Nomenclature for renal replacement therapy and blood purification techniques in critically ill patients_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

 Claudio Ronco ¹ , ZHANG Ling ² , LU Renhua ³ , CHANG Ping ⁴ , LIU Jiao ⁵ , LIU Songqiao ⁶ , LU Guoping ⁷ , Mauro Neri ^1,8 , Gianluca Villa ^1,9 , Anna Lorenzin ¹ , WANG Minmin ¹⁰

1. Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza 36100, Italy;
2. Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
3. Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China;
4. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P. R. China;
5. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201801, P. R. China;
6. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P. R. China;
7. Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P. R. China;
8. Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Vicenza 36100, Italy;
9. Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain, University of Florence, Florence 50100, Italy;
10. Medical Affairs, Baxter Healthcare (Asia) Pte Ltd., Singapore 189720;

Corresponding author：

Claudio Ronco, Email: cronco@goldnet.it

Keywords：

Terminology; Nomenclature; Continuous renal replacement therapy; Blood purification; Adsorption; Dose; Modalities; Membrane; Filter; Clearance; Continuous renal replacement therapy machine; Flow rate; Fluid balance; Multi organ support

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201806040

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

This article reviews Chinese nomenclature of renal replacement therapy and extracorporeal blood purification currently utilized to manage acute kidney injury and other organ dysfunction syndromes in critically ill patients, based on the recent reports of a consensus expert conference of Nomenclature Standardization Initiative Alliance. We provide a detailed description of the performance characteristics of membranes, filters, transmembrane transport of solutes and fluid, flows, and methods of measurement of delivered treatment, common definitions, components, techniques, and operations of the machines and platforms as well as the renal replacement therapy techniques in detail with the relevant technologies, procedures, operations, and recent developments in other extracorporeal therapies, including therapeutic plasma exchange, multiple organ support therapy, liver support, lung support, and blood purification in sepsis. We believe this nomenclature review will serve future use of terminology in publications, research, clinical operations and therapy platforms to enable consistent data collection and comparison.

Citation： Claudio Ronco, ZHANG Ling, LU Renhua, CHANG Ping, LIU Jiao, LIU Songqiao, LU Guoping, Mauro Neri, Gianluca Villa, Anna Lorenzin, WANG Minmin. Nomenclature for renal replacement therapy and blood purification techniques in critically ill patients. West China Medical Journal, 2018, 33(7): 782-796. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201806040 Copy

