Non-surgical management of osteoporotic vertebra compression fractures_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

ZHAO Yanmin ,  JING Peijia

Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

JING Peijia, Email: 82323125@qq.com

Keywords：

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures; Non-surgical; Conservative treatment

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201908009

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are common in elderly patients with reduced bone density. Pain and loss of function after fractures have a serious impact on the patient's activities of daily living and quality of life. Management of patients with early OVCFs who choose non-surgical treatment is necessary to prevent complications, relieve pain, and improve functional status. This paper focuses on the development of OVCFs non-surgical management in many aspects, which may provide reference for the rapid recovery of OVCFs patients in the process of non-surgical management.

Citation： ZHAO Yanmin, JING Peijia. Non-surgical management of osteoporotic vertebra compression fractures. West China Medical Journal, 2019, 34(9): 1063-1067. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201908009 Copy

1.	Grigoryan M, Guermazi A, Roemer FW, et al. Recognizing and reporting osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Eur Spine J, 2003, 12(Suppl 2): S104-S112.
2.	McCarthy J, Davis A. Diagnosis and management of vertebral compression fractures. Am Fam Physician, 2016, 94(1): 44-50.
3.	Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS, et al. Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med, 1991, 114(11): 919-923.
4.	Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA, 2001, 285(3): 320-323.
5.	Hatgis J, Palea O, Ghomri Y, et al. Radiologic evaluation of chronic vertebral compression fractures and role of vertebral augmentation. Cureus, 2018, 10(8): e3208.
6.	Venmans A, Klazen CA, Lohle PN, et al. Natural history of pain in patients with conservatively treated osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: results from VERTOSⅡ. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2012, 33(3): 519-521.
7.	Stanghelle B, Bentzen H, Giangregorio L, et al. Effect of a resistance and balance exercise programme for women with osteoporosis and vertebral fracture: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2018, 19(1): 100.
8.	Wong CC, McGirt MJ. Vertebral compression fractures: a review of current management and multimodal therapy. J Multidiscip Healthc, 2013, 6: 205-214.
9.	Hatgis J, Granville M, Jacobson RE, et al. Delayed recognition of thoracic and lumbar vertebral compression fractures in minor accident cases. Cureus, 2017, 9(2): e1050.
10.	Kim HJ, Park S, Park SH, et al. Prevalence of frailty in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture and its association with numbers of fractures. Yonsei Med J, 2018, 59(2): 317-324.
11.	Luthman S, Widén J, Borgström F. Appropriateness criteria for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Osteoporosis Int, 2017, 29(4): 793-804.
12.	Svedbom A, Alvares L, Cooper C, et al. Balloon kyphoplasty compared to vertebroplasty and nonsurgical management in patients hospitalised with acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a UK cost-effectiveness analysis. Osteoporos Int, 2013, 24(1): 355-367.
13.	Zhao S, Xu CY, Zhu AR, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 3 treatments for patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(26): e7328.
14.	Jung HJ, Park YS, Seo HY, et al. Quality of life in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. J Bone Metab, 2017, 24(3): 187-196.
15.	Genev IK, Tobin MK, Zaidi SP, et al. Spinal compression fracture management: a review of current treatment strategies and possible future avenues. Global Spine J, 2017, 7(1): 71-82.
16.	Tu KN, Lie JD, Wan CKV, et al. Osteoporosis: a review of treatment options. P T, 2018, 43(2): 92-104.
17.	Briot K, Roux C, Thomas T, et al. 2018 update of French recommendations on the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine, 2018, 85(5): 519-530.
18.	Shah S, Goregaonkar AB. Conservative management of osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a prospective study of thirty patients. Cureus, 2016, 8(3): e542.
19.	Cano A, Chedraui P, Goulis DG, et al. Calcium in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis: EMAS clinical guide. Maturitas, 2018, 107: 7-12.
