To be or not to be: superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass to treat symptomatic internal carotid and/or middle cerebral arterial stenosis/occlusion_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

MA Weichao , GAN Qi ,  LIU Yi

Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LIU Yi, Email: Neurosurgeon@live.cn

Keywords：

Superficial temporal artery - middle cerebral artery bypass; Internal carotid artery; Middle cerebral artery; Occlusive; Stenosis

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201806017

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Superficial temporal artery (STA) - middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass surgery has been widely used to treat patients with moyamoya disease, and its application value in symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA)/MCA stenosis/occlusion remains controversial. With the development of imaging, micro-devices and surgical techniques, and the deepen understanding of diseases, the effectiveness of STA-MCA bypass surgery in the treatment of symptomatic ICA/MCA stenosis/occlusion is further required. This article reviews the process of development and evolution of this surgical technique, as well as the significance and deficiencies of several randomized controlled trials of ICA/MCA treatment in the past, and looks forward to possible improvements in future research, so as to clarify the way for further randomized controlled study.

Citation： MA Weichao, GAN Qi, LIU Yi. To be or not to be: superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass to treat symptomatic internal carotid and/or middle cerebral arterial stenosis/occlusion. West China Medical Journal, 2018, 33(6): 655-659. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201806017 Copy

1.	陈伟伟, 高润霖, 刘力生, 等. 中国心血管病年报 2017. 中国循环杂志, 2018, 33(1): 1-8.
2.	Rodríguez-Hernández A, Josephson SA, Lawton MT. Bypass surgery for the prevention of ischemic stroke: current indications and techniques. Neurocirugia (Astur), 2012, 23(1): 5-14.
3.	Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT Ⅱ study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA, 1999, 282(21): 2003-2011.
4.	Broderick JP. Endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke, 2009, 3 Suppl: S102-S106.
5.	Josephson Sa SJ, Merci, Multi MI. Comparison of mechanical embolectomy and intraarterial thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke within the MCA: MERCI and Multi MERCI compared to PROACT Ⅱ. Neurocrit Care, 2009, 10(1): 43-49.
6.	Yasargil MG. Microsurgery applied to neurosurgery. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme, 1969.
7.	Sundt TM, Whisnant JP, Fode NC, et al. Results, complications, and follow-up of 415 bypass operations for occlusive disease of the carotid system. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1985, 60(4): 230-240.
8.	Jack CR, Sundt TM, Fode NC, et al. Superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery bypass: clinical pre- and postoperative angiographic correlation. J Neurosurg, 1988, 69(1): 46-51.
9.	The EC/IC Bypass Study Group. The International Cooperative Study of Extracranial/Intracranial Arterial Anastomosis (EC/IC Bypass Study): methodology and entry characteristics. Stroke, 1985, 16(3): 397-406.
10.	EC/IC Bypass Study Group. Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Results of an international randomized trial. N Engl J Med, 1985, 313: 1191-1200.
11.	Schmiedek P, Piepgras A, Leinsinger G, et al. Improvement of cerebrovascular reserve capacity by EC-IC arterial bypass surgery in patients with ICA occlusion and hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg, 1994, 81(2): 236-244.
12.	Grubb RJ, Derdeyn CP, Fritsch SM. et al. Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. JAMA, 1998, 280(12): 1055-1060.
13.	Gibbs JM, Wise RJ, Thomas DJ, et al. Cerebral haemodynamic changes after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1987, 50(2): 140-150.
14.	Powers WJ, Martin WR, Herscovitch P, et al. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery: hemodynamic and metabolic effects. Neurology, 1984, 34(9): 1168-1174.
15.	Powers WJ, Clarke WR, Grubb RL Jr, et al, COSS Investigators. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for stroke prevention in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia: the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study randomized trial. JAMA, 2011, 306(18): 1983-1992.
16.	Grubb RL, Powers WJ, Clarke WR, et al. Surgical results of the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study. J Neurosurg, 2013, 118(1): 25-33.
17.	Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, et al. Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. Lancet, 2004, 363(9413): 915-924.
18.	Kasner SE, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, et al. Predictors of ischemic stroke in the territory of a symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation, 2006, 113(4): 555-563.
19.	Carlson AP, Yonas H, Yf C, et al. Failure of cerebral hemodynamic selection in general or of specific positron emission tomography methodology? Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS). Stroke, 2011, 42(12): 3637-3639.
20.	Reynolds MR, Grubb RJ, Clarke WR, et al. Investigating the mechanisms of perioperative ischemic stroke in the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study. Clinical article. J Neurosurg, 2013, 119(4): 988-995.
21.	Bauer AM, Bain MD, Rasmussen PA. Chronic cerebral ischemia: where " Evidence-Based medicine” fails patients. World Neurosurg, 2015, 84(3): 714-718.
22.	Dong Y, Teoh HL, Chan BP, et al. Changes in cerebral hemodynamic and cognitive parameters after external carotid-internal carotid bypass surgery in patients with severe steno-occlusive disease: a pilot study. Neurol Sci, 2012, 322(1/2): 112-116.
23.	López-Olóriz J, López-Cancio E, Arenillas JF, et al. Asymptomatic cervicocerebral atherosclerosis, intracranial vascular resistance and cognition: the AsIA-neuropsychology study. Atherosclerosis, 2013, 230(2): 330-335.
24.	Inoue T, Jinnouchi J. Changes in brain volume after EC-IC bypass surgery. Acta Neurochir Suppl, 2008, 103: 79-82.
25.	Marshall Rs FJ, Recon I. Randomized evaluation of carotid occlusion and neurocognition (RECON) trial: main results. Neurology, 2014, 82(9): 744-751.
26.	Ma Y, Gu Y, Tong X, et al. The carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery study (CMOSS): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 2016, 17(1): 544.