1.	Ronco C. The charta of vicenza. Blood Purif, 2015, 40(1): I-V.
2.	Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Ronco C. Acute dialysis quality initiative (ADQI): methodology. Int J Artif Organs, 2008, 31(2): 90-93.
3.	Ronco C, Bellomo R. Continuous renal replacement therapies: the need for a standard nomenclature. Contrib Nephrol, 1995, 116: 28-33.
4.	Ronco C, Bellomo R. Continuous renal replacement therapy: evolution in technology and current nomenclature. Kidney Int Suppl, 1998, 66: S160-S164.
5.	Cerdá J, Ronco C. Modalities of continuous renal replacement therapy: technical and clinical considerations. Semin Dial, 2009, 22(2): 114-122.
6.	Neri M, Villa G, Garzotto F, et al. Nomenclature for renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: basic principles. Crit Care, 2016, 20(1): 318.
7.	Villa G, Neri M, Bellomo R, et al. Nomenclature for renal replacement therapy and blood purification techniques in critically ill patients: practical applications. Crit Care, 2016, 20(1): 283.
8.	Clark WR, Hamburger RJ, Lysaght MJ. Effect of membrane composition and structure on solute removal and biocompatibility in hemodialysis. Kidney Int, 1999, 56(6): 2005-2015.
9.	Uhlenbusch-Korwer I, Bonnie-Schorn E, Grassman A, et al. Performance parameters//Vienken J. Understanding membranes and dialyzers. Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers. 2004 vol 5. 103-155.
10.	Boschetti-de-Fierro A, Voigt M, Storr M, et al. Extended characterization of a new class of membranes for blood purification: the high cut-off membranes. Int J Artif Organs, 2013, 36(7): 455-463.
11.	Ficheux A, Ronco C, Brunet P, et al. The ultrafiltration coefficient: this old " grand inconnu” in dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2015, 30(2): 204-208.
12.	Ronco C, Ghezzi PM, Brendolan A, et al. The haemodialysis system: basic mechanisms of water and solute transport in extracorporeal renal replacement therapies. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 1998, 13(Suppl 6): 3-9.
13.	Rangel AV, Kim JC, Kaushik M, et al. Backfiltration: past, present and future. Contrib Nephrol, 2011, 175: 35-45.
14.	Leonard E. The bases of mass separation processes//Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J. Critical care neprology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 1131-1135.
15.	Kim JC, Cruz D, Garzotto F, et al. Effects of dialysate flow configurations in continuous renal replacement therapy on solute removal: computational modeling. Blood Purif, 2013, 35(1/2/3): 106-111.
16.	Lee K, Jeong JH, Mun CH, et al. Convection-enhanced high-flux hemodialysis. Artif Organs, 2007, 31(8): 653-658.
17.	Ronco C. Evolution of hemodiafiltration. Contrib Nephrol, 2007, 158: 9-19.
18.	Costanzo MR, Ronco C. Isolated ultrafiltration in heart failure patients. Curr Cardiol Rep, 2012, 14(3): 254-264.
19.	Nakanishi T, Suzuki N, Kuragano T, et al. Current topics in therapeutic plasmapheresis. Clin Exp Nephrol, 2014, 18(1): 41-49.
20.	Winchester JF. Sorbent hemoperfusion in end-stage renal disease: an in-depth review. Adv Ren Replace Ther, 2002, 9(1): 19-25.
21.	Ledebo I. Principles and practice of hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration. Artif Organs. 1998, 22(1): 20-25.
22.	Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, et al. Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med, 2002, 347(25): 2010-2019.
23.	Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, et al. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet, 2000, 356(9223): 26-30.
24.	Ricci Z, Ronco C. Renal replacement Ⅱ: dialysis dose. Crit Care Clin, 2005, 21(2): 357-366.
25.	Ronco C, Cruz D, Oudemans van Straaten H, et al. Dialysis dose in acute kidney injury: no time for therapeutic nihilism-a critical appraisal of the Acute Renal Failure Trial Network study. Crit Care, 2008, 12(5): 308.
