Research on the brain phantom for transcranial electromagnetic neuromodulation_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

WU Zhen ^1,2 , WU Nianshuang ^1,2 , ZHANG Cheng ^1,2 , WU Changzhe ¹ , HUO Xiaolin ^1,2 ,  ZHANG Guanghao ^1,2

1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China;
2. School of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

ZHANG Guanghao, Email: zhangguanghao@mail.iee.ac.cn

Keywords：

Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Brain phantom; Conductivity; Intracranial electric field

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202311056

Video：

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a widely used neuroregulatory technique, has been proven to be effective in treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. The therapeutic effect is closely related to the intracranial electric field caused by TMS, thus accurate measurement of the intracranial electric field generated by TMS is of great significance. However, direct intracranial measurement in human brain faces various technical, safety, ethical and other limitations. Therefore, we have constructed a brain phantom that can simulate the electrical conductivity and anatomical structure of the real brain, in order to replace the clinical trial to achieve intracranial electric field measurement. We selected and prepared suitable conductive materials based on the electrical conductivity of various layers of the real brain tissue, and performed image segmentation, three-dimensional reconstruction and three-dimensional printing processes on each layer of tissue based on magnetic resonance images. The production of each layer of tissue in the brain phantom was completed, and each layer of tissue was combined to form a complete brain phantom. The induced electric field generated by the TMS coil applied to the brain phantom was measured to further verify the conductivity of the brain phantom. Our study provides an effective experimental tool for studying the distribution of intracranial electric fields caused by TMS.

Citation： WU Zhen, WU Nianshuang, ZHANG Cheng, WU Changzhe, HUO Xiaolin, ZHANG Guanghao. Research on the brain phantom for transcranial electromagnetic neuromodulation. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2024, 41(1): 98-104. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202311056 Copy

1.	夏思萍, 徐雅洁, 余颖聪, 等. 经颅磁刺激电场分析研究进展. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2020, 39(6): 727-735.
2.	Giacomo K, Paolo C E, Sonia B, et al. Precuneus magnetic stimulation for Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Brain, 2022, 145(11): 3730-3732.
3.	Zhang B B B, Stohrmann P, Godbersen G M, et al. Normal component of TMS-induced electric field is correlated with depressive symptom relief in treatment-resistant depression. Brain Stimul, 2022, 15(5): 1318-1320.
4.	张新, 李建军. 经颅磁刺激研究及应用进展. 中国康复理论与实践, 2006, 12(10): 879-882.
5.	Bae E H, Schrader L M, Machii K, et al. Safety and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: a review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav, 2007, 10(4): 521-528.
6.	Valiengo L, Pinto B S, Marinho K A P, et al. Treatment of depression in the elderly with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation using theta-burst stimulation: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Front Hum Neurosci, 2022, 16: 941981.
7.	Saturnino G B, Puonti O, Nielsen J D, et al. SimNIBS 2.1: A comprehensive pipeline for individualized electric field modelling for transcranial brain stimulation// Makarov S, Horner M, Noetscher G. Brain and Human Body Modeling: Computational Human Modeling at EMBC 2018. Cham (CH): Springer, 2019: 3-25.
8.	Madsen K H, Ewald L, Siebner H R, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: an automated procedure to obtain coil-specific models for field calculations. Brain Stimul, 2015, 8(6): 1205-1208.
9.	Gomez L J, Dannhauer M, Peterchev A V. Fast computational optimization of TMS coil placement for individualized electric field targeting. Neuroimage, 2021, 228: 117696.
10.	Weise K, Numssen O, Thielscher A, et al. A novel approach to localize cortical TMS effects. Neuroimage, 2020, 209: 116486.
11.	Wagner T, Gangitano M, Romero R, et al. Intracranial measurement of current densities induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the human brain. Neurosci Lett, 2004, 354(2): 91-94.
12.	Louviot S, Tyvaert L, Maillard L G, et al. Transcranial electrical stimulation generates electric fields in deep human brain structures. Brain Stimul, 2022, 15(1): 1-12.
13.	Shan Y, Wang H, Yang Y, et al. Evidence of a large current of transcranial alternating current stimulation directly to deep brain regions. Mol Psychiatry, 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02150-8.
14.	Sperandio M, Guermandi M, Guerrieri R. A four-shell diffusion phantom of the head for electrical impedance tomography. IEEE T Bio-med Eng, 2012, 59(2): 383-389.
15.	Afuwape O F, Oya H, Boes A D, et al. Measurement and modeling of the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the brain. IEEE T Magn, 2021, 57(2): 5800205.
16.	Opitz A, Windhoff M, Heidemann R M, et al. How the brain tissue shapes the electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage, 2011, 58(3): 849-859.
17.	Thielscher A, Opitz A, Windhoff M. Impact of the gyral geometry on the electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage, 2011, 54(1): 234-243.
18.	Zhang J, Yang B, Li H, et al. A novel 3D-printed head phantom with anatomically realistic geometry and continuously varying skull resistivity distribution for electrical impedance tomography. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1-4): 4608.
19.	Magsood H, Hadimani R L. Development of anatomically accurate brain phantom for experimental validation of stimulation strengths during TMS. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021, 120: 111705.
20.	Wu S, Zhang J, Ladani R B, et al. Novel electrically conductive porous PDMS/carbon nanofiber composites for deformable strain sensors and conductors. ACS Appl Mater Inter, 2017, 9(16): 14207-14215.
21.	Smith J E, Peterchev A V. Electric field measurement of two commercial active/sham coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neural Eng, 2018, 15(5): 054001.
22.	Nieminen J O, Koponen L M, Ilmoniemi R J. Experimental characterization of the electric field distribution induced by TMS devices. Brain Stimul, 2015, 8(3): 582-589.
23.	Thielscher A, Antunes A, Saturnino G B. Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: A useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS? //2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Milan: IEEE, 2015: 222-225.
24.	Wagner T A, Zahn M, Grodzinsky A J, et al. Three-dimensional head model simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE T Bio-med Eng, 2004, 51(9): 1586-1598.
25.	石玉秀. 组织学与胚胎学. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2007: 123-128.
26.	蔡昌平. 局部解剖学. 第2版. 北京: 科学出版社, 2021: 10.

