<trans-title xml:lang="en"/>_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

侯炎冰 , 欧汝威 ,  商慧芳

四川大学华西医院神经内科（成都 610041）;

Corresponding author：

商慧芳, Email: hfshang2002@126.com

Keywords：

帕金森病; 脑铁; 磁共振成像

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201504182

Video：

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近年来脑铁异常沉积作为帕金森病（Parkinson disease，PD）发病机制之一受到广泛关注。应用影像学技术，尤其是 MRI 技术，对 PD 的脑结构和功能影像的研究报道较多。其中，尤以针对 PD 脑铁沉积的研究众多，但目前脑铁在 PD 中的异常沉积的影像学研究的结论不一致，且脑铁异常沉积在早期诊断 PD 中是否具有应用价值仍有争议。该文就目前 PD 中脑铁沉积的影像学研究及脑铁沉积与 PD 临床相关性研究进行了综述。

Citation： 侯炎冰, 欧汝威, 商慧芳. . West China Medical Journal, 2017, 32(1): 121-124. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201504182 Copy

1.	Gröger A, Berg D. Does structural neuroimaging reveal a disturbance of iron metabolism in Parkinson’s disease? Implications from MRI and TCS studies. J Neural Transm, 2012, 119(12): 1523-1528.
2.	Mochizuki H, Yasuda T. Iron accumulation in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna), 2012, 119(12): 1511-1514.
3.	Dexter T, Wells R, Agid F,et al. Increased nigral iron content in postmortem Parkinsonian brain. Lancet, 1987, 2(8569): 1219-1220.
4.	Oakley E, Collingwood F, Dobson J,et al. Individual dopaminergic neurons show raised iron levels in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 2007, 68(21): 1820-1825.
5.	Berg D, Hochstrasser H. Iron metabolism in Parkinsonian syndromes. Mov Disord, 2006, 21(9): 1299-1310.
6.	Ward R, Zucca FA, Duyn JH,et al. The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol, 2014, 13(10): 1045-1060.
7.	Antonini A, Leenders L, Meier D,et al. T2 relaxation time in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 1993, 43(4): 697-700.
8.	Rutledge JN, Schallert T, Hall S. Magnetic resonance imaging in parkinsonisms. Adv Neurol, 1993, 60: 529-534.
9.	Gorell M, Ordidge J, Brown G,et al. Increased iron-related MRI contrast in the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 1995, 45(6): 1138-1143.
10.	Ryvlin P, Broussolle E, Piollet H,et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of decreased putamenal iron content in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol, 1995, 52(6): 583-588.
11.	Atasoy HT, Nuyan O, Tunc T,et al. T2-weighted MRI in Parkinson’s disease; substantia nigra pars compacta hypointensity correlates with the clinical scores. Neurol India, 2004, 52(3): 332-337.
12.	Kosta P, Argyropoulou MI, Markoula S,et al. MRI evaluation of the basal ganglia size and iron content in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol, 2006, 253(1): 26-32.
13.	Braffman H, Grossman I, Goldberg I,et al. Mr imaging of Parkinson disease with spin-echo and gradient-echo sequences. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1989, 152(1): 159-165.
14.	Vymazal J, Righini A, Brooks A,et al. T1 and T2 in the brain of healthy subjects, patients with Parkinson disease, and patients with multiple system atrophy: relation to Iron content. Radiology, 1999, 211(2): 489-495.
15.	Mondino F, Filippi P, Magliola U,et al. Magnetic resonance relaxometry in Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Sci, 2002, 23(Suppl 2): S87-S88.
16.	Ordidge RJ, Gorell JM, Deniau JC,et al. Assessment of relative brain iron concentrations using T2-weighted and T2^*-weighted MRI at 3 Tesla. Magn Reson Med, 1994, 32(3): 335-341.
17.	Baudrexel S, Nürnberger L, Rüb U,et al. Quantitative mapping of T1 and T2^* discloses nigral and brainstem pathology in early Parkinson’s disease. Neuroimage, 2010, 51(2): 512-520.
