The progress pattern and natural courses of myopic macularpathy_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

 Liu Weifeng , Huang Guofu , Liu Lili

Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China (Liu Weifeng, Huang Guofu); Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330008, China (Liu Lili);

Corresponding author：

Liu Weifeng, Email: 18970040725@163.com

Keywords：

Myopia,degenerative/complications; Choroidal neovascularization; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2018.05.023

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Myopic macularpathy is the main cause of the decline of visual function in high myopia, which including tigroid fundus, lacquer cracks, diffuse retinal choroid atrophy, plaque retinal choroid atrophy, choroidal neovascularization (CNV), Fuchs spot and posterior staphyloma. The tigroid fundus is the initial myopic retinopathy. The lacquer cracks is a special lesion in the posterior pole of high myopia. When the lacquer cracksen enlarge or lacquer cracks progress to plaque retinal choroid atrophy should be paid to monitoring the occurrence of CNV. Myopic macularpathy progression include two mode. One is from tigroid fundus——lacquer cracks——plaque retinal choroid atrophy——CNV to macular atrophy. And the other is from tigroid fundus——diffuse retinal choroid atrophy——atrophy enlarge to diffuse retinal choroid atrophy with plaque retinal choroid atrophy or plaque retinal choroid atrophy occurence on the border of posterior staphyloma. Understanding the progression patterns and natural course of these lesions will help the clinic to further understand the course of high myoipa.

Citation： Liu Weifeng, Huang Guofu, Liu Lili. The progress pattern and natural courses of myopic macularpathy. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2018, 34(5): 508-511. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2018.05.023 Copy