1. 陈伟伟, 高润霖, 刘力生, 等. 中国心血管病年报 2017. 中国循环杂志, 2018, 33(1): 1-8.
2. Rodríguez-Hernández A, Josephson SA, Lawton MT. Bypass surgery for the prevention of ischemic stroke: current indications and techniques. Neurocirugia (Astur), 2012, 23(1): 5-14.
3. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT Ⅱ study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA, 1999, 282(21): 2003-2011.
4. Broderick JP. Endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke, 2009, 3 Suppl: S102-S106.
5. Josephson Sa SJ, Merci, Multi MI. Comparison of mechanical embolectomy and intraarterial thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke within the MCA: MERCI and Multi MERCI compared to PROACT Ⅱ. Neurocrit Care, 2009, 10(1): 43-49.
6. Yasargil MG. Microsurgery applied to neurosurgery. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme, 1969.
7. Sundt TM, Whisnant JP, Fode NC, et al. Results, complications, and follow-up of 415 bypass operations for occlusive disease of the carotid system. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1985, 60(4): 230-240.
8. Jack CR, Sundt TM, Fode NC, et al. Superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery bypass: clinical pre- and postoperative angiographic correlation. J Neurosurg, 1988, 69(1): 46-51.
9. The EC/IC Bypass Study Group. The International Cooperative Study of Extracranial/Intracranial Arterial Anastomosis (EC/IC Bypass Study): methodology and entry characteristics. Stroke, 1985, 16(3): 397-406.
10. EC/IC Bypass Study Group. Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Results of an international randomized trial. N Engl J Med, 1985, 313: 1191-1200.
11. Schmiedek P, Piepgras A, Leinsinger G, et al. Improvement of cerebrovascular reserve capacity by EC-IC arterial bypass surgery in patients with ICA occlusion and hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg, 1994, 81(2): 236-244.
12. Grubb RJ, Derdeyn CP, Fritsch SM. et al. Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. JAMA, 1998, 280(12): 1055-1060.
13. Gibbs JM, Wise RJ, Thomas DJ, et al. Cerebral haemodynamic changes after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1987, 50(2): 140-150.
14. Powers WJ, Martin WR, Herscovitch P, et al. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery: hemodynamic and metabolic effects. Neurology, 1984, 34(9): 1168-1174.
15. Powers WJ, Clarke WR, Grubb RL Jr, et al, COSS Investigators. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for stroke prevention in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia: the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study randomized trial. JAMA, 2011, 306(18): 1983-1992.
16. Grubb RL, Powers WJ, Clarke WR, et al. Surgical results of the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study. J Neurosurg, 2013, 118(1): 25-33.
17. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, et al. Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. Lancet, 2004, 363(9413): 915-924.
18. Kasner SE, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, et al. Predictors of ischemic stroke in the territory of a symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation, 2006, 113(4): 555-563.
19. Carlson AP, Yonas H, Yf C, et al. Failure of cerebral hemodynamic selection in general or of specific positron emission tomography methodology? Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS). Stroke, 2011, 42(12): 3637-3639.
20. Reynolds MR, Grubb RJ, Clarke WR, et al. Investigating the mechanisms of perioperative ischemic stroke in the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study. Clinical article. J Neurosurg, 2013, 119(4): 988-995.
21. Bauer AM, Bain MD, Rasmussen PA. Chronic cerebral ischemia: where " Evidence-Based medicine” fails patients. World Neurosurg, 2015, 84(3): 714-718.
22. Dong Y, Teoh HL, Chan BP, et al. Changes in cerebral hemodynamic and cognitive parameters after external carotid-internal carotid bypass surgery in patients with severe steno-occlusive disease: a pilot study. Neurol Sci, 2012, 322(1/2): 112-116.
23. López-Olóriz J, López-Cancio E, Arenillas JF, et al. Asymptomatic cervicocerebral atherosclerosis, intracranial vascular resistance and cognition: the AsIA-neuropsychology study. Atherosclerosis, 2013, 230(2): 330-335.
24. Inoue T, Jinnouchi J. Changes in brain volume after EC-IC bypass surgery. Acta Neurochir Suppl, 2008, 103: 79-82.
25. Marshall Rs FJ, Recon I. Randomized evaluation of carotid occlusion and neurocognition (RECON) trial: main results. Neurology, 2014, 82(9): 744-751.
26. Ma Y, Gu Y, Tong X, et al. The carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery study (CMOSS): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 2016, 17(1): 544.

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