Research status and development of biodegradable zinc alloy as orthopedics implant_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

ZHANG Tianwei ^1,2 , LIU Yuchen ² , WANG Weidan ² ,  ZHAO Dewei ^1,2

1. College of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, Liaoning 116028, P. R. China;
2. Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Zinc alloy; Mechanical property; Alloying; Additive manufacturing; Orthopedic implants

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202204077

Video：

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Znic (Zn) alloys with good cytocompatibility and suitable degradation rate have been a kind of biodegradable metal with great potential for clinical applications. This paper summarizes the biological role of degradable Zn alloy as bone implant materials, discusses the mechanical properties of different Zn alloys and their advantages and disadvantages as bone implant materials, and analyzes the influence of different processing strategies (such as alloying and additive manufacturing) on the mechanical properties of Zn alloys. This paper provides systematic design approaches for biodegradable Zn alloys as bone implant materials in terms of the material selection, product processing, structural topology optimization, and assesses their application prospects with a view to better serve the clinic.

Citation： ZHANG Tianwei, LIU Yuchen, WANG Weidan, ZHAO Dewei. Research status and development of biodegradable zinc alloy as orthopedics implant. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2023, 40(3): 589-594. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202204077 Copy

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2.	Huang S, Wang B, Zhang X, et al. High-purity weight-bearing magnesium screw: translational application in the healing of femoral neck fracture. Biomaterials, 2020, 238: 119829.
3.	Wei S, Ma J X, Xu L, et al. Biodegradable materials for bone defect repair. Mil Med Res, 2020, 7(1): 54.
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5.	O'Connor J P, Kanjilal D, Teitelbaum M, et al. Zinc as a therapeutic agent in bone regeneration. Materials (Basel), 2020, 13(10): 2211.
6.	Ceylan M N, Akdas S, Yazihan N. Is zinc an important trace element on bone-related diseases and complications? a meta-analysis and systematic review from serum level, dietary intake, and supplementation aspects. Biol Trace Elem Res, 2021, 199(2): 535-549.
7.	Liu Q, Li M, Wang S, et al. Recent advances of osterix transcription factor in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2020, 8: 601224.
8.	Amin N, Clark C C T, Taghizadeh M, et al. Zinc supplements and bone health: The role of the RANKL-RANK axis as a therapeutic target. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2020, 57: 126417.
9.	Hernández-Escobar D, Champagne S, Yilmazer H, et al. Current status and perspectives of zinc-based absorbable alloys for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater, 2019, 97: 1-22.
10.	Qu X, Yang H, Jia B, et al. Zinc alloy-based bone internal fixation screw with antibacterial and anti-osteolytic properties. Bioact Mater, 2021, 6(12): 4607-4624.
11.	Bowen P K, Guillory R J, Shearier E R, et al. Metallic zinc exhibits optimal biocompatibility for bioabsorbable endovascular stents. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2015, 56: 467-472.
12.	Li H F, Xie X H, Zheng Y F, et al. Development of biodegradable Zn-1X binary alloys with nutrient alloying elements Mg, Ca and Sr. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 10719.
13.	Wang K, Tong X, Lin J, et al. Binary Zn–Ti alloys for orthopedic applications: corrosion and degradation behaviors, friction and wear performance, and cytotoxicity. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2021, 74: 216-229.
14.	Jia B, Yang H, Han Y, et al. in vitro and in vivo studies of Zn-Mn biodegradable metals designed for orthopedic applications. Acta Biomater, 2020, 108: 358-372.
15.	Yi Q Q, Liang P C, Liang D Y, et al. Multifunction Sr doped microporous coating on pure magnesium of antibacterial, osteogenic and angiogenic activities. Ceramics International, 2021, 47(6): 8133-8141.
16.	Jia B, Yang H, Zhang Z, et al. Biodegradable Zn-Sr alloy for bone regeneration in rat femoral condyle defect model: in vitro and in vivo studies. Bioact Mater, 2021, 6(6): 1588-1604.
17.	Pachla W, Przybysz S, Jarzębska A, et al. Structural and mechanical aspects of hypoeutectic Zn-Mg binary alloys for biodegradable vascular stent applications. Bioact Mater, 2021, 6(1): 26-44.
18.	Yang N, Balasubramani N, Venezuela J, et al. The influence of Ca and Cu additions on the microstructure, mechanical and degradation properties of Zn-Ca-Cu alloys for absorbable wound closure device applications. Bioact Mater, 2021, 6(5): 1436-1451.
19.	Shi Z Z, Gao X X, Zhang H J, et al. Design biodegradable Zn alloys: second phases and their significant influences on alloy properties. Bioact Mater, 2020, 5(2): 210-218.
