Research on Control of the Cardiovascular System Based on a Left Ventricular Assist Device_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

WANGFangqun ¹ ,  XUQing ¹ , WUZhenhai ¹ , WENTaiyang ¹ , JIJinghua ¹ , HEZhaoming ²

1. School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
2. School of Fluid Machinery and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;

Corresponding author：

XUQing, Email: lebronrayjames@foxmail.com

Keywords：

left ventricular assist device; cardiovascular system; heart failure; suction; feedback control

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.20160172

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

We propose a control model of the cardiovascular system coupled with a rotary blood pump in the present paper. A new mathematical model of the rotary heart pump is presented considering the hydraulic characteristics and the similarity principle of pumps. A seven-order nonlinear spatial state equation adopting lumped parameter is used to describe the combined cardiovascular-pump model. Pump speed is used as the control variable. To achieve sufficient perfusion and to avoid suction, a feedback strategy based on minimum (diastolic) pump flow is used in the control model. The results showed that left ventricular assist device (LVAD) could improve hemodynamics of the cardiovascular system of the patient with heart failure in open loop. When rotation speed was 9,000 r/min, cardiac output reached 82 mL/s while the initial cardiac output was only 34 mL/s without the LVAD support. When the rotation speed was above 12 800 r/min, suction was found because the high rotating speed resulted in insufficient venous return volume. Suction was avoided by adopting the feedback control. The model reveals the interaction of LVAD and the cardiovascular system, which provides theoretical basis for the therapy of heart failure in the left ventricular and for the design of a physiological control strategy.

Citation： WANGFangqun, XUQing, WUZhenhai, WENTaiyang, JIJinghua, HEZhaoming. Research on Control of the Cardiovascular System Based on a Left Ventricular Assist Device. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2016, 33(6): 1075-1083. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.20160172 Copy

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13.	FERREIRA A, SIMAAN M A, BOSTON J R, et al. A nonlinear state space model of a combined cardiovascular system and a rotary pump[J]. IEEE, 2005, 12(15): 897-902.
14.	SIMAAN M. Modeling and control of the heart left ventricle supported with rotary left ventricular assist device[J]. IEEE, 2008, 9(11): 2556-2661.
15.	SUGA H, SAGAWA K, SHOUKAS A A. Load independence of the instantaneous pressure-volume ratio of the canine left ventricle and effects of epinephrine and heart rate on the ratio[J]. Circ Res, 1973, 32(3): 314-322.
16.	SCHIMA H, TRUBEL W, MORITZ A, et al. Noninvasive monitoring of rotary blood pumps: necessity, possibilities, and limitations[J]. Artif Organs, 1992, 16(2): 195-202.
17.	CHEN S, ANTAKI J F, SIMAAN M A. Boston J R. Physiological control of left ventricular assist devices based on gradient of flow[C]. 2005 American Control Conference, Portland OR USA: 2005(6): 3829-3834.
18.	BOZKURT S, SAFAK K K. Evaluating the hemodynamical response of a cardiovascular system under support of a continuous flow left ventricular assist device via numerical modeling and simulations[J]. Comput Math Methods Med, 2013(1): 986430.

1. 国家心血管病中心.中国心血管病报告2014[R].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2015.
2. ASGARI S S, BONDE P. Implantable physiologic controller for left ventricular assist devices with telemetry capability[J]. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2014, 147(1): 192-202.
3. WESTERHOF N, BOSMAN F, DE VRIES C J, et al. Analog studies of the human systemic arterial tree[J]. J Biomech, 1969, 2(2): 121-143.
4. ZACEK M, KRAUSE E. Numerical simulation of the blood flow in the human cardiovascular system[J]. J Biomech, 1996, 29(1): 13-20.
5. LU H, BAI J, ZHANG L, et al. A simulation study on +Gz protection afforded by extended coverage anti-G suits[J]. Space Med Med Eng (Beijing), 1998, 11(4): 240-244.
6. SIMAAN M A, FERREIRA A, CHEN S, et al. A dynamical state space representation and performance analysis of a Feedback-Controlled rotary left ventricular assist device[J]. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 2009, 17(1): 15-28.
7. 冯敏. 二尖瓣关闭不全电路建模与仿真研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2013.
8. 陈泓. 心血管系统仿真模型的研究[J].计算机技术与发展,2014,24(11):222-225.
9. 温太阳, 王芳群,王颢,等.基于二尖瓣时变电阻模型的左心血液循环系统建模与仿真[J].中国生物医学工程学报,2015,34(3):370-375.
10. CHOI S, ROBERT B J. Modeling and identification of an axial flow pump[J]. American Control Conference, 1997, 4(6): 3714-3715.
11. FARAGALLAH, WANG Y. A new Current-Based control model of the combined cardiovascular and rotary left ventricular assist device[J]. American Control Conference, 2011, 29(1): 4775-4780.
12. 关醒凡. 现代泵技术手册[M].北京:宇航出版社,1995.
13. FERREIRA A, SIMAAN M A, BOSTON J R, et al. A nonlinear state space model of a combined cardiovascular system and a rotary pump[J]. IEEE, 2005, 12(15): 897-902.
14. SIMAAN M. Modeling and control of the heart left ventricle supported with rotary left ventricular assist device[J]. IEEE, 2008, 9(11): 2556-2661.
15. SUGA H, SAGAWA K, SHOUKAS A A. Load independence of the instantaneous pressure-volume ratio of the canine left ventricle and effects of epinephrine and heart rate on the ratio[J]. Circ Res, 1973, 32(3): 314-322.
16. SCHIMA H, TRUBEL W, MORITZ A, et al. Noninvasive monitoring of rotary blood pumps: necessity, possibilities, and limitations[J]. Artif Organs, 1992, 16(2): 195-202.
17. CHEN S, ANTAKI J F, SIMAAN M A. Boston J R. Physiological control of left ventricular assist devices based on gradient of flow[C]. 2005 American Control Conference, Portland OR USA: 2005(6): 3829-3834.
18. BOZKURT S, SAFAK K K. Evaluating the hemodynamical response of a cardiovascular system under support of a continuous flow left ventricular assist device via numerical modeling and simulations[J]. Comput Math Methods Med, 2013(1): 986430.

Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Research on Control of the Cardiovascular System Based on a Left Ventricular Assist Device

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