Endocrinology and lipid metabolism_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

MA Shizhan ,  ZHAO Jiajun

Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Ji’nan, Shandong 250021, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

ZHAO Jiajun, Email: jjzhao@sdu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Endocrinology; Lipid metabolism; Thyroid; Gonadal gland

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201804027

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Endocrinology is closely related to lipid metabolism. Lipotoxicity affects the abnormal function of various endocrine organs, and leads to diabetes, fatty liver, metabolic syndrome and other endocrine and metabolic diseases. It is an important strategy to prevent the lipid toxicity. Endocrine disorders can also cause dyslipidemia. Studies have found that thyroid and gonadal glands play an important role in lipid metabolism. Their molecular mechanisms are gradually revealed and will be a new therapeutic target for dyslipidemia. Lipid metabolism disorders play an important role in the development of endocrine and metabolic diseases.

Citation： MA Shizhan, ZHAO Jiajun. Endocrinology and lipid metabolism. West China Medical Journal, 2018, 33(5): 491-498. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201804027 Copy

1.	Shang X, Li Y, Liu A, et al. Dietary pattern and its association with the prevalence of obesity and related cardiometabolic risk factors among Chinese children. PLoS One, 2012, 7(8): e43183.
2.	Murdolo G, Bartolini D, Tortoioli C, et al. Lipokines and oxysterols: novel adipose-derived lipid hormones linking adipose dysfunction and insulin resistance. Free Radic Biol Med, 2013, 65: 811-820.
3.	Shimano H. Novel qualitative aspects of tissue fatty acids related to metabolic regulation: lessons from Elovl6 knockout. Prog Lipid Res, 2012, 51(3): 267-271.
4.	McGarry JD. Banting lecture 2001: dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 2002, 51(1): 7-18.
5.	杨文英. 从脂毒性到糖尿病再到血脂异常. 国外医学: 内分泌学分册, 2004, 24(4): 287-288.
6.	Hall E, Volkov P, Dayeh T, et al. Effects of palmitate on genome-wide mRNA expression and DNA methylation patterns in human pancreatic islets. BMC, 2014, 12: 103.
7.	陈家伦. 临床内分泌学. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2011: 997-998.
8.	Dyntar D, Eppenberger-Eberhardt M, Maedler K, et al. Glucose and palmitic acid induce degeneration of myofibrils and modulate apoptosis in rat adult cardiomy-ocytes. Diabetes, 2001, 50(9): 2105-2113.
9.	Kirpichnikov D, Sowers JR. Diabetes mellitus and diabetes-associated vascular disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2001, 12(5): 225-230.
10.	刘欣, 康德萱. 糖尿病神经病变发生机制研究的若干进展. 国外医学: 神经病学神经外科学分册, 2001, 28(3): 201-204.
11.	汪崇文, 郑汉莲, 石珺, 等. 2 型糖尿病脂质代谢紊乱与视网膜病变相互关系研究. 华中医学杂志, 2001, 25(1): 36-37.
12.	Jankovié D, Wolf P, Anderwald CH, et al. Prevalence of endocrine disorders in morbidly obese patients and the effects of bariatric surgery on endocrine and metabolic parameters. Obes Surg, 2012, 22(1): 62-69.
13.	Zhao M, Yang T, Chen L, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism might worsen the effects of aging on serum lipid profiles: a population-based case-control study. Thyroid, 2015, 25(5): 485-493.
14.	Zhao M, Tang X, Yang T, et al. Lipotoxicity, a potential risk factor for the increasing prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015, 100(5): 1887-1894.
15.	Shao SS, Zhao YF, Song YF, et al. Dietary high-fat lard intake induces thyroid dysfunction and abnormal morphology in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2014, 35(11): 1411-1420.
16.	Cai D, Liu T. Inflammatory cause of metabolic syndrome via brain stress and NF-κB. Aging (Albany NY), 2012, 4(2): 98-115.
17.	Yang J, Zhou X, Zhang X, et al. Analysis of the correlation between lipotoxicity and pituitary-thyroid axis hormone levels in men and male rats. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(26): 39332-39344.
18.	Tannenbaum BM, Brindley DN, Tannenbaum GS, et al. High-fat feeding alters both basal and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in the rat. Am J Physiol, 1997, 273(6Pt1): E1168-E1177.
