Effects of Propofol, Etomidate and Ethanol on GPCR mRNA Expression in Daphnia pulex_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

HUAnmin , DONGChanghong , ZUOYunxia ,  LIGuohua

Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;

Corresponding author：

LIGuohua, Email: ligh07@126.com

Keywords：

Daphnia; propofol; etomidate; ethanol; G-protein coupled receptor

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.20140155

Video：

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The mechanisms of general anesthesia, which was introduced about 170 years ago, remain poorly understood. Even less well understood are the effects of general anesthesia on the human body. Recently we identified 18 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) genes of Daphnia pulex, an invertebrate model organism. Phylogenetic analysis identified these genes to be the homologs of the human γ-aminobutyric acid, type B (GABA_B) receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), adrenergic receptor, serotonin (5-HT) receptor, dopamine receptor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). Using reverse transcription and quantitative PCR techniques, we systematically measured the effects of propofol, etomidate and ethanol on these 18 GPCR mRNA expressions in Daphnia pulex.

Citation： HUAnmin, DONGChanghong, ZUOYunxia, LIGuohua. Effects of Propofol, Etomidate and Ethanol on GPCR mRNA Expression in Daphnia pulex. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2014, 31(4): 827-832. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.20140155 Copy

1.	MINAMI K, UEZONO Y. Gq protein-coupled receptors as targets for anesthetics[J]. Curr Pharm Des, 2006,12(15):1931-1937.
2.	PETERLIN Z, ISHIZAWA Y, ARANEDA R, et al. Selective activation of G-protein coupled receptors by volatile anesthetics[J]. Mol Cell Neurosci,2005,30(4):506-512.
3.	ISHIZAWA Y, PIDIKITI R, LIEBMAN P A, et al. G protein-coupled receptors as direct targets of inhaled anesthetics[J]. Mol Pharmacol,2002, 61(5):945-952.
4.	MORGAN P G, CASCORBI H F. Effect of anesthetics and a convulsant on normal and mutant Caenorhabditis elegans[J]. Anesthesiology, 1985,62(6):738-744.
5.	ALLADA R, NASH H A. Drosophila melanogaster as a model for study of general anesthesia: the quantitative response to clinical anesthetics and alkanes[J]. Anesth Analg, 1993,77(1):19-26.
6.	SHENG B, LIU J, LI G H. Metformin preconditioning protects Daphnia pulex from lethal hypoxic insult involving AMPK, HIF and mTOR signaling[J]. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol,2012,163(1):51-58.
7.	TAMURA K, PETERSON D, PETERSON N, et al. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods[J]. Mol Biol Evol, 2011,28(10):2731-2739.
8.	ROZEN S, SKALETSKY H. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers[J]. Methods Mol Biol,2000,132:365-386.
9.	LIVAK K J, SCHMITTGEN T D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2^-ΔΔCT Method[J]. Methods,2001,25(4):402-408.
10.	MEZLER M, MÜLLER T, RAMING K. Cloning and functional expression of GABA_B receptors from Drosophila[J]. Eur J Neurosci,2001,13(3):477-486.
11.	MITRI C, PARMENTIER M L, PIN J P, et al. Divergent evolution in metabotropic glutamate receptors. A new receptor activated by an endogenous ligand different from glutamate in insects[J]. J Biol Chem,2004,279(10):9313-9320.
12.	STROSBERG A D. Structure, function, and regulation of adrenergic receptors[J]. Protein Sci,1993,2(8):1198-1209.
13.	EVANS P D, MAQUEIRA B. Insect octopamine receptors: a new classification scheme based on studies of cloned Drosophila G-protein coupled receptors[J]. Invert Neurosci,2005,5(3-4):111-118.
14.	MUSTARD J A, BEGGS K T, MERCER A R. Molecular biology of the invertebrate dopamine receptors[J]. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol,2005,59(3):103-117.
15.	BOWERY N G, BETTLER B, FROESTL W, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XXXIII. Mammalian γ-aminobutyric acid_B receptors: structure and function[J]. Pharmacol Rev,2002,54(2):247-264.
16.	PINARD A, SEDDIK R, BETTLER B. GABA_B receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of diversity[J]. Adv Pharmacol,2010,58:231-255.