20.	Yang hongtao, Qu Xinhua, Wang Minqi, et al. Zn-0.4Li alloy shows great potential for the fixation and healing of bone fractures at load-bearing sites. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 417: 129317.
21.	Bednarczyk W, Wątroba M, Kawałko J, et al. Determination of room-temperature superplastic asymmetry and anisotropy of Zn-0.8Ag alloy processed by ECAP. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 759: 55-58.
22.	Smalcerz A, Wecki B, Blacha L, et al. Kinetics of zinc evaporation from aluminium alloys melted using VIM and ISM technologies. Materials (Basel), 2021, 14(21): 6641.
23.	Klíma K, Ulmann D, Bartoš M, et al. Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr (wt.%) absorbable screws-an in-vivo biocompatibility and degradation pilot study on a rabbit model. Materials (Basel), 2021, 14(12): 3271.
24.	Sun J, Zhang X, Shi Z Z, et al. Development of a high-strength Zn-Mn-Mg alloy for ligament reconstruction fixation. Acta Biomater, 2021, 119: 485-498.
25.	Shao X, Wang X, Xu F, et al. In vivo biocompatibility and degradability of a Zn-Mg-Fe alloy osteosynthesis system. Bioact Mater, 2022, 7: 154-166.
26.	Yang H, Jia B, Zhang Z, et al. Alloying design of biodegradable zinc as promising bone implants for load-bearing applications. Nat Commun, 2020, 11(1): 401.
27.	Venezuela J, Dargusch M S. The influence of alloying and fabrication techniques on the mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of zinc: a comprehensive review. Acta Biomater, 2019, 87: 1-40.
28.	Shuai C, Cheng Y, Yang Y, et al. Laser additive manufacturing of Zn-2Al part for bone repair: formability, microstructure and properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 798: 606-615.
29.	Sotoudeh Bagha P, Khaleghpanah S, Sheibani S, et al. Characterization of nanostructured biodegradable Zn-Mn alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 735: 1319-1327.
30.	Wątroba M, Bednarczyk W, Kawalko J, et al. A novel high-strength Zn-3Ag-0.5Mg alloy processed by hot extrusion, cold rolling, or high-pressure torsion. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2020, 51: 3335-3348.
31.	Liu H, Huang H, Zhang Y, et al. Evolution of Mg–Zn second phases during ECAP at different processing temperatures and its impact on mechanical properties of Zn-1.6Mg (wt.%) alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 811: 151987.
32.	Zhuang Y, Liu Q, Jia G, et al. A biomimetic Zinc alloy scaffold coated with brushite for enhanced cranial bone regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2021, 7(3): 893-903.
33.	Yang Y, Yang M, He C, et al. Rare earth improves strength and creep resistance of additively manufactured Zn implants. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2021, 216: 108882.
34.	Montani M, Demir A G, Mostaed E, et al. Processability of pure Zn and pure Fe by SLM for biodegradable metallic implant manufacturing. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2017, 23(3): 514-523.
35.	Qin Y, Yang H, Liu A, et al. Processing optimization, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and cytocompatibility of additively manufactured Zn-0.7Li biodegradable metals. Acta Biomaterialia, 2022, 142: 388-401.
36.	Li Y, Pavanram P, Zhou J, et al. Additively manufactured functionally graded biodegradable porous zinc. Biomater Sci, 2020, 8(9): 2404-2419.
37.	Foteinopoulos P, Papacharalampopoulos A, Angelopoulos K, et al. Development of a simulation approach for laser powder bed fusion based on scanning strategy selection. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2020, 108: 3085-3100.
38.	Md Yusop A H, Ulum M F, Al Sakkaf A, et al. Current status and outlook of porous Zn-based scaffolds for bone applications: a review. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2022, 19: 737-751.
39.	Cockerill I, Su Y, Sinha S, et al. Porous zinc scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications: a novel additive manufacturing and casting approach. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2020, 110: 110738.
40.	Li Y, Jahr H, Zhou J, et al. Additively manufactured biodegradable porous metals. Acta Biomaterialia, 2020, 115: 29-50.
41.	Lewis G S, Mischler D, Wee H, et al. Finite element analysis of fracture fixation. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 2021, 19(4): 403-416.
42.	Vautrin A, Wesseling M, Wirix-Speetjens R, et al. Time-dependent in silico modelling of orthognathic surgery to support the design of biodegradable bone plates. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2021, 121:104641.
43.	Zhang H, Takezawa A, Ding X, et al. Bi-material microstructural design of biodegradable composites using topology optimization [J]. Materials & Design, 2021, 209:109973.
44.	Rakesh K R, Bontha S, Ramesh M R, et al. Degradation, wettability and surface characteristics of laser surface modified Mg-Zn-Gd-Nd alloy. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2020, 31(5): 42.
45.	Sheng Y, Yang J, Zhao X, et al. Development and in vitro biodegradation of biomimetic zwitterionic phosphorylcholine chitosan coating on Zn1Mg alloy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(49): 54445-54458.