19.	Lomax MA, Karamanlidis G, Laws J, et al. Pigs fed saturated fat/cholesterol have a blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, are insulin resistant and have decreased expression of IRS-1, PGC1α and PPARα. J Nutr Biochem, 2013, 24(4): 656-663.
20.	Ziolkowska A, Spinazzi R, Albertin G, et al. Orexins stimulate glucocorticoid secretion from cultured rat and human adrenocortical cells, exclusively acting via the OX1 receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2005, 96(5): 423-429.
21.	Sharma G, Hu C, Brigman JL, et al. GPER deficiency in male mice results in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and a proinflammatory state. Endocrinology, 2013, 154(11): 4136-4145.
22.	van der Steeg JW, Steures P, Eijkemans MJ, et al. Obesity affects spontaneous pregnancy chances in subfertile, ovulatory women. Hum Reprod, 2008, 23(2): 324-328.
23.	Gesink Law DC , Maclehose RF, Longnecker MP. Obesity and time to pregnancy. Hum Reprod, 2007, 22(2): 414-420.
24.	Marquard J, El Scheich T, Klee D, et al. Chronic pancreatitis in branched-chain organic acidurias--a case of methylmalonic aciduria and an overview of the literature. Eur J Pediatr, 2011, 170(2): 241-245.
25.	Mulligan T, Frick MF, Zuraw QC, et al. Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study. Int J Clin Pract, 2006, 60(7): 762-769.
26.	Zhang N, Zhang H, Zhang X, et al. The relationship between endogenous testosterone and lipid profile in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men. Eur J Endocrinol, 2014, 170(4): 487-494.
27.	Li Y, Liu L, Wang B, et al. Impairment of reproductive function in a male rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and beneficial effect of N-3 fatty acid supplementation. Toxicol Lett, 2013, 222(2): 224-232.
28.	Hsu YH, Venners SA, Terwedow HA, et al. Relation of body composition, fat mass, and serum lipids to osteoporotic fractures and bone mineral density in Chinese men and women. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006, 83(1): 146-154.
29.	Parhami F, Jackson SM, Tintut Y, et al. Atherogenic diet and minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibit osteogenic and promote adipogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells. J Bone Miner Res, 1999, 14(12): 2067-2078.
30.	Trottier MD, Irwin R, Li YH, et al. Enhanced production of early lineages of monocytic and granulocytic cells in mice with colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2012, 109(41): 16594-16599.
31.	Jellinger PS, Smith DA, Mehta AE, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists’ guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis. Endocr Pract, 2012, 18(Suppl 1): 1-78.
32.	Frías López Mdel C, Tárraga López PJ, Rodríguez Montes JA, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular risk factors. Nutr Hosp, 2011, 26(6): 1355-1362.
33.	Tauchmanovà L, Rossi R, Biondi B, et al. Patients with subclinical Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenal adenoma have increased cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2002, 87(11): 4872-4878.
34.	van der Klaauw AA, Biermasz NR, Feskens EJ, et al. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is increased in patients with GH deficiency, irrespective of long-term substitution with recombinant human GH. Eur J Endocrinol, 2007, 156(4): 455-462.
35.	Hong Y, Yang D, Liu W, et al. Dyslipidemia in relation to body mass index and insulin resistance in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents, 2011, 25(3): 365-374.
36.	Peppa M, Betsi G, Dimitriadis G. Lipid abnormalities and cardiometabolic risk in patients with overt and subclinical thyroid disease. J Lipids, 2011: 575840.
37.	Duntas LH, Brenta G. The effect of thyroid disorders on lipid levels and metabolism. Med Clin North Am, 2012, 96(2): 269-281.
38.	Pearce EN. Update in lipid alterations in subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(2): 326-333.
39.	Zhu X, Cheng SY. New insights into regulation of lipid metabolism by thyroid hormone. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 2010, 17(5): 408-413.
40.	Cable EE, Finn PD, Stebbins JW, et al. Reduction of hepatic steatosis in rats and mice after treatment with a liver-targeted thyroid hormone receptor agonist. Hepatology, 2009, 49(2): 407-417.
41.	Regmi A, Shah B, Rai BR, et al. Serum lipid profile in patients with thyroid disorders in central Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J, 2010, 12(4): 253-256.
42.	Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, et al. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med, 2000, 160(4): 526-534.
