A review of guidelines for diabetic retinopathy screening_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Li Shuting ¹ , Wang Xiangning ² ,  Wu Qiang ²

1. Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhou First People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China;
2. Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200030, China;

Corresponding author：

Wu Qiang, Email: qiang.wu@shsmu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Diabetic retinopathy; Guidebooks; Review; Screening

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2019.02.019

Video：

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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common cause of preventable blindness in the working-age population. In addition to optimizing the hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and other risk factors, regular fundus examination is essential for early diagnosis asymptomatic DR and timely treat the sight-threatening DR, so as to reduce blindness and severe visual impairment caused by DR. Clinical practice guidelines for the screening and management of DR have been implemented throughout the world, but there are reasonable differences between existing guidelines in the recommended timing of first retinal examination, screening intervals, methods for examination and criteria for referral to an ophthalmologist. It is of great clinical significance to have a detailed understanding of the current guidelines for DR screening and their clinical basis.

Citation： Li Shuting, Wang Xiangning, Wu Qiang. A review of guidelines for diabetic retinopathy screening. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2019, 35(2): 200-206. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2019.02.019 Copy

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2. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 9[J]. Ophthalmology, 1991, 98(5 Suppl): S766-785.
3. Virgili G, Parravano M, Menchini F, et al. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for diabetic macular oedema[J/OL]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014, 10(10): CD007419[2014-10-24]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007419.pub4. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007419.pub4.
4. Paz SH, Varma R, Klein R, et al. Noncompliance with vision care guidelines in Latinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2006, 113(8): 1372-1377. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.04.018.
5. Lee DJ, Kumar N, Feuer WJ, et al. Dilated eye examination screening guideline compliance among patients with diabetes without a diabetic retinopathy diagnosis: the role of geographic access[J/OL]. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2014, 2(1): 000031 [2014-08-23]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2014-000031. DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2014-000031.
6. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Progression of retinopathy with intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial[J]. Ophthalmology, 1995, 102(4): 647-661. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(95)30973-6.
7. Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Stratton IM, et al. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, 30: diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1998, 116(3): 297-303. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.116.3.297.
8. Chew EY, Davis MD, Danis RP, et al. The effects of medical management on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes: the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Eye Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(12): 2443-2451. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.019.
9. Chew EY, Ambrosius WT, Davis MD, et al. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes[J]. N Engl J Med, 2010, 363(3): 233-244. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1001288.
10. Jin P, Peng J, Zou H, et al. A five-year prospective study of diabetic retinopathy progression in chinese type 2 diabetes patients with "well-controlled" blood glucose[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(4): 0123449[2015-04-07]. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123449. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123449.
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12. Ferris FL. How effective are treatments for diabetic retinopathy?[J]. JAMA, 1993, 269(10): 1290-1291. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1993.03500100088034.
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17. Hooper P, Boucher MC, Cruess A, et al. Canadian Ophthalmological Society evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 2012, 47(2 Suppl): S1-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2011.12.025.
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27. 中华医学会眼科学分会眼底病学组. 我国糖尿病视网膜病变临床诊疗指南(2014年)[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2014, 50(11): 851-865. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2014.11.014.Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in China[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2014, 50(11): 851-865. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2014.11.014.
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31. System Aec. Guidelines for the comprehensive management of diabetic retinopathy in India. A VISION 2020: The Right to Sight INDIA Publication[EB/OL]. [2008-01-01]. https://www.iapb.org/.
32. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy.Ⅱ. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1984, 102(4): 520-526. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030398010.
33. Varma R, Torres M, Peña F, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in adult Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2004, 111(7): 1298-1306. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.03.002.
34. Klein R, Davis MD, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. A comparison of retinopathy in younger and older onset diabetic persons[J]. Adv Exp Med Biol, 1985, 189: 321-335. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-1850-8.
35. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. Retinopathy in young-onset diabetic patients[J]. Diabetes Care, 1985, 8(4): 311-315. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.8.4.311.
36. Harris M, Klein R, Welborn T, et al. Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4-7 years before clinical diagnosis[J]. Diabetes Care, 1992, 5(7): 815-819. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.15.7.815.
37. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Ⅲ. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1984, 102(4): 527-532. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030405011.
38. Heath V. Diabetes: progression of diabetic retinopathy found to be a potential risk during pregnancy[J]. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2010, 6(7): 354. DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2010.73.
39. Morrison JL, Hodgson LA, Lim LL, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: a review[J]. Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2016, 44(4): 321-334. DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12760.
40. Jones CD, Greenwood RH, Misra A, et al. Incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy during 17 years of a population-based screening program in England[J]. Diabetes Care, 2012, 35(3): 592-596. DOI: 10.2337/dc11-0943.
41. Chalk D, Pitt M, Vaidya B, et al. Can the retinal screening interval be safely increased to 2 years for type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy?[J]. Diabetes Care, 2012, 35(8): 1663-1668. DOI: 10.2337/dc11-2282.
42. Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Ali MK, Roglic G, et al. Screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy and incidence of visual loss: a systematic review[J]. Diabet Med, 2013, 30(11): 1272-1292. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12274.
43. Taylor-Phillips S, Mistry H, Leslie R, et al. Extending the diabetic retinopathy screening interval beyond 1 year: systematic review[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2016, 100(1): 105-114. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305938.
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