26.	RENAL Replacement Therapy Study Investigators, Bellomo R, Cass A, et al. Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361(17): 1627-1638.
27.	VA/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network, Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, et al. Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(1): 7-20.
28.	Schiffl H, Lang SM, Fischer R. Daily hemodialysis and the outcome of acute renal failure. N Engl J Med, 2002, 346(5): 305-310.
29.	Ostermann M, Joannidis M, Pani A, et al. Patient selection and timing of continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif, 2016, 42(3): 224-237.
30.	Bagshaw SM, Chakravarthi MR, Ricci Z, et al. Precision continuous renal replacement therapy and solute control. Blood Purif, 2016, 42(3): 238-247.
31.	Cerdá J, Baldwin I, Honore PM, et al. Role of technology for the management of AKI in critically ill patients: from adoptive technology to precision continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif, 2016, 42(3): 248-265.
32.	Murugan R, Hoste E, Mehta RL, et al. Precision fluid management in continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif, 2016, 42(3): 266-278.
33.	Garred L, Leblanc M, Canaud B. Urea kinetic modeling for CRRT. Am J Kidney Dis, 1997, 30(5 Suppl 4): S2-S9.
34.	Ricci Z, Bellomo R, Ronco C. Dose of dialysis in acute renal failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2006, 1(3): 380-388.
35.	Lyndon WD, Wille KM, Tolwani AJ. Solute clearance in CRRT: prescribed dose versus actual delivered dose. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2012, 27(3): 952-956.
36.	Clark WR, Turk JE, Kraus MA, et al. Dose determinants in continuous renal replacement therapy. Artif Organs, 2003, 27(9): 815-820.
37.	Cruz D, Bobek I, Lentini P, et al. Machines for continuous renal replacement therapy. Semin Dial, 2009, 22(2): 123-132.
38.	Ward RA, Ronco C. Dialyzer and machine technologies: application of recent advances to clinical practice. Blood Purif, 2006, 24(1): 6-10.
39.	Baldwin I, Fealy N. Clinical nursing for the application of continuous renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. Semin Dial, 2009, 22(2): 189-193.
40.	Misra M. The basics of hemodialysis equipment. Hemodial Int, 2005, 9(1): 30-36.
41.	Clark WR, Gao D, Ronco C. Membranes for dialysis. Composition, structure and function. Contrib Nephrol, 2002(137): 70-77.
42.	Bellomo R, Mehta RA. Nomenclature for continuous renal replacement therapies. Am J Kidney Dis, 1996, 28(5 S3): S2-S7.
43.	Cerda J, Sheinfeld G, Ronco C. Fluid overload in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Blood Purif, 2010, 29(4): 331-338.
44.	黎磊石, 季大玺. 连续性血液净化. 南京: 东南大学出版社, 2004: 2-8.
45.	付平. 连续性肾脏替代治疗. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2016: 200-210.
46.	刘大为, 杨荣利, 陈秀凯. 重症血液净化. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2017: 495-498.
47.	Schwenger V, Weigand M, Hoffmann O, et al. Sustained low efficiency dialysis using a single-pass batch system in acute kidney injury-a randomizedinterventional trial: the REnal Replacement Therapy Study in Intensive Care Unit PatiEnts. Crit Care, 2012, 16(4): R140.
48.	Kaplan AA. Therapeutic plasma exchange: a technical and operational review. J Clin Apher, 2013, 28(1): 3-10.
49.	Brendolan A, Bellomo R, Ronco C. Multiple-organ support therapy for the critically ill patient//Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J. Critical Care Nephrology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 1571-1577.
50.	Mathew RO, Cerdá J. Renal replacement therapy in special situations: heart failure and neurological injury. Semin Dial, 2011, 24(2): 192-196.