1. Su Y, Fu J, Zhou J, et al. Blending with transition metals improves bioresorbable zinc as better medical implants. Bioact Mater, 2023, 20: 243-258.
2. Huang S, Wang B, Zhang X, et al. High-purity weight-bearing magnesium screw: translational application in the healing of femoral neck fracture. Biomaterials, 2020, 238: 119829.
3. Wei S, Ma J X, Xu L, et al. Biodegradable materials for bone defect repair. Mil Med Res, 2020, 7(1): 54.
4. Su Y, Cockerill I, Wang Y, et al. Zinc-based biomaterials for regeneration and therapy. Trends in Biotechnology, 2019, 37(4): 428-441.
5. O'Connor J P, Kanjilal D, Teitelbaum M, et al. Zinc as a therapeutic agent in bone regeneration. Materials (Basel), 2020, 13(10): 2211.
6. Ceylan M N, Akdas S, Yazihan N. Is zinc an important trace element on bone-related diseases and complications? a meta-analysis and systematic review from serum level, dietary intake, and supplementation aspects. Biol Trace Elem Res, 2021, 199(2): 535-549.
7. Liu Q, Li M, Wang S, et al. Recent advances of osterix transcription factor in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2020, 8: 601224.
8. Amin N, Clark C C T, Taghizadeh M, et al. Zinc supplements and bone health: The role of the RANKL-RANK axis as a therapeutic target. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2020, 57: 126417.
9. Hernández-Escobar D, Champagne S, Yilmazer H, et al. Current status and perspectives of zinc-based absorbable alloys for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater, 2019, 97: 1-22.
10. Qu X, Yang H, Jia B, et al. Zinc alloy-based bone internal fixation screw with antibacterial and anti-osteolytic properties. Bioact Mater, 2021, 6(12): 4607-4624.
11. Bowen P K, Guillory R J, Shearier E R, et al. Metallic zinc exhibits optimal biocompatibility for bioabsorbable endovascular stents. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2015, 56: 467-472.
12. Li H F, Xie X H, Zheng Y F, et al. Development of biodegradable Zn-1X binary alloys with nutrient alloying elements Mg, Ca and Sr. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 10719.
13. Wang K, Tong X, Lin J, et al. Binary Zn–Ti alloys for orthopedic applications: corrosion and degradation behaviors, friction and wear performance, and cytotoxicity. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2021, 74: 216-229.
14. Jia B, Yang H, Han Y, et al. in vitro and in vivo studies of Zn-Mn biodegradable metals designed for orthopedic applications. Acta Biomater, 2020, 108: 358-372.
15. Yi Q Q, Liang P C, Liang D Y, et al. Multifunction Sr doped microporous coating on pure magnesium of antibacterial, osteogenic and angiogenic activities. Ceramics International, 2021, 47(6): 8133-8141.
16. Jia B, Yang H, Zhang Z, et al. Biodegradable Zn-Sr alloy for bone regeneration in rat femoral condyle defect model: in vitro and in vivo studies. Bioact Mater, 2021, 6(6): 1588-1604.
17. Pachla W, Przybysz S, Jarzębska A, et al. Structural and mechanical aspects of hypoeutectic Zn-Mg binary alloys for biodegradable vascular stent applications. Bioact Mater, 2021, 6(1): 26-44.
18. Yang N, Balasubramani N, Venezuela J, et al. The influence of Ca and Cu additions on the microstructure, mechanical and degradation properties of Zn-Ca-Cu alloys for absorbable wound closure device applications. Bioact Mater, 2021, 6(5): 1436-1451.
19. Shi Z Z, Gao X X, Zhang H J, et al. Design biodegradable Zn alloys: second phases and their significant influences on alloy properties. Bioact Mater, 2020, 5(2): 210-218.
20. Yang hongtao, Qu Xinhua, Wang Minqi, et al. Zn-0.4Li alloy shows great potential for the fixation and healing of bone fractures at load-bearing sites. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 417: 129317.
21. Bednarczyk W, Wątroba M, Kawałko J, et al. Determination of room-temperature superplastic asymmetry and anisotropy of Zn-0.8Ag alloy processed by ECAP. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 759: 55-58.
22. Smalcerz A, Wecki B, Blacha L, et al. Kinetics of zinc evaporation from aluminium alloys melted using VIM and ISM technologies. Materials (Basel), 2021, 14(21): 6641.
23. Klíma K, Ulmann D, Bartoš M, et al. Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr (wt.%) absorbable screws-an in-vivo biocompatibility and degradation pilot study on a rabbit model. Materials (Basel), 2021, 14(12): 3271.
24. Sun J, Zhang X, Shi Z Z, et al. Development of a high-strength Zn-Mn-Mg alloy for ligament reconstruction fixation. Acta Biomater, 2021, 119: 485-498.