43.	Wang F, Tan Y, Wang C, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels within the reference range are associated with serum lipid profiles independent of thyroid hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(8): 2724-2731.
44.	Ruhla S, Weickert MO, Arafat AM, et al. A high normal TSH is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2010, 72(5): 696-701.
45.	Zhang W, Tian LM, Han Y, et al. Presence of thyrotropin receptor in hepatocytes: not a case of illegitimate transcription. J Cell Mol Med, 2010, 13(11/12): 4636-4642.
46.	Tian L, Song Y, Xing M, et al. A novel role for thyroid-stimulating hormone: up-regulation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase expression through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A/cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element binding protein pathway. Hepatology, 2010, 52(4): 1401-1409.
47.	Zhang X, Song Y, Feng M, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone decreases HMG-CoA reductase phosphorylation via AMP-activated protein kinase in the liver. J Lipid Res, 2015, 56(5): 963-971.
48.	Song Y, Xu C, Shao S, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone regulates hepatic bile acid homeostasis via SREBP-2/HNF-4α/CYP7A1 axis. J Hepatol, 2015, 62(5): 1171-1179.
49.	Song Y, Zheng D, Zhao M, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone increases HNF-4α phosphorylation via cAMP/PKA pathway in the liver. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 13409.
50.	Yan F, Wang Q, Lu M, et al. Thyrotropin increases hepatic triglyceride content through upregulation of SREBP-1c activity. J Hepatol, 2014, 61(6): 1358-1364.
51.	Yan F, Wang Q, Xu C, et al. Peroxisome Proliferator-activated receptorαactivation induces hepatic steatosis, suggesting an adverse effect. PLoS One, 2014, 9(6): e99245.
52.	Jiang D, Ma S, Jing F, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the PKA pathway. PLoS One, 2015, 10(1): e0116439.
53.	Ma S, Jing F, Xu C, et al. Thyrotropin and obesity: increased adipose triglyceride content through glycerol-3-phosphateacyltransferase 3. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 7633.
54.	Lu S, Guan Q, Liu Y, et al. Role of extrathyroidal TSHR expression in adipocyte differentiation and its association with obesity. Lipids Health Dis, 2012, 11: 17.
55.	Mäkinen JI, Perheentupa A, Irjala K, et al. Endogenous testosterone and serum lipids in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis, 2008, 197(2): 688-693.
56.	Maldonado Castro GF, Escobar-Morreale HF, Ortega H, et al. Effects of normalization of GH hypersecretion on lipoprotein(a) and other lipoprotein serum levels in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2000, 53(3): 313-319.
57.	Arosio M, Sartore G, Rossi CM, et al. LDL physical properties, lipoprotein and Lp(a) levels in acromegalic patients. Effects of octreotide therapy. Italian Multicenter Octreotide Study Group. Atherosclerosis, 2000, 151(2): 551-557.
58.	Abdu TA, Neary R, Elhadd TA, et al. Coronary risk in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults: increased predicted risk is due largely to lipid profile abnormalities. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2001, 55(2): 209-216.
59.	Greenman Y. Management of dyslipidemia in Cushing’s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology, 2010, 92(Suppl 1): 91-95.
60.	Lu Y, Zhang Z, Xiong X, et al. Glucocorticoids promote hepatic cholestasis in mice by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of the farnesoid X receptor. Gastroenterology, 2012, 143(6): 1630-1640.
61.	Abdulnour J, Doucet E, Brochu M, et al. The effect of the menopausal transition on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors: a Montreal-Ottawa New Emerging Team group study. Menopause, 2012, 19(7): 760-767.
62.	Shai I, Rimm EB, Hankinson SE, et al. Multivariate assessment of lipid parameters as predictors of coronary heart disease among postmenopausal women: potential implications for clinical guidelines. Circulation, 2004, 110(18): 2824-2830.
63.	Broeders N, Knoop C, Abramowicz D. Drug treatment of lipid disorders. N Engl J Med, 1999, 341(26): 2020-2021.
64.	Buettner C. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. Neuroendocrine control of metabolism. Preface. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2013, 42(1):xv-xvi.
65.	Matthews KA, Crawford SL, Chae CU, et al. Are changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors in midlife women due to chronological aging or to the menopausal transition? . J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009, 54(25): 2366-2373.