51.	Wei SS, Lee WT, Woo KT. Slow continuous ultrafiltration (SCUF): the safe and efficient treatment for patients with cardiac failure and fluid overload. Singapore Med J, 1995, 36(3): 276-277.
52.	Cerdá J, Tolwani A, Gibney N, et al. Renal replacement therapy in special settings: extracorporeal support devices in liver failure. Semin Dial, 2011, 24(2): 197-202.
53.	Stadlbauer V, Wright GA, Jalan R. Role of artificial liver support in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis, 2009, 24(1): 15-26.
54.	Rademacher S, Oppert M, Jörres A. Artificial extracorporeal liver support therapy in patients with severe liver failure. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011, 5(5): 591-599.
55.	Peszynski P, Klammt S, Peters E, et al. Albumin dialysis: single pass vs. recirculation (MARS). Liver, 2002, 22(Suppl 2):40-42.
56.	Mitzner S, Klammt S, Stange J, et al. Albumin regeneration in liver support-comparison of different methods. Ther Apher Dial, 2006, 10(2): 108-117.
57.	Falkenhagen D, Strobl W, Vogt G, et al. Fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system: a novel system for blood purification to remove albumin bound substances. Artif Organs, 1999, 23(1): 81-86.
58.	Rifai K, Ernst T, Kretschmer U, et al. The Prometheus device for extracorporeal support of combined liver and renal failure. Blood Purif, 2005, 23(4): 298-302.
59.	Askenazi DJ, Selewski DT, Paden ML, et al. Renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2012, 7(8): 1328-1336.
60.	Fleming GM, Askenazi DJ, Bridges BC, et al. A multicenter international survey of renal supportive therapy during ECMO: the Kidney Intervention During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (KIDMO) group. ASAIO J, 2012, 58(4): 407-414.
61.	Mosier JM, Kelsey M, Raz Y, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for critically ill adults in the emergency department: history, current applications, and future directions. Crit Care, 2015, 19: 431.
62.	Walles T. Clinical experience with the iLA Membrane Ventilator pumpless extracorporeal lung-assist device. Expert Rev Med Devices, 2007, 4(3): 297-305.
63.	Cove ME, MacLaren G, et al. Bench to bedside review: extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal, past present and future. Crit Care, 2012, 16(5): 232.
64.	Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Angus DC, et al. The first international consensus conference on continuous renal replacement therapy. Kidney Int, 2002, 62(5): 1855-1863.
65.	Clark E, Molnar AO, Joannes-Boyau O, et al. High-volume hemofiltration for septic acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care, 2014, 18(1): R7.
66.	Brendolan A, D’Intini V, Ricci Z, et al. Pulse high volume hemofiltration. Int J Artif Organs, 2004, 27(5): 398-403.
67.	Joannes-Boyau O, Honoré PM, Perez P, et al. High-volume versus standard-volume haemofiltration for septic shock patients with acute kidney injury (IVOIRE study): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med, 2013, 39(9): 1535-1546.
68.	Livigni S, Bertolini G, Rossi C, et al. Efficacy of coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in patients with septic shock: a multicenter randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open, 2014, 4(1): e003536.
69.	Winchester JF, Kellum JA, Ronco C, et al. Sorbents in acute renal failure and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Blood Purif, 2003, 21(1): 79-84.
70.	Payen DM, Guilhot J, Launey Y, et al. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in patients with septic shock due to peritonitis: a multicenter randomized control trial. Intensive Care Med, 2015, 41(6): 975-984.
71.	Cruz DN, Antonelli M, Fumagalli RA, et al. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2009, 301(23): 2445-2452.
72.	Palevsky PM. Dialysis modality and dosing strategy in acute renal failure. Semin Dial, 2006, 19(2): 165-170.