20.	Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, et al. Association between calcium or vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 2017, 318(24): 2466-2482.
21.	Cha KH, Cho TG, Kim CH, et al. Comparative study on the period of absolute bed rest of vertebral compression fracture. Korean J Spine, 2013, 10(3): 144-148.
22.	Sugihara F, Inoue N, Venkateswarathirukumara S. Ingestion of bioactive collagen hydrolysates enhanced pressure ulcer healing in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 11403.
23.	Kruger EA, Pires M, Ngann Y, et al. Comprehensive management of pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury: current concepts and future trends. J Spinal Cord Med, 2013, 36(6): 572-585.
24.	Health Quality Ontario. Electrical stimulation for pressure injuries: a health technology assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser, 2017, 17(14): 1-106.
25.	Tachibana T, Imafuku S, Irisawa R, et al. The wound/burn guidelines-2: guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment for pressure ulcers. J Dermatol, 2016, 43(5): 469-506.
26.	Saghaleini SH, Dehghan K, Shadvar K, et al. Pressure ulcer and nutrition. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2018, 22(4): 283-289.
27.	Boyko TV, Longaker MT, Yang GP. Review of the current management of pressure ulcers. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle), 2018, 7(2): 57-67.
28.	Qin Z, Wang Y, Zhao W, et al. Pressure ulcer healing promoted by adequate protein intake in rats. Exp Ther Med, 2018, 15(5): 4173-4178.
29.	Quéré I, Elias A, Maufus M, et al. Unresolved questions on venous thromboembolic disease. consensus statement of the French Society for Vascular Medicine (SFMV). J Med Vasc, 2019, 44(1): e1-e47.
30.	Hurst K, Lee R, Handa A. Quick reference guide to the new oral anticoagulants. J Vasc Surg, 2016, 63(6): 1653-1657.
31.	Witt DM, Nieuwlaat R, Clark NP, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: optimal management of anticoagulation therapy. Blood Adv, 2018, 1(11): 3257-3291.
32.	Link T. Guideline implementation: prevention of venous thromboembolism: 1.6 www.aornjournal.org/content/cme. AORN J, 2018, 107(6): 737-748.
33.	Verheyden AP, Spiegl UJ, Ekkerlein H, et al. Treatment of fractures of the thoracolumbar spine: recommendations of the spine section of the German society for orthopaedics and trauma (DGOU). Global Spine J, 2018, 8(Suppl 2): 34S-45S.
34.	Esakki S, MacDermid JC. Appraisal of: role of physical therapists in the management of individuals at risk for or diagnosed with venous thromboembolism: evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Physiother, 2017, 63(4): 263.
35.	Schlaich C, Minne HW, Bruckner T, et al. Reduced pulmonary function in patients with spinal osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int, 1998, 8(3): 261-267.
36.	Kim B, Kim J, Jo YH, et al. Risk of pneumonia after vertebral compression fracture in women with low bone density: a population-based study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2018, 43(14): E830-E835.
37.	马玉芬, 成守珍, 刘义兰, 等. 卧床患者常见并发症护理专家共识. 中国护理管理, 2018, 18(6): 740-747.
38.	Toyoda H, Takahashi S, Hoshino M, et al. Characterizing the course of back pain after osteoporotic vertebral fracture: a hierarchical cluster analysis of a prospective cohort study. Arch Osteoporos, 2017, 12(1): 82.
39.	Garg B, Dixit V, Batra S, et al. Non-surgical management of acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a review. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 2017, 8(2): 131-138.
40.	Longo UG, Loppini M, Denaro L, et al. Conservative management of patients with an osteoporotic vertebral fracture: a review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2012, 94(2): 152-157.
41.	Olsen C F, Bergland A. The effect of exercise and education on fear of falling in elderly women with osteoporosis and a history of vertebral fracture: results of a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int, 2014, 25(8): 2017-2025.
42.	Giangregorio LM, McGill S, Wark JD, et al. Too fit to fracture: outcomes of a delphi consensus process on physical activity and exercise recommendations for adults with osteoporosis with or without vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int, 2015, 26(3): 891-910.
43.	Beck BR, Daly RM, Singh MA, et al. Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise prescription for the prevention and management of osteoporosis. J Sci Med Sport, 2017, 20(5): 438-445.