66.	van Zonneveld P, Scheffer GJ, Broekmans FJ, et al. Do cycle disturbances explain the age-related decline of female fertility? Cycle characteristics of women aged over 40 years compared with a reference population of young women. Hum Reprod, 2003, 18(3): 495-501.
67.	Derby CA, Crawford SL, Pasternak RC, et al. Lipid changes during the menopause transition in relation to age and weight: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Am J Epidemiol, 2009, 169(11): 1352-1361.
68.	Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(9): 2969-2989.
69.	Ki EY, Hur SY, Park JS, et al. Differences in the lipid profile and hormone replacement therapy use in Korean postmenopausal women: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010-2012. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 2016, 294(1): 165-173.

1. Shang X, Li Y, Liu A, et al. Dietary pattern and its association with the prevalence of obesity and related cardiometabolic risk factors among Chinese children. PLoS One, 2012, 7(8): e43183.
2. Murdolo G, Bartolini D, Tortoioli C, et al. Lipokines and oxysterols: novel adipose-derived lipid hormones linking adipose dysfunction and insulin resistance. Free Radic Biol Med, 2013, 65: 811-820.
3. Shimano H. Novel qualitative aspects of tissue fatty acids related to metabolic regulation: lessons from Elovl6 knockout. Prog Lipid Res, 2012, 51(3): 267-271.
4. McGarry JD. Banting lecture 2001: dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 2002, 51(1): 7-18.
5. 杨文英. 从脂毒性到糖尿病再到血脂异常. 国外医学: 内分泌学分册, 2004, 24(4): 287-288.
6. Hall E, Volkov P, Dayeh T, et al. Effects of palmitate on genome-wide mRNA expression and DNA methylation patterns in human pancreatic islets. BMC, 2014, 12: 103.
7. 陈家伦. 临床内分泌学. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2011: 997-998.
8. Dyntar D, Eppenberger-Eberhardt M, Maedler K, et al. Glucose and palmitic acid induce degeneration of myofibrils and modulate apoptosis in rat adult cardiomy-ocytes. Diabetes, 2001, 50(9): 2105-2113.
9. Kirpichnikov D, Sowers JR. Diabetes mellitus and diabetes-associated vascular disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2001, 12(5): 225-230.
10. 刘欣, 康德萱. 糖尿病神经病变发生机制研究的若干进展. 国外医学: 神经病学神经外科学分册, 2001, 28(3): 201-204.
11. 汪崇文, 郑汉莲, 石珺, 等. 2 型糖尿病脂质代谢紊乱与视网膜病变相互关系研究. 华中医学杂志, 2001, 25(1): 36-37.
12. Jankovié D, Wolf P, Anderwald CH, et al. Prevalence of endocrine disorders in morbidly obese patients and the effects of bariatric surgery on endocrine and metabolic parameters. Obes Surg, 2012, 22(1): 62-69.
13. Zhao M, Yang T, Chen L, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism might worsen the effects of aging on serum lipid profiles: a population-based case-control study. Thyroid, 2015, 25(5): 485-493.
14. Zhao M, Tang X, Yang T, et al. Lipotoxicity, a potential risk factor for the increasing prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015, 100(5): 1887-1894.
15. Shao SS, Zhao YF, Song YF, et al. Dietary high-fat lard intake induces thyroid dysfunction and abnormal morphology in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2014, 35(11): 1411-1420.
16. Cai D, Liu T. Inflammatory cause of metabolic syndrome via brain stress and NF-κB. Aging (Albany NY), 2012, 4(2): 98-115.
17. Yang J, Zhou X, Zhang X, et al. Analysis of the correlation between lipotoxicity and pituitary-thyroid axis hormone levels in men and male rats. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(26): 39332-39344.
18. Tannenbaum BM, Brindley DN, Tannenbaum GS, et al. High-fat feeding alters both basal and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in the rat. Am J Physiol, 1997, 273(6Pt1): E1168-E1177.
19. Lomax MA, Karamanlidis G, Laws J, et al. Pigs fed saturated fat/cholesterol have a blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, are insulin resistant and have decreased expression of IRS-1, PGC1α and PPARα. J Nutr Biochem, 2013, 24(4): 656-663.