1. Ronco C. The charta of vicenza. Blood Purif, 2015, 40(1): I-V.
2. Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Ronco C. Acute dialysis quality initiative (ADQI): methodology. Int J Artif Organs, 2008, 31(2): 90-93.
3. Ronco C, Bellomo R. Continuous renal replacement therapies: the need for a standard nomenclature. Contrib Nephrol, 1995, 116: 28-33.
4. Ronco C, Bellomo R. Continuous renal replacement therapy: evolution in technology and current nomenclature. Kidney Int Suppl, 1998, 66: S160-S164.
5. Cerdá J, Ronco C. Modalities of continuous renal replacement therapy: technical and clinical considerations. Semin Dial, 2009, 22(2): 114-122.
6. Neri M, Villa G, Garzotto F, et al. Nomenclature for renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: basic principles. Crit Care, 2016, 20(1): 318.
7. Villa G, Neri M, Bellomo R, et al. Nomenclature for renal replacement therapy and blood purification techniques in critically ill patients: practical applications. Crit Care, 2016, 20(1): 283.
8. Clark WR, Hamburger RJ, Lysaght MJ. Effect of membrane composition and structure on solute removal and biocompatibility in hemodialysis. Kidney Int, 1999, 56(6): 2005-2015.
9. Uhlenbusch-Korwer I, Bonnie-Schorn E, Grassman A, et al. Performance parameters//Vienken J. Understanding membranes and dialyzers. Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers. 2004 vol 5. 103-155.
10. Boschetti-de-Fierro A, Voigt M, Storr M, et al. Extended characterization of a new class of membranes for blood purification: the high cut-off membranes. Int J Artif Organs, 2013, 36(7): 455-463.
11. Ficheux A, Ronco C, Brunet P, et al. The ultrafiltration coefficient: this old " grand inconnu” in dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2015, 30(2): 204-208.
12. Ronco C, Ghezzi PM, Brendolan A, et al. The haemodialysis system: basic mechanisms of water and solute transport in extracorporeal renal replacement therapies. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 1998, 13(Suppl 6): 3-9.
13. Rangel AV, Kim JC, Kaushik M, et al. Backfiltration: past, present and future. Contrib Nephrol, 2011, 175: 35-45.
14. Leonard E. The bases of mass separation processes//Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J. Critical care neprology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 1131-1135.
15. Kim JC, Cruz D, Garzotto F, et al. Effects of dialysate flow configurations in continuous renal replacement therapy on solute removal: computational modeling. Blood Purif, 2013, 35(1/2/3): 106-111.
16. Lee K, Jeong JH, Mun CH, et al. Convection-enhanced high-flux hemodialysis. Artif Organs, 2007, 31(8): 653-658.
17. Ronco C. Evolution of hemodiafiltration. Contrib Nephrol, 2007, 158: 9-19.
18. Costanzo MR, Ronco C. Isolated ultrafiltration in heart failure patients. Curr Cardiol Rep, 2012, 14(3): 254-264.
19. Nakanishi T, Suzuki N, Kuragano T, et al. Current topics in therapeutic plasmapheresis. Clin Exp Nephrol, 2014, 18(1): 41-49.
20. Winchester JF. Sorbent hemoperfusion in end-stage renal disease: an in-depth review. Adv Ren Replace Ther, 2002, 9(1): 19-25.
21. Ledebo I. Principles and practice of hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration. Artif Organs. 1998, 22(1): 20-25.
22. Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, et al. Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med, 2002, 347(25): 2010-2019.
23. Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, et al. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet, 2000, 356(9223): 26-30.
24. Ricci Z, Ronco C. Renal replacement Ⅱ: dialysis dose. Crit Care Clin, 2005, 21(2): 357-366.
25. Ronco C, Cruz D, Oudemans van Straaten H, et al. Dialysis dose in acute kidney injury: no time for therapeutic nihilism-a critical appraisal of the Acute Renal Failure Trial Network study. Crit Care, 2008, 12(5): 308.
26. RENAL Replacement Therapy Study Investigators, Bellomo R, Cass A, et al. Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361(17): 1627-1638.
27. VA/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network, Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, et al. Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(1): 7-20.
28. Schiffl H, Lang SM, Fischer R. Daily hemodialysis and the outcome of acute renal failure. N Engl J Med, 2002, 346(5): 305-310.
29. Ostermann M, Joannidis M, Pani A, et al. Patient selection and timing of continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif, 2016, 42(3): 224-237.
30. Bagshaw SM, Chakravarthi MR, Ricci Z, et al. Precision continuous renal replacement therapy and solute control. Blood Purif, 2016, 42(3): 238-247.
31. Cerdá J, Baldwin I, Honore PM, et al. Role of technology for the management of AKI in critically ill patients: from adoptive technology to precision continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif, 2016, 42(3): 248-265.
32. Murugan R, Hoste E, Mehta RL, et al. Precision fluid management in continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif, 2016, 42(3): 266-278.
33. Garred L, Leblanc M, Canaud B. Urea kinetic modeling for CRRT. Am J Kidney Dis, 1997, 30(5 Suppl 4): S2-S9.
34. Ricci Z, Bellomo R, Ronco C. Dose of dialysis in acute renal failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2006, 1(3): 380-388.
35. Lyndon WD, Wille KM, Tolwani AJ. Solute clearance in CRRT: prescribed dose versus actual delivered dose. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2012, 27(3): 952-956.
36. Clark WR, Turk JE, Kraus MA, et al. Dose determinants in continuous renal replacement therapy. Artif Organs, 2003, 27(9): 815-820.
37. Cruz D, Bobek I, Lentini P, et al. Machines for continuous renal replacement therapy. Semin Dial, 2009, 22(2): 123-132.