44.	Bakhsheshian J, Dahdaleh NS, Fakurnejad S, et al. Evidence-based management of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures: a systematic review of nonoperative management. Neurosurg Focus, 2014, 37(1): E1.
45.	Greig AM, Briggs AM, Bennell KL, et al. Trunk muscle activity is modified in osteoporotic vertebral fracture and thoracic kyphosis with potential consequences for vertebral health. PLoS One, 2014, 9(10): e109515.
46.	Hongo M, Itoi E, Sinaki M, et al. Effect of low-intensity back exercise on quality of life and back extensor strength in patients with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis Int, 2007, 18(10): 1389-1395.
47.	Sinaki M, Itoi E, Wahner HW, et al. Stronger back muscles reduce the incidence of vertebral fractures: a prospective 10 year follow-up of postmenopausal women. Bone, 2002, 30: 836-841.
48.	Šarabon N, Mekjavić IB, Eiken O, et al. The effect of bed rest and hypoxic environment on postural balance and trunk automatic (re) actions in young healthy males. Front Physiol, 2018, 9: 27.
49.	Sarabon N, Rosker J. Effects of fourteen-day bed rest on trunk stabilizing functions in aging adults. Biomed Res Int, 2015, 2015: 309386.
50.	Sinaki M. Exercise for patients with osteoporosis: management of vertebral compression fractures and trunk strengthening for fall prevention. PM R, 2012, 4(11): 882-888.
51.	Khalili A, Almasi MH, Raeissadat SA, et al. Long-term effects of back extensor strengthening exercises on quality of life in women with osteoporosis. J Women Aging, 2016, 29(6): 505-514.
52.	Riccio I, Tirelli A, Gimigliano F, et al. Rehabilitative approach in patients with vertebral fragility fracture. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2013, 25(Suppl 1): S109-S111.
53.	Papa JA. Conservative management of a lumbar compression fracture in an osteoporotic patient: a case report. J Can Chiropr Assoc, 2012, 56(1): 29-39.
54.	Fong SS, Tam YT, Macfarlane DJ, et al. Core muscle activity during TRX suspension exercises with and without kinesiology taping in adults with chronic low back pain: implications for rehabilitation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015, 2015: 910168.
55.	Kernc D, Strojnik V, Vengust R. Early initiation of a strength training based rehabilitation after lumbar spine fusion improves core muscle strength: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Surg Res, 2018, 13(1): 151.
56.	Augeard N, Carroll SP. Core stability and low-back pain: a causal fallacy. J Exerc Rehabil, 2019, 15(3): 493-495.
57.	Meccariello L, Muzii VF, Falzarano G, et al. Dynamic corset versus three-point brace in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine: a prospective, comparative study. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2017, 29(3): 443-449.
58.	Goodwin VA, Hall AJ, Rogers E, et al. Orthotics and taping in the management of vertebral fractures in people with osteoporosis: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 2016, 6(5): e010657.
59.	Karimi M. The effects of orthosis on thoracolumbar fracture healing: a review of the literature. J Orthop, 2015, 12(Suppl2): S230-S237.
60.	Jacobs E, Senden R, McCrum C, et al. Effect of a semirigid thoracolumbar orthosis on gait and sagittal alignment in patients with an osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. Clin Interv Aging, 2019, 14: 671-680.
61.	Valentin GH, Pedersen LN, Maribo T. Wearing an active spinal orthosis improves back extensor strength in women with osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Prosthet Orthot Int, 2014, 38(3): 232-238.
62.	Smits AJ, Deunk J, Stadhouder A, et al. Is postoperative bracing after pedicle screw fixation of spine fractures necessary? Study protocol of the ORNOT study: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. BMJ Open, 2018, 8(1): e019596.
63.	Hughes M, Ashour R, Rao J. Treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures using orthosis versus no orthosis. BMJ Evid Based Med, 2019, 24(2): 70-71.
64.	Urquhart JC, Alrehaili OA, Fisher CG, et al. Treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures: extended follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing orthosis versus no orthosis. J Neurosurg Spine, 2017, 27(1): 42-47.
65.	Shamji MF, Roffey DM, Young DK, et al. A pilot evaluation of the role of bracing in stable thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit. J Spinal Disord Tech, 2014, 27(7): 370-375.
66.	Senderovich H, Tang H, Belmont S. The role of exercises in osteoporotic fracture prevention and current care gaps. Where are we now? Recent updates. Rambam Maimonides Med J, 2017, 8(3): e0032.