18.	Graham M, Paley N, Grünewald A,et al. Brain Iron deposition in Parkinson’s disease imaged using the PRIME magnetic resonance sequence. Brain, 2000, 123(Pt 12): 2423-2431.
19.	Martin R, Wieler M, Gee M. Midbrain iron content in early Parkinson disease: a potential biomarker of disease status. Neurology, 2008, 70(16 Pt 2): 1411-1417.
20.	Peran P, Cherubini A, Assogna F,et al. Magnetic resonance imaging markers of Parkinson’s disease nigrostriatal signature. Brain, 2010, 133(11): 3423-3433.
21.	Wallis I, Paley N, Graham M,et al. MRI assessment of basal ganglia iron deposition in Parkinson’s disease. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2008, 28(5): 1061-1067.
22.	Rossi M, Ruottinen H, Soimakallio Se,et al. Clinical MRI for iron detection in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Imaging, 2013, 37(4): 631-636.
23.	Zhang W, Sun G, Jiang H,et al. Determination of brain iron content in patients with Parkinson’s disease using magnetic susceptibility imaging. Neurosci Bull, 2009, 25(6): 353-360.
24.	Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang J,et al. Characterizing iron deposition in Parkinson’s disease using susceptibility-weighted imaging: anin vivo MR study. Brain Res, 2010, 1330: 124-130.
25.	Jin L, Wang J, Zhao L,et al. Decreased serum ceruloplasmin levels characteristically aggravate nigral iron deposition in Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 2011, 134(Pt 1): 50-58.
26.	Wang Y, Butros SR, Shuai X,et al. Different iron-deposition patterns of multiple system atrophy with predominant Parkinsonism and idiopathetic parkinson diseases demonstrated by phase-corrected susceptibility-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2012, 33(2): 266-273.
27.	Lotfipour K, Wharton Samuel, Schwarz T,et al. High resolution magnetic susceptibility mapping of the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2012, 35(1): 48-55.
28.	Chen C, Hardy A, Kucharczyk W,et al. Mr of human postmortem brain tissue: correlative study between T2 and assays of iron and ferritin in Parkinson and Huntington disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 1993, 14(2): 275-281.
29.	Levy R, Hazrati N, Herrero T,et al. Re-evaluation of the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia in normal and Parkinsonian states. Neuroscience, 1997, 76(2): 335-343.
30.	Rossi E, Ruottinen H, Saunamäki T,et al. Imaging brain iron and diffusion patterns: a follow-up study of Parkinson’s disease in the initial stages. Acad Radiol, 2014, 21(1): 64-71.
31.	Lewis M, Du G, Kidacki M,et al. Higher iron in the red nucleus marks Parkinson’s dyskinesia. Neurobiol Aging, 2013, 34(5): 1497-1503.
32.	Bunzeck N, Singh-Curry V, Eckart C,et al. Motor phenotype and magnetic resonance measures of basal ganglia iron levels in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2013, 19(12): 1136-1142.
33.	Oberhauser E, Weinstein V, Asenjo A. Iron concentration in basal ganglia and cerebral cortex obtained by overloading rabbits and monkeys with iron dextran. J Neurosurg, 1970, 32(6): 677-679.
34.	Ulla M, Bonny JM, Ouchchane L,et al. Is R2^* a new MRI biomarker for the progression of Parkinson’s disease? A longitudinal follow-up. PLoS One, 2013, 8(3): e57904.
35.	Boelmans K, Holst B, Hackius M,et al. Brain iron deposition fingerprints in Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord, 2012, 27(3): 421-427.
36.	Zhu Z, Zhong D, Wang W,et al. Quantitative Mr phase-corrected imaging to investigate increased brain iron deposition of patients with Alzheimer disease. Radiology, 2009, 253(2): 497-504.