20. Ziolkowska A, Spinazzi R, Albertin G, et al. Orexins stimulate glucocorticoid secretion from cultured rat and human adrenocortical cells, exclusively acting via the OX1 receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2005, 96(5): 423-429.
21. Sharma G, Hu C, Brigman JL, et al. GPER deficiency in male mice results in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and a proinflammatory state. Endocrinology, 2013, 154(11): 4136-4145.
22. van der Steeg JW, Steures P, Eijkemans MJ, et al. Obesity affects spontaneous pregnancy chances in subfertile, ovulatory women. Hum Reprod, 2008, 23(2): 324-328.
23. Gesink Law DC , Maclehose RF, Longnecker MP. Obesity and time to pregnancy. Hum Reprod, 2007, 22(2): 414-420.
24. Marquard J, El Scheich T, Klee D, et al. Chronic pancreatitis in branched-chain organic acidurias--a case of methylmalonic aciduria and an overview of the literature. Eur J Pediatr, 2011, 170(2): 241-245.
25. Mulligan T, Frick MF, Zuraw QC, et al. Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study. Int J Clin Pract, 2006, 60(7): 762-769.
26. Zhang N, Zhang H, Zhang X, et al. The relationship between endogenous testosterone and lipid profile in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men. Eur J Endocrinol, 2014, 170(4): 487-494.
27. Li Y, Liu L, Wang B, et al. Impairment of reproductive function in a male rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and beneficial effect of N-3 fatty acid supplementation. Toxicol Lett, 2013, 222(2): 224-232.
28. Hsu YH, Venners SA, Terwedow HA, et al. Relation of body composition, fat mass, and serum lipids to osteoporotic fractures and bone mineral density in Chinese men and women. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006, 83(1): 146-154.
29. Parhami F, Jackson SM, Tintut Y, et al. Atherogenic diet and minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibit osteogenic and promote adipogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells. J Bone Miner Res, 1999, 14(12): 2067-2078.
30. Trottier MD, Irwin R, Li YH, et al. Enhanced production of early lineages of monocytic and granulocytic cells in mice with colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2012, 109(41): 16594-16599.
31. Jellinger PS, Smith DA, Mehta AE, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists’ guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis. Endocr Pract, 2012, 18(Suppl 1): 1-78.
32. Frías López Mdel C, Tárraga López PJ, Rodríguez Montes JA, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular risk factors. Nutr Hosp, 2011, 26(6): 1355-1362.
33. Tauchmanovà L, Rossi R, Biondi B, et al. Patients with subclinical Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenal adenoma have increased cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2002, 87(11): 4872-4878.
34. van der Klaauw AA, Biermasz NR, Feskens EJ, et al. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is increased in patients with GH deficiency, irrespective of long-term substitution with recombinant human GH. Eur J Endocrinol, 2007, 156(4): 455-462.
35. Hong Y, Yang D, Liu W, et al. Dyslipidemia in relation to body mass index and insulin resistance in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents, 2011, 25(3): 365-374.
36. Peppa M, Betsi G, Dimitriadis G. Lipid abnormalities and cardiometabolic risk in patients with overt and subclinical thyroid disease. J Lipids, 2011: 575840.
37. Duntas LH, Brenta G. The effect of thyroid disorders on lipid levels and metabolism. Med Clin North Am, 2012, 96(2): 269-281.
38. Pearce EN. Update in lipid alterations in subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(2): 326-333.
39. Zhu X, Cheng SY. New insights into regulation of lipid metabolism by thyroid hormone. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 2010, 17(5): 408-413.
40. Cable EE, Finn PD, Stebbins JW, et al. Reduction of hepatic steatosis in rats and mice after treatment with a liver-targeted thyroid hormone receptor agonist. Hepatology, 2009, 49(2): 407-417.
41. Regmi A, Shah B, Rai BR, et al. Serum lipid profile in patients with thyroid disorders in central Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J, 2010, 12(4): 253-256.
42. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, et al. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med, 2000, 160(4): 526-534.
43. Wang F, Tan Y, Wang C, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels within the reference range are associated with serum lipid profiles independent of thyroid hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(8): 2724-2731.
44. Ruhla S, Weickert MO, Arafat AM, et al. A high normal TSH is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2010, 72(5): 696-701.
45. Zhang W, Tian LM, Han Y, et al. Presence of thyrotropin receptor in hepatocytes: not a case of illegitimate transcription. J Cell Mol Med, 2010, 13(11/12): 4636-4642.