25. Shao X, Wang X, Xu F, et al. In vivo biocompatibility and degradability of a Zn-Mg-Fe alloy osteosynthesis system. Bioact Mater, 2022, 7: 154-166.
26. Yang H, Jia B, Zhang Z, et al. Alloying design of biodegradable zinc as promising bone implants for load-bearing applications. Nat Commun, 2020, 11(1): 401.
27. Venezuela J, Dargusch M S. The influence of alloying and fabrication techniques on the mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of zinc: a comprehensive review. Acta Biomater, 2019, 87: 1-40.
28. Shuai C, Cheng Y, Yang Y, et al. Laser additive manufacturing of Zn-2Al part for bone repair: formability, microstructure and properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 798: 606-615.
29. Sotoudeh Bagha P, Khaleghpanah S, Sheibani S, et al. Characterization of nanostructured biodegradable Zn-Mn alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 735: 1319-1327.
30. Wątroba M, Bednarczyk W, Kawalko J, et al. A novel high-strength Zn-3Ag-0.5Mg alloy processed by hot extrusion, cold rolling, or high-pressure torsion. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2020, 51: 3335-3348.
31. Liu H, Huang H, Zhang Y, et al. Evolution of Mg–Zn second phases during ECAP at different processing temperatures and its impact on mechanical properties of Zn-1.6Mg (wt.%) alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 811: 151987.
32. Zhuang Y, Liu Q, Jia G, et al. A biomimetic Zinc alloy scaffold coated with brushite for enhanced cranial bone regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2021, 7(3): 893-903.
33. Yang Y, Yang M, He C, et al. Rare earth improves strength and creep resistance of additively manufactured Zn implants. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2021, 216: 108882.
34. Montani M, Demir A G, Mostaed E, et al. Processability of pure Zn and pure Fe by SLM for biodegradable metallic implant manufacturing. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2017, 23(3): 514-523.
35. Qin Y, Yang H, Liu A, et al. Processing optimization, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and cytocompatibility of additively manufactured Zn-0.7Li biodegradable metals. Acta Biomaterialia, 2022, 142: 388-401.
36. Li Y, Pavanram P, Zhou J, et al. Additively manufactured functionally graded biodegradable porous zinc. Biomater Sci, 2020, 8(9): 2404-2419.
37. Foteinopoulos P, Papacharalampopoulos A, Angelopoulos K, et al. Development of a simulation approach for laser powder bed fusion based on scanning strategy selection. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2020, 108: 3085-3100.
38. Md Yusop A H, Ulum M F, Al Sakkaf A, et al. Current status and outlook of porous Zn-based scaffolds for bone applications: a review. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2022, 19: 737-751.
39. Cockerill I, Su Y, Sinha S, et al. Porous zinc scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications: a novel additive manufacturing and casting approach. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2020, 110: 110738.
40. Li Y, Jahr H, Zhou J, et al. Additively manufactured biodegradable porous metals. Acta Biomaterialia, 2020, 115: 29-50.
41. Lewis G S, Mischler D, Wee H, et al. Finite element analysis of fracture fixation. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 2021, 19(4): 403-416.
42. Vautrin A, Wesseling M, Wirix-Speetjens R, et al. Time-dependent in silico modelling of orthognathic surgery to support the design of biodegradable bone plates. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2021, 121:104641.
43. Zhang H, Takezawa A, Ding X, et al. Bi-material microstructural design of biodegradable composites using topology optimization [J]. Materials & Design, 2021, 209:109973.
44. Rakesh K R, Bontha S, Ramesh M R, et al. Degradation, wettability and surface characteristics of laser surface modified Mg-Zn-Gd-Nd alloy. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2020, 31(5): 42.
45. Sheng Y, Yang J, Zhao X, et al. Development and in vitro biodegradation of biomimetic zwitterionic phosphorylcholine chitosan coating on Zn1Mg alloy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(49): 54445-54458.

Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Research status and development of biodegradable zinc alloy as orthopedics implant

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