1.	Sainz-Gomez C, Fernandez-Robredo P, Salinas-Alaman A, et al. Prevalence and causes of bilateral blindness and visual impairment among institutionalized elderly people in Pamplona, Spain[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2010, 20(2):442-450.
2.	Buch H, Vinding T, La Cour M,et al. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness among 9980 Scandinavian adults: the Copenhagen City Eye Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2004, 111(1):53-61.
3.	Asakuma T, Yasuda M, Ninomiya T,et al. Prevalence and risk factors for myopic retinopathy in a Japanese population: the Hisayama Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(9):1760-1765.DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.034.
4.	Healey PR, Mitchell P, Gilbert CE, et al. The inheritance of peripapillary atrophy[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2007, 48(6):2529-2534. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0714.
5.	徐喜卿,李顺平,徐艳娇, 等. 中国大陆地区小学生近视患病率Meta分析[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2016, 16(7):1221-1227. DOI:10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2016.7.05.Xu XQ,Li SP, Xu YJ,et al. Myopia prevalence of Meta analysis of Primary school students in Chinese mainland[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2016, 16(7):1221-1227. DOI:10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2016.7.05.
6.	Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 2011, 32(1):3-16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x.
7.	Pan CW, Dirani M, Cheng CY, et al. The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: a meta-analysis[J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2015, 92(3):258-266.DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000516.
8.	Liu HH, Xu L, Wang YX, et al. Prevalence and progression of myopic retinopathy in Chinese adults: the Beijing Eye Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(9):1763-1768. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.01.020.
9.	Gao LQ, Liu W, Liang YB, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of myopic retinopathy in a rural Chinese adult population: the Handan Eye Study[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2011, 129(9):1199-1204. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.230.
10.	Avila MP, Weiter JJ, Jalkh AE, et al. Natural history of choroidal neovascularization in degenerative myopia[J]. Ophthalmology, 1984, 91(12):1573-1581.
11.	Hsiang HW, Ohno-Matsui K, Shimada N, et al. Clinical characteristics of posterior staphyloma in eyes with pathologic myopia[J]. Am J Ophthalmology, 2008, 146(1):102-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.03.010.
12.	Ohno-Matsui K, Tokoro T. The progression of lacquer cracks in pathologic myopia[J]. Retina, 1996, 16(1):29-37.
13.	Hayashi K, Ohno-Matsui K, Shimada N, et al. Long-term pattern of progression of myopic maculopathy: a natural history study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(8):1595-1611. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.11.003.
14.	Ohno MK, Yoshida TS, Yasuzumi K, et al. Patchy atrophy and lacquer cracks predispose to the development of choroidal neovascularisation in pathological myopia[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2003, 87(5):570-573.
15.	Itoohara M, Seko Y, Morita H, et al. Clinical course of newly developed or progressive patchy chorioretinal atrophy in pathological myopia[J]. Ophthalmologica, 1998, 212(1):23-29.
16.	Pruett RC, Weiter JJ, Goldstein RB. Myopic cracks, angioid streaks, and traumatic tears in Bruch's membrane[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1987, 103(4):537-543.
17.	韩梅, 陈松, 王兰惠, 等.高度近视眼的吲哚青绿血管造影[J].中华眼底病杂志, 2001,17(3):201-203.Hang M, Cheng S, Wang LH, et al. Image of indole green angiography in high myopia[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2001,17(3):201-203.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2001.03.011.
18.	Chang L, Pan CW, Ohno-Matsui K, et al. Myopia-related fundus changes in Singapore adults withhigh myopia[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2013, 155(6):991-999. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.01.016.
19.	Chen H, Wen F, Li H, et al. The types and severity of high myopic maculopathy in Chinese patientsa[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 2012, 32(1):60-67. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00861.x.
20.	Hotchkiss ML, Fine LS. Pathologic myopia and choroidal neovascularization[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1981, 91(2):177-183.
21.	Grossniklaus HE, Green WR. Pathologic findings in pathologic myopia[J]. Retina, 1992, 12(2):127-133.
22.	Hayasaka S, Uchida M, Setogawa T. Subretinal hemorrhages with or without choroidal neovascularization in the maculas of patients with pathologic myopia[J]. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol,1990,228(4):277-280.
23.	Fried M, Siebert A, Meyer-Schwickerath G. A natural history of Fuchs’ spot: a long-term follow-up study[J]. Doc Ophthalmol,1981, 28:215-221.
24.	Hampton GR, Kohen D, Bird AC. Visual prognosis of disciform degeneration in myopia[J]. Ophthalmology,1983,90(8):923-926.
25.	Tabandeh H, Flynn HW Jr, Scott IU, et al. Visual acuity outcomes of patients 50 years of age and older with high myopia and untreated choroidal neovascularization[J]. Ophthalmology,1999,106(11):2063-2067.
26.	Varano M, Iacono P, Giorno P, et al. Photodynamic therapy in subfoveal and juxtafoveal myopic choroidal neovascularization: a 10-year retrospective analysis[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2014, 231(4):204-210. DOI: 10.1159/000357504.
27.	Tokoro T. Myopic choroidal neovascularization (Fuchs’spot) [M]//Tokoro T. Atlas of posterior fundus changesin pathologic myopia. New York: Springer Verlag, 1998:161-201.
28.	Yoshida T, Ohno-Matsui K, Ohtake Y, et al. Long-term visual prognosis of choroidal neovascularization in high myopia: a comparison between age groups 1[J]. Ophthalmology, 2002, 109(4):712-719.
29.	Rabb MF, Garoon I, Lafranco FP. Myopic macular degeneration.[J]. Int Ophthalmol Clin, 1981, 21(3):51-69.
30.	Bird AC. Krill's hereditary retinal and choroidal diseases[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1978, 84(4):598-599.
31.	Yoshida A, Furukawa H, Murakami K, et al. Investigation of the vitreo-retino-ciliary barrier by vitreous fluorophotometry. Ⅰ. Evaluation of age differences in normal adults.[J]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi, 1985, 89(5):683-687.
32.	Kayazawa F, Tamura S, Tsuji T, et al. Influence of aging on vitreous fluorophotometry[J]. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi, 1983, 87(6):380-383.
33.	彭清, 宣懿, 董洋,等. 高度近视脉络膜新生血管患者玻璃体腔注射抗血管内皮生长因子单克隆抗体bevacizumab后房水中血管内皮生长因子含量变化[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2010, 26(1):72-73. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2010.01.19.Peng Q, Xuan Y, Dong Y, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor changes in the aqueous humor after injecting vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody bevacizumab in vitrous cavity of choroid neovascularization of high myopia[J].Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2010, 26(1):72-73. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2010.01.19.
34.	杨琳, 金学民, 周朋义. 贝伐单抗和雷珠单抗玻璃体腔注射治疗病理性近视脉络膜新生血管的疗效对比观察[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2017, 33(2):139-143. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.007.Yang L, Jing XM, Zhou PY. Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab or ranibizumab for the treatment of pathological myopia choroidal neovascularization[J].Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,2017, 33(2):139-143. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.007.
35.	Cheung CMG, Arnold JJ, Holz FG, et al. Myopic choroidal neovascularization: review, guidance, and consensus statement on management[J].Ophthalmology, 2017, 124(11):1690-1711. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.04.028.
36.	焦明菲, 李筱荣. 康柏西普玻璃体腔注射治疗高度近视脉络膜新生血管的临床疗效及安全性分析[J]. 中华实验眼科杂志, 2016, 34(8):725-728. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-0160.2016.08.013.Jiao MF, Li XR. The effect and safety analysis of treatment high myopia choroid neovascularization by Conbercept injection[J]. Chin J Exp Ophthalmol,2016, 34(8):725-728. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-0160.2016.08.013.
37.	Curtin BJ. The posterior staphyloma of pathologic myopia[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1977, 75:67-86.
38.	Ohno-Matsui K, Akiba M, Modegi T, et al. Association between shape of sclera and myopic retinochoroidal lesions in patients with pathologic myopia[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(10):6046-6061. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10161.
39.	Spaide RF, Ohno-matsui K, Yannuzzi LA. Pathologic myopia[M]. New York:Springer, 2014:177-185.
40.	Ohno-Matsui K, Kawasaki R, Jonas JB, et al. International photographic classification and grading system for myopic maculopathy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2015, 159(5):877-883.
41.	Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Mariotti SP, et al. Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004[J]. Bull World Health Organ, 2008, 86(1):63-70.
42.	Verkicharla PK, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw SM. Current and predicted demographics of high myopia and an update of its associated pathological changes[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 2015, 35(5):465-75. DOI: 10.1111/opo.12238.