1. Gröger A, Berg D. Does structural neuroimaging reveal a disturbance of iron metabolism in Parkinson’s disease? Implications from MRI and TCS studies. J Neural Transm, 2012, 119(12): 1523-1528.
2. Mochizuki H, Yasuda T. Iron accumulation in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna), 2012, 119(12): 1511-1514.
3. Dexter T, Wells R, Agid F,et al. Increased nigral iron content in postmortem Parkinsonian brain. Lancet, 1987, 2(8569): 1219-1220.
4. Oakley E, Collingwood F, Dobson J,et al. Individual dopaminergic neurons show raised iron levels in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 2007, 68(21): 1820-1825.
5. Berg D, Hochstrasser H. Iron metabolism in Parkinsonian syndromes. Mov Disord, 2006, 21(9): 1299-1310.
6. Ward R, Zucca FA, Duyn JH,et al. The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol, 2014, 13(10): 1045-1060.
7. Antonini A, Leenders L, Meier D,et al. T2 relaxation time in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 1993, 43(4): 697-700.
8. Rutledge JN, Schallert T, Hall S. Magnetic resonance imaging in parkinsonisms. Adv Neurol, 1993, 60: 529-534.
9. Gorell M, Ordidge J, Brown G,et al. Increased iron-related MRI contrast in the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 1995, 45(6): 1138-1143.
10. Ryvlin P, Broussolle E, Piollet H,et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of decreased putamenal iron content in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol, 1995, 52(6): 583-588.
11. Atasoy HT, Nuyan O, Tunc T,et al. T2-weighted MRI in Parkinson’s disease; substantia nigra pars compacta hypointensity correlates with the clinical scores. Neurol India, 2004, 52(3): 332-337.
12. Kosta P, Argyropoulou MI, Markoula S,et al. MRI evaluation of the basal ganglia size and iron content in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol, 2006, 253(1): 26-32.
13. Braffman H, Grossman I, Goldberg I,et al. Mr imaging of Parkinson disease with spin-echo and gradient-echo sequences. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1989, 152(1): 159-165.
14. Vymazal J, Righini A, Brooks A,et al. T1 and T2 in the brain of healthy subjects, patients with Parkinson disease, and patients with multiple system atrophy: relation to Iron content. Radiology, 1999, 211(2): 489-495.
15. Mondino F, Filippi P, Magliola U,et al. Magnetic resonance relaxometry in Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Sci, 2002, 23(Suppl 2): S87-S88.
16. Ordidge RJ, Gorell JM, Deniau JC,et al. Assessment of relative brain iron concentrations using T2-weighted and T2^*-weighted MRI at 3 Tesla. Magn Reson Med, 1994, 32(3): 335-341.
17. Baudrexel S, Nürnberger L, Rüb U,et al. Quantitative mapping of T1 and T2^* discloses nigral and brainstem pathology in early Parkinson’s disease. Neuroimage, 2010, 51(2): 512-520.
18. Graham M, Paley N, Grünewald A,et al. Brain Iron deposition in Parkinson’s disease imaged using the PRIME magnetic resonance sequence. Brain, 2000, 123(Pt 12): 2423-2431.
19. Martin R, Wieler M, Gee M. Midbrain iron content in early Parkinson disease: a potential biomarker of disease status. Neurology, 2008, 70(16 Pt 2): 1411-1417.
20. Peran P, Cherubini A, Assogna F,et al. Magnetic resonance imaging markers of Parkinson’s disease nigrostriatal signature. Brain, 2010, 133(11): 3423-3433.
21. Wallis I, Paley N, Graham M,et al. MRI assessment of basal ganglia iron deposition in Parkinson’s disease. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2008, 28(5): 1061-1067.
22. Rossi M, Ruottinen H, Soimakallio Se,et al. Clinical MRI for iron detection in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Imaging, 2013, 37(4): 631-636.
23. Zhang W, Sun G, Jiang H,et al. Determination of brain iron content in patients with Parkinson’s disease using magnetic susceptibility imaging. Neurosci Bull, 2009, 25(6): 353-360.
24. Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang J,et al. Characterizing iron deposition in Parkinson’s disease using susceptibility-weighted imaging: anin vivo MR study. Brain Res, 2010, 1330: 124-130.
25. Jin L, Wang J, Zhao L,et al. Decreased serum ceruloplasmin levels characteristically aggravate nigral iron deposition in Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 2011, 134(Pt 1): 50-58.
26. Wang Y, Butros SR, Shuai X,et al. Different iron-deposition patterns of multiple system atrophy with predominant Parkinsonism and idiopathetic parkinson diseases demonstrated by phase-corrected susceptibility-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2012, 33(2): 266-273.
27. Lotfipour K, Wharton Samuel, Schwarz T,et al. High resolution magnetic susceptibility mapping of the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2012, 35(1): 48-55.
28. Chen C, Hardy A, Kucharczyk W,et al. Mr of human postmortem brain tissue: correlative study between T2 and assays of iron and ferritin in Parkinson and Huntington disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 1993, 14(2): 275-281.
29. Levy R, Hazrati N, Herrero T,et al. Re-evaluation of the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia in normal and Parkinsonian states. Neuroscience, 1997, 76(2): 335-343.
30. Rossi E, Ruottinen H, Saunamäki T,et al. Imaging brain iron and diffusion patterns: a follow-up study of Parkinson’s disease in the initial stages. Acad Radiol, 2014, 21(1): 64-71.
31. Lewis M, Du G, Kidacki M,et al. Higher iron in the red nucleus marks Parkinson’s dyskinesia. Neurobiol Aging, 2013, 34(5): 1497-1503.
32. Bunzeck N, Singh-Curry V, Eckart C,et al. Motor phenotype and magnetic resonance measures of basal ganglia iron levels in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2013, 19(12): 1136-1142.
33. Oberhauser E, Weinstein V, Asenjo A. Iron concentration in basal ganglia and cerebral cortex obtained by overloading rabbits and monkeys with iron dextran. J Neurosurg, 1970, 32(6): 677-679.
34. Ulla M, Bonny JM, Ouchchane L,et al. Is R2^* a new MRI biomarker for the progression of Parkinson’s disease? A longitudinal follow-up. PLoS One, 2013, 8(3): e57904.
35. Boelmans K, Holst B, Hackius M,et al. Brain iron deposition fingerprints in Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord, 2012, 27(3): 421-427.
36. Zhu Z, Zhong D, Wang W,et al. Quantitative Mr phase-corrected imaging to investigate increased brain iron deposition of patients with Alzheimer disease. Radiology, 2009, 253(2): 497-504.

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