17.	DAR M S. Mouse cerebellar GABAB participation in the expression of acute ethanol-induced ataxia and in its modulation by the cerebellar adenosinergic A1 system[J]. Brain Res Bull,1996,41(1):53-59.
18.	DZITOYEVA S, DIMITRIJEVIC N, MANEV H. γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor 1 mediates behavior-impairing actions of alcohol in Drosophila: Adult RNA interference and pharmacological evidenceProc[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2003,100(9):5485-5490.
19.	LI S P, PARK M S, JIN G Z, et al. Ethanol modulates GABA_B receptor expression in cortex and hippocampus of the adult rat brain[J]. Brain Res,2005,1061(1):27-35.
20.	YOKOI M, KOBAYASHI K, MANABE T, et al. Impairment of hippocampal mossy fiber LTD in mice lacking mGluR2[J]. Science,1996, 273(5275):645-647.
21.	HIGGINS G A, BALLARD T M, KEW J N, et al. Pharmacological manipulation of mGlu2 receptors influences cognitive performance in the rodent[J]. Neuropharmacology,2004,46(7):907-917.
22.	MORISHIMA Y, MIYAKAWA T, FURUYASHIKI T, et al. Enhanced cocaine responsiveness and impaired motor coordination in metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 knockout mice[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2005,102(11):4170-4175.
23.	COZZOLI D K, COURSON J, CARUANA A L, et al. Nucleus accumbens mGluR5-associated signaling regulates binge alcohol drinking under drinking-in-the-dark procedures[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res,2012,36(9):1623-1633.
24.	MEINHARDT M W, HANSSON A C, PERREAU-LENZ S, et al. Rescue of infralimbic mGluR2 deficit restores control over drug-seeking behavior in alcohol dependence[J]. J Neurosci,2013,33(7):2794-2806.
25.	BOGDANIK L, MOHRMANN R, RAMAEKERS A, et al. The Drosophila metabotropic glutamate receptor DmGluRA regulates activity-dependent synaptic facilitation and fine synaptic morphology[J]. J Neurosci,2004,24(41):9105-9116.
26.	WISE R A. Dopamine, learning and motivation[J]. Nature Rev Neurosci,2004,5(6):483-494.
27.	GONZÁLEZ S, MORENO-DELGADO D, MORENO E, et al. Circadian-related heteromerization of adrenergic and dopamine D₄ receptors modulates melatonin synthesis and release in the pineal gland[J]. PLoS Biol,2012,10(6):e1001347.
28.	EL-GHUNDI M, O'DOWD B F, GEORGE S R. Insights into the role of dopamine receptor systems in learning and memory[J]. Rev Neurosci,2007,18(1):37-66.
29.	ZAMMATARO M, CHIECHIO S, MONTANA M C, et al. mGlu2 metabotropic glutamate receptors restrain inflammatory pain and mediate the analgesic activity of dual mGlu2/mGlu3 receptor agonists[J]. Mol Pain,2011,7: 6.
30.	KRASHES M J, DASGUPTA S, VREEDE A, et al. A neural circuit mechanism integrating motivational state with memory expression in Drosophila[J]. Cell, 2009,139(2):416-427.
31.	LIU C, PLAÇAIS P Y, YAMAGATA N, et al. A subset of dopamine neurons signals reward for odour memory in Drosophila[J]. Nature,2012,488(7412):512-516.
32.	UENO T, TOMITA J, TANIMOTO H, et al. Identification of a dopamine pathway that regulates sleep and arousal in Drosophila[J]. Nat Neurosci, 2012,15(11):1516-1523.
33.	KUME K, KUME S, PARK S K, et al. Dopamine is a regulator of arousal in the fruit fly[J]. J Neurosci, 2005,25(32):7377-7384.
34.	BURKE CJ, HUETTEROTH W, OWALD D, et al. Layered reward signalling through octopamine and dopamine in Drosophila[J]. Nature, 2012, 492(7429):433-437.
35.	SEUGNET L, SUZUKI Y, DONLEA J M, et al. Sleep deprivation during early-adult development results in long-lasting learning deficits in adult Drosophila[J]. Sleep,2011,34(2):137-146.
36.	ROEDER T. Tyramine and octopamine: ruling behavior and metabolism[J]. Annu Rev Entomol, 2005,50: 447-477.
37.	SALLINEN J, HAAPALINNA A, VIITAMAA T, et al. Adrenergic α_2C-receptors modulate the acoustic startle reflex, prepulse inhibition and aggression in mice[J]. J Neurosci,1998,18(8): 3035-3042.
38.	KRAVITZ E A. Serotonin and aggression: insights gained from a lobster model system and speculations on the role of amine neurons in a complex behavior[J]. J Comp Physiol A,2000, 186(3):221-238.
39.	POPOVA N K. From genes to aggressive behavior: the role of serotonergic system[J]. Bioessays, 2006,28(5):495-503.