1. 夏思萍, 徐雅洁, 余颖聪, 等. 经颅磁刺激电场分析研究进展. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2020, 39(6): 727-735.
2. Giacomo K, Paolo C E, Sonia B, et al. Precuneus magnetic stimulation for Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Brain, 2022, 145(11): 3730-3732.
3. Zhang B B B, Stohrmann P, Godbersen G M, et al. Normal component of TMS-induced electric field is correlated with depressive symptom relief in treatment-resistant depression. Brain Stimul, 2022, 15(5): 1318-1320.
4. 张新, 李建军. 经颅磁刺激研究及应用进展. 中国康复理论与实践, 2006, 12(10): 879-882.
5. Bae E H, Schrader L M, Machii K, et al. Safety and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: a review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav, 2007, 10(4): 521-528.
6. Valiengo L, Pinto B S, Marinho K A P, et al. Treatment of depression in the elderly with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation using theta-burst stimulation: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Front Hum Neurosci, 2022, 16: 941981.
7. Saturnino G B, Puonti O, Nielsen J D, et al. SimNIBS 2.1: A comprehensive pipeline for individualized electric field modelling for transcranial brain stimulation// Makarov S, Horner M, Noetscher G. Brain and Human Body Modeling: Computational Human Modeling at EMBC 2018. Cham (CH): Springer, 2019: 3-25.
8. Madsen K H, Ewald L, Siebner H R, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: an automated procedure to obtain coil-specific models for field calculations. Brain Stimul, 2015, 8(6): 1205-1208.
9. Gomez L J, Dannhauer M, Peterchev A V. Fast computational optimization of TMS coil placement for individualized electric field targeting. Neuroimage, 2021, 228: 117696.
10. Weise K, Numssen O, Thielscher A, et al. A novel approach to localize cortical TMS effects. Neuroimage, 2020, 209: 116486.
11. Wagner T, Gangitano M, Romero R, et al. Intracranial measurement of current densities induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the human brain. Neurosci Lett, 2004, 354(2): 91-94.
12. Louviot S, Tyvaert L, Maillard L G, et al. Transcranial electrical stimulation generates electric fields in deep human brain structures. Brain Stimul, 2022, 15(1): 1-12.
13. Shan Y, Wang H, Yang Y, et al. Evidence of a large current of transcranial alternating current stimulation directly to deep brain regions. Mol Psychiatry, 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02150-8.
14. Sperandio M, Guermandi M, Guerrieri R. A four-shell diffusion phantom of the head for electrical impedance tomography. IEEE T Bio-med Eng, 2012, 59(2): 383-389.
15. Afuwape O F, Oya H, Boes A D, et al. Measurement and modeling of the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the brain. IEEE T Magn, 2021, 57(2): 5800205.
16. Opitz A, Windhoff M, Heidemann R M, et al. How the brain tissue shapes the electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage, 2011, 58(3): 849-859.
17. Thielscher A, Opitz A, Windhoff M. Impact of the gyral geometry on the electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage, 2011, 54(1): 234-243.
18. Zhang J, Yang B, Li H, et al. A novel 3D-printed head phantom with anatomically realistic geometry and continuously varying skull resistivity distribution for electrical impedance tomography. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1-4): 4608.
19. Magsood H, Hadimani R L. Development of anatomically accurate brain phantom for experimental validation of stimulation strengths during TMS. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021, 120: 111705.
20. Wu S, Zhang J, Ladani R B, et al. Novel electrically conductive porous PDMS/carbon nanofiber composites for deformable strain sensors and conductors. ACS Appl Mater Inter, 2017, 9(16): 14207-14215.
21. Smith J E, Peterchev A V. Electric field measurement of two commercial active/sham coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neural Eng, 2018, 15(5): 054001.
22. Nieminen J O, Koponen L M, Ilmoniemi R J. Experimental characterization of the electric field distribution induced by TMS devices. Brain Stimul, 2015, 8(3): 582-589.
23. Thielscher A, Antunes A, Saturnino G B. Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: A useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS? //2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Milan: IEEE, 2015: 222-225.
24. Wagner T A, Zahn M, Grodzinsky A J, et al. Three-dimensional head model simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE T Bio-med Eng, 2004, 51(9): 1586-1598.
25. 石玉秀. 组织学与胚胎学. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2007: 123-128.
26. 蔡昌平. 局部解剖学. 第2版. 北京: 科学出版社, 2021: 10.

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