib AM, et al. Preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab use as an adjuvant to diabetic vitrectomy: histopathologic findings and clinical implications[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(4): 636-641. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.08.038.
39. Takahashi H, Shibuya M.The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor system and its role under physiological and pathological conditions[J]. Clin Sci (Lond), 2005, 109(3): 227-241. DOI: 10.1042/CS20040370.
40. 王文吉.玻璃体积血及手术治疗[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 1997, 13(3): 52-53.Wen WJ. Vitreous hemorrhage and its surgical treatment[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 1997, 13(3): 52-53.
41. Olitsky SE, Nelson BA, Brooks S.The sensitive period of visual development in humans[J]. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 2002, 39(2): 69-72.
42. Garweg JG, Koerner F.Outcome indicators for vitrectomy in Terson syndrome[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2009, 87(2): 222-226. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01200.x.
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