1. Grigoryan M, Guermazi A, Roemer FW, et al. Recognizing and reporting osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Eur Spine J, 2003, 12(Suppl 2): S104-S112.
2. McCarthy J, Davis A. Diagnosis and management of vertebral compression fractures. Am Fam Physician, 2016, 94(1): 44-50.
3. Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS, et al. Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med, 1991, 114(11): 919-923.
4. Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA, 2001, 285(3): 320-323.
5. Hatgis J, Palea O, Ghomri Y, et al. Radiologic evaluation of chronic vertebral compression fractures and role of vertebral augmentation. Cureus, 2018, 10(8): e3208.
6. Venmans A, Klazen CA, Lohle PN, et al. Natural history of pain in patients with conservatively treated osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: results from VERTOSⅡ. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2012, 33(3): 519-521.
7. Stanghelle B, Bentzen H, Giangregorio L, et al. Effect of a resistance and balance exercise programme for women with osteoporosis and vertebral fracture: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2018, 19(1): 100.
8. Wong CC, McGirt MJ. Vertebral compression fractures: a review of current management and multimodal therapy. J Multidiscip Healthc, 2013, 6: 205-214.
9. Hatgis J, Granville M, Jacobson RE, et al. Delayed recognition of thoracic and lumbar vertebral compression fractures in minor accident cases. Cureus, 2017, 9(2): e1050.
10. Kim HJ, Park S, Park SH, et al. Prevalence of frailty in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture and its association with numbers of fractures. Yonsei Med J, 2018, 59(2): 317-324.
11. Luthman S, Widén J, Borgström F. Appropriateness criteria for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Osteoporosis Int, 2017, 29(4): 793-804.
12. Svedbom A, Alvares L, Cooper C, et al. Balloon kyphoplasty compared to vertebroplasty and nonsurgical management in patients hospitalised with acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a UK cost-effectiveness analysis. Osteoporos Int, 2013, 24(1): 355-367.
13. Zhao S, Xu CY, Zhu AR, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 3 treatments for patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(26): e7328.
14. Jung HJ, Park YS, Seo HY, et al. Quality of life in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. J Bone Metab, 2017, 24(3): 187-196.
15. Genev IK, Tobin MK, Zaidi SP, et al. Spinal compression fracture management: a review of current treatment strategies and possible future avenues. Global Spine J, 2017, 7(1): 71-82.
16. Tu KN, Lie JD, Wan CKV, et al. Osteoporosis: a review of treatment options. P T, 2018, 43(2): 92-104.
17. Briot K, Roux C, Thomas T, et al. 2018 update of French recommendations on the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine, 2018, 85(5): 519-530.
18. Shah S, Goregaonkar AB. Conservative management of osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a prospective study of thirty patients. Cureus, 2016, 8(3): e542.
19. Cano A, Chedraui P, Goulis DG, et al. Calcium in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis: EMAS clinical guide. Maturitas, 2018, 107: 7-12.
20. Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, et al. Association between calcium or vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 2017, 318(24): 2466-2482.
21. Cha KH, Cho TG, Kim CH, et al. Comparative study on the period of absolute bed rest of vertebral compression fracture. Korean J Spine, 2013, 10(3): 144-148.
22. Sugihara F, Inoue N, Venkateswarathirukumara S. Ingestion of bioactive collagen hydrolysates enhanced pressure ulcer healing in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 11403.
23. Kruger EA, Pires M, Ngann Y, et al. Comprehensive management of pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury: current concepts and future trends. J Spinal Cord Med, 2013, 36(6): 572-585.
24. Health Quality Ontario. Electrical stimulation for pressure injuries: a health technology assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser, 2017, 17(14): 1-106.