1. MINAMI K, UEZONO Y. Gq protein-coupled receptors as targets for anesthetics[J]. Curr Pharm Des, 2006,12(15):1931-1937.
2. PETERLIN Z, ISHIZAWA Y, ARANEDA R, et al. Selective activation of G-protein coupled receptors by volatile anesthetics[J]. Mol Cell Neurosci,2005,30(4):506-512.
3. ISHIZAWA Y, PIDIKITI R, LIEBMAN P A, et al. G protein-coupled receptors as direct targets of inhaled anesthetics[J]. Mol Pharmacol,2002, 61(5):945-952.
4. MORGAN P G, CASCORBI H F. Effect of anesthetics and a convulsant on normal and mutant Caenorhabditis elegans[J]. Anesthesiology, 1985,62(6):738-744.
5. ALLADA R, NASH H A. Drosophila melanogaster as a model for study of general anesthesia: the quantitative response to clinical anesthetics and alkanes[J]. Anesth Analg, 1993,77(1):19-26.
6. SHENG B, LIU J, LI G H. Metformin preconditioning protects Daphnia pulex from lethal hypoxic insult involving AMPK, HIF and mTOR signaling[J]. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol,2012,163(1):51-58.
7. TAMURA K, PETERSON D, PETERSON N, et al. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods[J]. Mol Biol Evol, 2011,28(10):2731-2739.
8. ROZEN S, SKALETSKY H. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers[J]. Methods Mol Biol,2000,132:365-386.
9. LIVAK K J, SCHMITTGEN T D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2^-ΔΔCT Method[J]. Methods,2001,25(4):402-408.
10. MEZLER M, MÜLLER T, RAMING K. Cloning and functional expression of GABA_B receptors from Drosophila[J]. Eur J Neurosci,2001,13(3):477-486.
11. MITRI C, PARMENTIER M L, PIN J P, et al. Divergent evolution in metabotropic glutamate receptors. A new receptor activated by an endogenous ligand different from glutamate in insects[J]. J Biol Chem,2004,279(10):9313-9320.
12. STROSBERG A D. Structure, function, and regulation of adrenergic receptors[J]. Protein Sci,1993,2(8):1198-1209.
13. EVANS P D, MAQUEIRA B. Insect octopamine receptors: a new classification scheme based on studies of cloned Drosophila G-protein coupled receptors[J]. Invert Neurosci,2005,5(3-4):111-118.
14. MUSTARD J A, BEGGS K T, MERCER A R. Molecular biology of the invertebrate dopamine receptors[J]. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol,2005,59(3):103-117.
15. BOWERY N G, BETTLER B, FROESTL W, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XXXIII. Mammalian γ-aminobutyric acid_B receptors: structure and function[J]. Pharmacol Rev,2002,54(2):247-264.
16. PINARD A, SEDDIK R, BETTLER B. GABA_B receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of diversity[J]. Adv Pharmacol,2010,58:231-255.
17. DAR M S. Mouse cerebellar GABAB participation in the expression of acute ethanol-induced ataxia and in its modulation by the cerebellar adenosinergic A1 system[J]. Brain Res Bull,1996,41(1):53-59.
18. DZITOYEVA S, DIMITRIJEVIC N, MANEV H. γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor 1 mediates behavior-impairing actions of alcohol in Drosophila: Adult RNA interference and pharmacological evidenceProc[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2003,100(9):5485-5490.
19. LI S P, PARK M S, JIN G Z, et al. Ethanol modulates GABA_B receptor expression in cortex and hippocampus of the adult rat brain[J]. Brain Res,2005,1061(1):27-35.
20. YOKOI M, KOBAYASHI K, MANABE T, et al. Impairment of hippocampal mossy fiber LTD in mice lacking mGluR2[J]. Science,1996, 273(5275):645-647.