46. Tian L, Song Y, Xing M, et al. A novel role for thyroid-stimulating hormone: up-regulation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase expression through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A/cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element binding protein pathway. Hepatology, 2010, 52(4): 1401-1409.
47. Zhang X, Song Y, Feng M, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone decreases HMG-CoA reductase phosphorylation via AMP-activated protein kinase in the liver. J Lipid Res, 2015, 56(5): 963-971.
48. Song Y, Xu C, Shao S, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone regulates hepatic bile acid homeostasis via SREBP-2/HNF-4α/CYP7A1 axis. J Hepatol, 2015, 62(5): 1171-1179.
49. Song Y, Zheng D, Zhao M, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone increases HNF-4α phosphorylation via cAMP/PKA pathway in the liver. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 13409.
50. Yan F, Wang Q, Lu M, et al. Thyrotropin increases hepatic triglyceride content through upregulation of SREBP-1c activity. J Hepatol, 2014, 61(6): 1358-1364.
51. Yan F, Wang Q, Xu C, et al. Peroxisome Proliferator-activated receptorαactivation induces hepatic steatosis, suggesting an adverse effect. PLoS One, 2014, 9(6): e99245.
52. Jiang D, Ma S, Jing F, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the PKA pathway. PLoS One, 2015, 10(1): e0116439.
53. Ma S, Jing F, Xu C, et al. Thyrotropin and obesity: increased adipose triglyceride content through glycerol-3-phosphateacyltransferase 3. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 7633.
54. Lu S, Guan Q, Liu Y, et al. Role of extrathyroidal TSHR expression in adipocyte differentiation and its association with obesity. Lipids Health Dis, 2012, 11: 17.
55. Mäkinen JI, Perheentupa A, Irjala K, et al. Endogenous testosterone and serum lipids in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis, 2008, 197(2): 688-693.
56. Maldonado Castro GF, Escobar-Morreale HF, Ortega H, et al. Effects of normalization of GH hypersecretion on lipoprotein(a) and other lipoprotein serum levels in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2000, 53(3): 313-319.
57. Arosio M, Sartore G, Rossi CM, et al. LDL physical properties, lipoprotein and Lp(a) levels in acromegalic patients. Effects of octreotide therapy. Italian Multicenter Octreotide Study Group. Atherosclerosis, 2000, 151(2): 551-557.
58. Abdu TA, Neary R, Elhadd TA, et al. Coronary risk in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults: increased predicted risk is due largely to lipid profile abnormalities. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2001, 55(2): 209-216.
59. Greenman Y. Management of dyslipidemia in Cushing’s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology, 2010, 92(Suppl 1): 91-95.
60. Lu Y, Zhang Z, Xiong X, et al. Glucocorticoids promote hepatic cholestasis in mice by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of the farnesoid X receptor. Gastroenterology, 2012, 143(6): 1630-1640.
61. Abdulnour J, Doucet E, Brochu M, et al. The effect of the menopausal transition on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors: a Montreal-Ottawa New Emerging Team group study. Menopause, 2012, 19(7): 760-767.
62. Shai I, Rimm EB, Hankinson SE, et al. Multivariate assessment of lipid parameters as predictors of coronary heart disease among postmenopausal women: potential implications for clinical guidelines. Circulation, 2004, 110(18): 2824-2830.
63. Broeders N, Knoop C, Abramowicz D. Drug treatment of lipid disorders. N Engl J Med, 1999, 341(26): 2020-2021.
64. Buettner C. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. Neuroendocrine control of metabolism. Preface. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2013, 42(1):xv-xvi.
65. Matthews KA, Crawford SL, Chae CU, et al. Are changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors in midlife women due to chronological aging or to the menopausal transition? . J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009, 54(25): 2366-2373.
66. van Zonneveld P, Scheffer GJ, Broekmans FJ, et al. Do cycle disturbances explain the age-related decline of female fertility? Cycle characteristics of women aged over 40 years compared with a reference population of young women. Hum Reprod, 2003, 18(3): 495-501.
67. Derby CA, Crawford SL, Pasternak RC, et al. Lipid changes during the menopause transition in relation to age and weight: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Am J Epidemiol, 2009, 169(11): 1352-1361.
68. Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(9): 2969-2989.
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