38. Ward RA, Ronco C. Dialyzer and machine technologies: application of recent advances to clinical practice. Blood Purif, 2006, 24(1): 6-10.
39. Baldwin I, Fealy N. Clinical nursing for the application of continuous renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. Semin Dial, 2009, 22(2): 189-193.
40. Misra M. The basics of hemodialysis equipment. Hemodial Int, 2005, 9(1): 30-36.
41. Clark WR, Gao D, Ronco C. Membranes for dialysis. Composition, structure and function. Contrib Nephrol, 2002(137): 70-77.
42. Bellomo R, Mehta RA. Nomenclature for continuous renal replacement therapies. Am J Kidney Dis, 1996, 28(5 S3): S2-S7.
43. Cerda J, Sheinfeld G, Ronco C. Fluid overload in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Blood Purif, 2010, 29(4): 331-338.
44. 黎磊石, 季大玺. 连续性血液净化. 南京: 东南大学出版社, 2004: 2-8.
45. 付平. 连续性肾脏替代治疗. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2016: 200-210.
46. 刘大为, 杨荣利, 陈秀凯. 重症血液净化. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2017: 495-498.
47. Schwenger V, Weigand M, Hoffmann O, et al. Sustained low efficiency dialysis using a single-pass batch system in acute kidney injury-a randomizedinterventional trial: the REnal Replacement Therapy Study in Intensive Care Unit PatiEnts. Crit Care, 2012, 16(4): R140.
48. Kaplan AA. Therapeutic plasma exchange: a technical and operational review. J Clin Apher, 2013, 28(1): 3-10.
49. Brendolan A, Bellomo R, Ronco C. Multiple-organ support therapy for the critically ill patient//Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J. Critical Care Nephrology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 1571-1577.
50. Mathew RO, Cerdá J. Renal replacement therapy in special situations: heart failure and neurological injury. Semin Dial, 2011, 24(2): 192-196.
51. Wei SS, Lee WT, Woo KT. Slow continuous ultrafiltration (SCUF): the safe and efficient treatment for patients with cardiac failure and fluid overload. Singapore Med J, 1995, 36(3): 276-277.
52. Cerdá J, Tolwani A, Gibney N, et al. Renal replacement therapy in special settings: extracorporeal support devices in liver failure. Semin Dial, 2011, 24(2): 197-202.
53. Stadlbauer V, Wright GA, Jalan R. Role of artificial liver support in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis, 2009, 24(1): 15-26.
54. Rademacher S, Oppert M, Jörres A. Artificial extracorporeal liver support therapy in patients with severe liver failure. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011, 5(5): 591-599.
55. Peszynski P, Klammt S, Peters E, et al. Albumin dialysis: single pass vs. recirculation (MARS). Liver, 2002, 22(Suppl 2):40-42.
56. Mitzner S, Klammt S, Stange J, et al. Albumin regeneration in liver support-comparison of different methods. Ther Apher Dial, 2006, 10(2): 108-117.
57. Falkenhagen D, Strobl W, Vogt G, et al. Fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system: a novel system for blood purification to remove albumin bound substances. Artif Organs, 1999, 23(1): 81-86.
58. Rifai K, Ernst T, Kretschmer U, et al. The Prometheus device for extracorporeal support of combined liver and renal failure. Blood Purif, 2005, 23(4): 298-302.
59. Askenazi DJ, Selewski DT, Paden ML, et al. Renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2012, 7(8): 1328-1336.
60. Fleming GM, Askenazi DJ, Bridges BC, et al. A multicenter international survey of renal supportive therapy during ECMO: the Kidney Intervention During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (KIDMO) group. ASAIO J, 2012, 58(4): 407-414.
61. Mosier JM, Kelsey M, Raz Y, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for critically ill adults in the emergency department: history, current applications, and future directions. Crit Care, 2015, 19: 431.
62. Walles T. Clinical experience with the iLA Membrane Ventilator pumpless extracorporeal lung-assist device. Expert Rev Med Devices, 2007, 4(3): 297-305.
63. Cove ME, MacLaren G, et al. Bench to bedside review: extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal, past present and future. Crit Care, 2012, 16(5): 232.
64. Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Angus DC, et al. The first international consensus conference on continuous renal replacement therapy. Kidney Int, 2002, 62(5): 1855-1863.
65. Clark E, Molnar AO, Joannes-Boyau O, et al. High-volume hemofiltration for septic acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care, 2014, 18(1): R7.
66. Brendolan A, D’Intini V, Ricci Z, et al. Pulse high volume hemofiltration. Int J Artif Organs, 2004, 27(5): 398-403.
67. Joannes-Boyau O, Honoré PM, Perez P, et al. High-volume versus standard-volume haemofiltration for septic shock patients with acute kidney injury (IVOIRE study): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med, 2013, 39(9): 1535-1546.
68. Livigni S, Bertolini G, Rossi C, et al. Efficacy of coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in patients with septic shock: a multicenter randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open, 2014, 4(1): e003536.
69. Winchester JF, Kellum JA, Ronco C, et al. Sorbents in acute renal failure and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Blood Purif, 2003, 21(1): 79-84.
70. Payen DM, Guilhot J, Launey Y, et al. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in patients with septic shock due to peritonitis: a multicenter randomized control trial. Intensive Care Med, 2015, 41(6): 975-984.
71. Cruz DN, Antonelli M, Fumagalli RA, et al. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2009, 301(23): 2445-2452.
72. Palevsky PM. Dialysis modality and dosing strategy in acute renal failure. Semin Dial, 2006, 19(2): 165-170.

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