25. Tachibana T, Imafuku S, Irisawa R, et al. The wound/burn guidelines-2: guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment for pressure ulcers. J Dermatol, 2016, 43(5): 469-506.
26. Saghaleini SH, Dehghan K, Shadvar K, et al. Pressure ulcer and nutrition. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2018, 22(4): 283-289.
27. Boyko TV, Longaker MT, Yang GP. Review of the current management of pressure ulcers. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle), 2018, 7(2): 57-67.
28. Qin Z, Wang Y, Zhao W, et al. Pressure ulcer healing promoted by adequate protein intake in rats. Exp Ther Med, 2018, 15(5): 4173-4178.
29. Quéré I, Elias A, Maufus M, et al. Unresolved questions on venous thromboembolic disease. consensus statement of the French Society for Vascular Medicine (SFMV). J Med Vasc, 2019, 44(1): e1-e47.
30. Hurst K, Lee R, Handa A. Quick reference guide to the new oral anticoagulants. J Vasc Surg, 2016, 63(6): 1653-1657.
31. Witt DM, Nieuwlaat R, Clark NP, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: optimal management of anticoagulation therapy. Blood Adv, 2018, 1(11): 3257-3291.
32. Link T. Guideline implementation: prevention of venous thromboembolism: 1.6 www.aornjournal.org/content/cme. AORN J, 2018, 107(6): 737-748.
33. Verheyden AP, Spiegl UJ, Ekkerlein H, et al. Treatment of fractures of the thoracolumbar spine: recommendations of the spine section of the German society for orthopaedics and trauma (DGOU). Global Spine J, 2018, 8(Suppl 2): 34S-45S.
34. Esakki S, MacDermid JC. Appraisal of: role of physical therapists in the management of individuals at risk for or diagnosed with venous thromboembolism: evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Physiother, 2017, 63(4): 263.
35. Schlaich C, Minne HW, Bruckner T, et al. Reduced pulmonary function in patients with spinal osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int, 1998, 8(3): 261-267.
36. Kim B, Kim J, Jo YH, et al. Risk of pneumonia after vertebral compression fracture in women with low bone density: a population-based study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2018, 43(14): E830-E835.
37. 马玉芬, 成守珍, 刘义兰, 等. 卧床患者常见并发症护理专家共识. 中国护理管理, 2018, 18(6): 740-747.
38. Toyoda H, Takahashi S, Hoshino M, et al. Characterizing the course of back pain after osteoporotic vertebral fracture: a hierarchical cluster analysis of a prospective cohort study. Arch Osteoporos, 2017, 12(1): 82.
39. Garg B, Dixit V, Batra S, et al. Non-surgical management of acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a review. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 2017, 8(2): 131-138.
40. Longo UG, Loppini M, Denaro L, et al. Conservative management of patients with an osteoporotic vertebral fracture: a review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2012, 94(2): 152-157.
41. Olsen C F, Bergland A. The effect of exercise and education on fear of falling in elderly women with osteoporosis and a history of vertebral fracture: results of a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int, 2014, 25(8): 2017-2025.
42. Giangregorio LM, McGill S, Wark JD, et al. Too fit to fracture: outcomes of a delphi consensus process on physical activity and exercise recommendations for adults with osteoporosis with or without vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int, 2015, 26(3): 891-910.
43. Beck BR, Daly RM, Singh MA, et al. Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise prescription for the prevention and management of osteoporosis. J Sci Med Sport, 2017, 20(5): 438-445.
44. Bakhsheshian J, Dahdaleh NS, Fakurnejad S, et al. Evidence-based management of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures: a systematic review of nonoperative management. Neurosurg Focus, 2014, 37(1): E1.
45. Greig AM, Briggs AM, Bennell KL, et al. Trunk muscle activity is modified in osteoporotic vertebral fracture and thoracic kyphosis with potential consequences for vertebral health. PLoS One, 2014, 9(10): e109515.
46. Hongo M, Itoi E, Sinaki M, et al. Effect of low-intensity back exercise on quality of life and back extensor strength in patients with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis Int, 2007, 18(10): 1389-1395.