1. Sainz-Gomez C, Fernandez-Robredo P, Salinas-Alaman A, et al. Prevalence and causes of bilateral blindness and visual impairment among institutionalized elderly people in Pamplona, Spain[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2010, 20(2):442-450.
2. Buch H, Vinding T, La Cour M,et al. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness among 9980 Scandinavian adults: the Copenhagen City Eye Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2004, 111(1):53-61.
3. Asakuma T, Yasuda M, Ninomiya T,et al. Prevalence and risk factors for myopic retinopathy in a Japanese population: the Hisayama Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(9):1760-1765.DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.034.
4. Healey PR, Mitchell P, Gilbert CE, et al. The inheritance of peripapillary atrophy[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2007, 48(6):2529-2534. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0714.
5. 徐喜卿,李顺平,徐艳娇, 等. 中国大陆地区小学生近视患病率Meta分析[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2016, 16(7):1221-1227. DOI:10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2016.7.05.Xu XQ,Li SP, Xu YJ,et al. Myopia prevalence of Meta analysis of Primary school students in Chinese mainland[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2016, 16(7):1221-1227. DOI:10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2016.7.05.
6. Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 2011, 32(1):3-16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x.
7. Pan CW, Dirani M, Cheng CY, et al. The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: a meta-analysis[J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2015, 92(3):258-266.DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000516.
8. Liu HH, Xu L, Wang YX, et al. Prevalence and progression of myopic retinopathy in Chinese adults: the Beijing Eye Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(9):1763-1768. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.01.020.
9. Gao LQ, Liu W, Liang YB, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of myopic retinopathy in a rural Chinese adult population: the Handan Eye Study[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2011, 129(9):1199-1204. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.230.
10. Avila MP, Weiter JJ, Jalkh AE, et al. Natural history of choroidal neovascularization in degenerative myopia[J]. Ophthalmology, 1984, 91(12):1573-1581.
11. Hsiang HW, Ohno-Matsui K, Shimada N, et al. Clinical characteristics of posterior staphyloma in eyes with pathologic myopia[J]. Am J Ophthalmology, 2008, 146(1):102-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.03.010.
12. Ohno-Matsui K, Tokoro T. The progression of lacquer cracks in pathologic myopia[J]. Retina, 1996, 16(1):29-37.
13. Hayashi K, Ohno-Matsui K, Shimada N, et al. Long-term pattern of progression of myopic maculopathy: a natural history study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(8):1595-1611. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.11.003.
14. Ohno MK, Yoshida TS, Yasuzumi K, et al. Patchy atrophy and lacquer cracks predispose to the development of choroidal neovascularisation in pathological myopia[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2003, 87(5):570-573.
15. Itoohara M, Seko Y, Morita H, et al. Clinical course of newly developed or progressive patchy chorioretinal atrophy in pathological myopia[J]. Ophthalmologica, 1998, 212(1):23-29.
16. Pruett RC, Weiter JJ, Goldstein RB. Myopic cracks, angioid streaks, and traumatic tears in Bruch's membrane[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1987, 103(4):537-543.
17. 韩梅, 陈松, 王兰惠, 等.高度近视眼的吲哚青绿血管造影[J].中华眼底病杂志, 2001,17(3):201-203.Hang M, Cheng S, Wang LH, et al. Image of indole green angiography in high myopia[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2001,17(3):201-203.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2001.03.011.
18. Chang L, Pan CW, Ohno-Matsui K, et al. Myopia-related fundus changes in Singapore adults withhigh myopia[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2013, 155(6):991-999. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.01.016.
19. Chen H, Wen F, Li H, et al. The types and severity of high myopic maculopathy in Chinese patientsa[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 2012, 32(1):60-67. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00861.x.
20. Hotchkiss ML, Fine LS. Pathologic myopia and choroidal neovascularization[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1981, 91(2):177-183.
21. Grossniklaus HE, Green WR. Pathologic findings in pathologic myopia[J]. Retina, 1992, 12(2):127-133.
22. Hayasaka S, Uchida M, Setogawa T. Subretinal hemorrhages with or without choroidal neovascularization in the maculas of patients with pathologic myopia[J]. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol,1990,228(4):277-280.