21. HIGGINS G A, BALLARD T M, KEW J N, et al. Pharmacological manipulation of mGlu2 receptors influences cognitive performance in the rodent[J]. Neuropharmacology,2004,46(7):907-917.
22. MORISHIMA Y, MIYAKAWA T, FURUYASHIKI T, et al. Enhanced cocaine responsiveness and impaired motor coordination in metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 knockout mice[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2005,102(11):4170-4175.
23. COZZOLI D K, COURSON J, CARUANA A L, et al. Nucleus accumbens mGluR5-associated signaling regulates binge alcohol drinking under drinking-in-the-dark procedures[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res,2012,36(9):1623-1633.
24. MEINHARDT M W, HANSSON A C, PERREAU-LENZ S, et al. Rescue of infralimbic mGluR2 deficit restores control over drug-seeking behavior in alcohol dependence[J]. J Neurosci,2013,33(7):2794-2806.
25. BOGDANIK L, MOHRMANN R, RAMAEKERS A, et al. The Drosophila metabotropic glutamate receptor DmGluRA regulates activity-dependent synaptic facilitation and fine synaptic morphology[J]. J Neurosci,2004,24(41):9105-9116.
26. WISE R A. Dopamine, learning and motivation[J]. Nature Rev Neurosci,2004,5(6):483-494.
27. GONZÁLEZ S, MORENO-DELGADO D, MORENO E, et al. Circadian-related heteromerization of adrenergic and dopamine D₄ receptors modulates melatonin synthesis and release in the pineal gland[J]. PLoS Biol,2012,10(6):e1001347.
28. EL-GHUNDI M, O'DOWD B F, GEORGE S R. Insights into the role of dopamine receptor systems in learning and memory[J]. Rev Neurosci,2007,18(1):37-66.
29. ZAMMATARO M, CHIECHIO S, MONTANA M C, et al. mGlu2 metabotropic glutamate receptors restrain inflammatory pain and mediate the analgesic activity of dual mGlu2/mGlu3 receptor agonists[J]. Mol Pain,2011,7: 6.
30. KRASHES M J, DASGUPTA S, VREEDE A, et al. A neural circuit mechanism integrating motivational state with memory expression in Drosophila[J]. Cell, 2009,139(2):416-427.
31. LIU C, PLAÇAIS P Y, YAMAGATA N, et al. A subset of dopamine neurons signals reward for odour memory in Drosophila[J]. Nature,2012,488(7412):512-516.
32. UENO T, TOMITA J, TANIMOTO H, et al. Identification of a dopamine pathway that regulates sleep and arousal in Drosophila[J]. Nat Neurosci, 2012,15(11):1516-1523.
33. KUME K, KUME S, PARK S K, et al. Dopamine is a regulator of arousal in the fruit fly[J]. J Neurosci, 2005,25(32):7377-7384.
34. BURKE CJ, HUETTEROTH W, OWALD D, et al. Layered reward signalling through octopamine and dopamine in Drosophila[J]. Nature, 2012, 492(7429):433-437.
35. SEUGNET L, SUZUKI Y, DONLEA J M, et al. Sleep deprivation during early-adult development results in long-lasting learning deficits in adult Drosophila[J]. Sleep,2011,34(2):137-146.
36. ROEDER T. Tyramine and octopamine: ruling behavior and metabolism[J]. Annu Rev Entomol, 2005,50: 447-477.
37. SALLINEN J, HAAPALINNA A, VIITAMAA T, et al. Adrenergic α_2C-receptors modulate the acoustic startle reflex, prepulse inhibition and aggression in mice[J]. J Neurosci,1998,18(8): 3035-3042.
38. KRAVITZ E A. Serotonin and aggression: insights gained from a lobster model system and speculations on the role of amine neurons in a complex behavior[J]. J Comp Physiol A,2000, 186(3):221-238.
39. POPOVA N K. From genes to aggressive behavior: the role of serotonergic system[J]. Bioessays, 2006,28(5):495-503.

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