47. Sinaki M, Itoi E, Wahner HW, et al. Stronger back muscles reduce the incidence of vertebral fractures: a prospective 10 year follow-up of postmenopausal women. Bone, 2002, 30: 836-841.
48. Šarabon N, Mekjavić IB, Eiken O, et al. The effect of bed rest and hypoxic environment on postural balance and trunk automatic (re) actions in young healthy males. Front Physiol, 2018, 9: 27.
49. Sarabon N, Rosker J. Effects of fourteen-day bed rest on trunk stabilizing functions in aging adults. Biomed Res Int, 2015, 2015: 309386.
50. Sinaki M. Exercise for patients with osteoporosis: management of vertebral compression fractures and trunk strengthening for fall prevention. PM R, 2012, 4(11): 882-888.
51. Khalili A, Almasi MH, Raeissadat SA, et al. Long-term effects of back extensor strengthening exercises on quality of life in women with osteoporosis. J Women Aging, 2016, 29(6): 505-514.
52. Riccio I, Tirelli A, Gimigliano F, et al. Rehabilitative approach in patients with vertebral fragility fracture. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2013, 25(Suppl 1): S109-S111.
53. Papa JA. Conservative management of a lumbar compression fracture in an osteoporotic patient: a case report. J Can Chiropr Assoc, 2012, 56(1): 29-39.
54. Fong SS, Tam YT, Macfarlane DJ, et al. Core muscle activity during TRX suspension exercises with and without kinesiology taping in adults with chronic low back pain: implications for rehabilitation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015, 2015: 910168.
55. Kernc D, Strojnik V, Vengust R. Early initiation of a strength training based rehabilitation after lumbar spine fusion improves core muscle strength: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Surg Res, 2018, 13(1): 151.
56. Augeard N, Carroll SP. Core stability and low-back pain: a causal fallacy. J Exerc Rehabil, 2019, 15(3): 493-495.
57. Meccariello L, Muzii VF, Falzarano G, et al. Dynamic corset versus three-point brace in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine: a prospective, comparative study. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2017, 29(3): 443-449.
58. Goodwin VA, Hall AJ, Rogers E, et al. Orthotics and taping in the management of vertebral fractures in people with osteoporosis: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 2016, 6(5): e010657.
59. Karimi M. The effects of orthosis on thoracolumbar fracture healing: a review of the literature. J Orthop, 2015, 12(Suppl2): S230-S237.
60. Jacobs E, Senden R, McCrum C, et al. Effect of a semirigid thoracolumbar orthosis on gait and sagittal alignment in patients with an osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. Clin Interv Aging, 2019, 14: 671-680.
61. Valentin GH, Pedersen LN, Maribo T. Wearing an active spinal orthosis improves back extensor strength in women with osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Prosthet Orthot Int, 2014, 38(3): 232-238.
62. Smits AJ, Deunk J, Stadhouder A, et al. Is postoperative bracing after pedicle screw fixation of spine fractures necessary? Study protocol of the ORNOT study: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. BMJ Open, 2018, 8(1): e019596.
63. Hughes M, Ashour R, Rao J. Treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures using orthosis versus no orthosis. BMJ Evid Based Med, 2019, 24(2): 70-71.
64. Urquhart JC, Alrehaili OA, Fisher CG, et al. Treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures: extended follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing orthosis versus no orthosis. J Neurosurg Spine, 2017, 27(1): 42-47.
65. Shamji MF, Roffey DM, Young DK, et al. A pilot evaluation of the role of bracing in stable thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit. J Spinal Disord Tech, 2014, 27(7): 370-375.
66. Senderovich H, Tang H, Belmont S. The role of exercises in osteoporotic fracture prevention and current care gaps. Where are we now? Recent updates. Rambam Maimonides Med J, 2017, 8(3): e0032.

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