23. Fried M, Siebert A, Meyer-Schwickerath G. A natural history of Fuchs’ spot: a long-term follow-up study[J]. Doc Ophthalmol,1981, 28:215-221.
24. Hampton GR, Kohen D, Bird AC. Visual prognosis of disciform degeneration in myopia[J]. Ophthalmology,1983,90(8):923-926.
25. Tabandeh H, Flynn HW Jr, Scott IU, et al. Visual acuity outcomes of patients 50 years of age and older with high myopia and untreated choroidal neovascularization[J]. Ophthalmology,1999,106(11):2063-2067.
26. Varano M, Iacono P, Giorno P, et al. Photodynamic therapy in subfoveal and juxtafoveal myopic choroidal neovascularization: a 10-year retrospective analysis[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2014, 231(4):204-210. DOI: 10.1159/000357504.
27. Tokoro T. Myopic choroidal neovascularization (Fuchs’spot) [M]//Tokoro T. Atlas of posterior fundus changesin pathologic myopia. New York: Springer Verlag, 1998:161-201.
28. Yoshida T, Ohno-Matsui K, Ohtake Y, et al. Long-term visual prognosis of choroidal neovascularization in high myopia: a comparison between age groups 1[J]. Ophthalmology, 2002, 109(4):712-719.
29. Rabb MF, Garoon I, Lafranco FP. Myopic macular degeneration.[J]. Int Ophthalmol Clin, 1981, 21(3):51-69.
30. Bird AC. Krill's hereditary retinal and choroidal diseases[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1978, 84(4):598-599.
31. Yoshida A, Furukawa H, Murakami K, et al. Investigation of the vitreo-retino-ciliary barrier by vitreous fluorophotometry. Ⅰ. Evaluation of age differences in normal adults.[J]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi, 1985, 89(5):683-687.
32. Kayazawa F, Tamura S, Tsuji T, et al. Influence of aging on vitreous fluorophotometry[J]. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi, 1983, 87(6):380-383.
33. 彭清, 宣懿, 董洋,等. 高度近视脉络膜新生血管患者玻璃体腔注射抗血管内皮生长因子单克隆抗体bevacizumab后房水中血管内皮生长因子含量变化[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2010, 26(1):72-73. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2010.01.19.Peng Q, Xuan Y, Dong Y, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor changes in the aqueous humor after injecting vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody bevacizumab in vitrous cavity of choroid neovascularization of high myopia[J].Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2010, 26(1):72-73. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2010.01.19.
34. 杨琳, 金学民, 周朋义. 贝伐单抗和雷珠单抗玻璃体腔注射治疗病理性近视脉络膜新生血管的疗效对比观察[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2017, 33(2):139-143. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.007.Yang L, Jing XM, Zhou PY. Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab or ranibizumab for the treatment of pathological myopia choroidal neovascularization[J].Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,2017, 33(2):139-143. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.007.
35. Cheung CMG, Arnold JJ, Holz FG, et al. Myopic choroidal neovascularization: review, guidance, and consensus statement on management[J].Ophthalmology, 2017, 124(11):1690-1711. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.04.028.
36. 焦明菲, 李筱荣. 康柏西普玻璃体腔注射治疗高度近视脉络膜新生血管的临床疗效及安全性分析[J]. 中华实验眼科杂志, 2016, 34(8):725-728. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-0160.2016.08.013.Jiao MF, Li XR. The effect and safety analysis of treatment high myopia choroid neovascularization by Conbercept injection[J]. Chin J Exp Ophthalmol,2016, 34(8):725-728. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-0160.2016.08.013.
37. Curtin BJ. The posterior staphyloma of pathologic myopia[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1977, 75:67-86.
38. Ohno-Matsui K, Akiba M, Modegi T, et al. Association between shape of sclera and myopic retinochoroidal lesions in patients with pathologic myopia[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(10):6046-6061. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10161.
39. Spaide RF, Ohno-matsui K, Yannuzzi LA. Pathologic myopia[M]. New York:Springer, 2014:177-185.
40. Ohno-Matsui K, Kawasaki R, Jonas JB, et al. International photographic classification and grading system for myopic maculopathy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2015, 159(5):877-883.
41. Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Mariotti SP, et al. Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004[J]. Bull World Health Organ, 2008, 86(1):63-70.
42. Verkicharla PK, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw SM. Current and predicted demographics of high myopia and an update of its associated pathological changes[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 2015, 35(5):465-75. DOI: 10.1111/opo.12238.

Previous Article
Advance of rituximab in the treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases
Next Article
Outer retinal tubulations

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

The progress pattern and natural courses of myopic macularpathy

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content