Progress in the laboratory detection and clinical research of cryptococcosis_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

LI Yanbing ¹ ,  LU Binghuai ^2,3

1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P. R. China;
2. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P. R. China;
3. Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LU Binghuai, Email: zs25041@126.com

Keywords：

Cryptococcal meningitis; Cryptococcus neoformans species complexes; Cryptococcus gattii species complexes; Drug susceptibility; Diagnostic method

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202007113

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Cryptococcosis, mainly caused by Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii species complexes, is a lethal infection in both immunosuppressive and immunocompetent populations. With the upgrade of detection methods and the increase of clinical knowledge, the incidence rate of cryptococcosis is increasing, and it has become one of the most important fungi threatening human health. In recent years, great progress has been made in this field, including the taxonomy and nomenclature of Cryptococcus spp., laboratory diagnostic methods and antifungal susceptibility tests, as well as the characteristics and treatments of cryptococcosis. This article reviews the above contents, in order to improve the clinical and laboratory understanding of the Cryptococcus spp., and realize the timely diagnosis and early treatment of cryptococcosis.

Citation： LI Yanbing, LU Binghuai. Progress in the laboratory detection and clinical research of cryptococcosis. West China Medical Journal, 2020, 35(8): 894-900. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202007113 Copy

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2. Beardsley J, Sorrell TC, Chen SC. Central nervous system cryptococcal infections in non-HIV infected patients. J Fungi (Basel), 2019, 5(3): 71.
3. Bratton EW, El Husseini N, Chastain CA, <italic>et al</italic>. Comparison and temporal trends of three groups with cryptococcosis: HIV-infected, solid organ transplant, and HIV-negative/non-transplant. PLoS One, 2012, 7(8): e43582.
4. Hong N, Chen M, Fang WJ, <italic>et al</italic>. Cryptococcosis in HIV-negative patients with renal dialysis: a retrospective analysis of pooled cases. Mycopathologia, 2017, 182(9/10): 887-896.
5. Warkentien T, Crum-Cianflone NF. An update on <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> among HIV-infected patients. Int J STD AIDS, 2010, 21(10): 679-684.
6. Mourad A, Perfect JR. The war on cryptococcosis: a review of the antifungal arsenal. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 2018, 113(7): e170391.
7. Chen M, Xu Y, Hong N, <italic>et al</italic>. Epidemiology of fungal infections in China. Front Med, 2018, 12(1, SI): 58-75.
8. Lui G, Lee N, Ip M, <italic>et al</italic>. Cryptococcosis in apparently immunocompetent patients. QJM, 2006, 99(3): 143-151.
9. Zhu LP, Wu JQ, Xu B, <italic>et al</italic>. Cryptococcal meningitis in non-HIV-infected patients in a Chinese tertiary care hospital, 1997-2007. Med Mycol, 2010, 48(4): 570-579.
10. Lu CH, Chang WN, Chang HW, <italic>et al</italic>. The prognostic factors of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-negative patients. J Hosp Infect, 1999, 42(4): 313-320.
11. Mirza SA, Phelan M, Rimland D, <italic>et al</italic>. The changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis: an update from population-based active surveillance in 2 large metropolitan areas, 1992-2000. Clin Infect Dis, 2003, 36(6): 789-794.
12. Tsai WC, Lien CY, Lee JJ, <italic>et al</italic>. The clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in elderly patients: a hospital-based study. BMC Geriatr, 2019, 19(1): 91.
13. Shourian M, Qureshi ST. Resistance and tolerance to cryptococcal infection: an intricate balance that controls the development of disease. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 66.
14. Chen J, Varma A, Diaz MR, <italic>et al</italic>. <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> strains and infection in apparently immunocompetent patients, China. Emerg Infect Dis, 2008, 14(5): 755-762.
15. Alves Soares E, Lazera MDS, Wanke B, <italic>et al</italic>. Mortality by cryptococcosis in Brazil from 2000 to 2012: a descriptive epidemiological study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2019, 13(7): e0007569.
16. Boekhout T, Van Belkum A. Variability of karyotypes and RAPD types in genetically related strains of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic>. Curr Genet, 1997, 32(3): 203-208.
17. Meyer W, Mitchell TG. Polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting in fungi using single primers specific to minisatellites and simple repetitive DNA sequences: strain variation in <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic>. Electrophoresis, 1995, 16(9): 1648-1656.
18. Boekhout T, Theelen B, Diaz M, <italic>et al</italic>. Hybrid genotypes in the pathogenic yeast <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic>. Microbiology, 2001, 147(Pt 4): 891-907.
19. Hanafy A, Kaocharoen S, Jover-Botella A, <italic>et al</italic>. Multilocus microsatellite typing for <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> var. <italic>grubii</italic>. Med Mycol, 2008, 46(7): 685-696.
20. Meyer W, Aanensen DM, Boekhout T, <italic>et al</italic>. Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> and <italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic>. Med Mycol, 2009, 47(6): 561-570.
21. Gillece JD, Schupp JM, Balajee SA, <italic>et al</italic>. Whole genome sequence analysis of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic> from the Pacific Northwest reveals unexpected diversity. PLoS One, 2011, 6(12): e28550.
22. Hagen F, Khayhan K, Theelen B, <italic>et al</italic>. Recognition of seven species in the <italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic>/<italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> species complex. Fungal Genet Biol, 2015, 78: 16-48.
23. Hagen F, Lumbsch HT, Arsic Arsenijevic V, <italic>et al</italic>. Importance of resolving fungal nomenclature: the case of multiple pathogenic species in the <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> genus. mSphere, 2017, 2(4): e00238-17.
24. Farrer RA, Chang M, Davis MJ, <italic>et al</italic>. A new lineage of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic> (VGV) discovered in the central Zambezian Miombo Woodlands. MBio, 2019, 10(6): e02306-e02319.
25. Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE, Wickes BL, <italic>et al</italic>. The case for adopting the “species complex” nomenclature for the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis. mSphere, 2017, 2(1): e00316-e00357.
26. Ashton PM, Thanh LT, Trieu PH, <italic>et al</italic>. Three phylogenetic groups have driven the recent population expansion of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic>. Nat Commun, 2019, 10(1): 2035.
27. 刘正印, 王贵强, 朱利平, 等. 隐球菌性脑膜炎诊治专家共识. 中华内科杂志, 2018, 9(5): 317-323.
28. Tseng HK, Liu CP, Ho MW, <italic>et al</italic>. Microbiological, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with cryptococcosis in Taiwan, 1997-2010. PLoS One, 2013, 8(4): e61921.
29. Matos CS, de Souza Andrade A, Oliveira NS, <italic>et al</italic>. Microbiological characteristics of clinical isolates of <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> spp. in Bahia, Brazil: molecular types and antifungal susceptibilities. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2012, 31(7): 1647-1652.
30. Okamoto K, Hatakeyama S, Itoyama S, <italic>et al</italic>. <italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic> genotype VGⅡa infection in man, Japan, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis, 2010, 16(7): 1155-1157.
31. Fan X, Xiao M, Chen S, <italic>et al</italic>. Predominance of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> var. <italic>grubii</italic> multilocus sequence type 5 and emergence of isolates with non-wild-type minimum inhibitory concentrations to fluconazole: a multi-centre study in China. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2016, 22(10): 887.e1-887.e9.
32. Boulware DR, Rolfes MA, Rajasingham R, <italic>et al</italic>. Multisite validation of cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay and quantification by laser thermal contrast. Emerg Infect Dis, 2014, 20(1): 45-53.
33. Kwon-Chung KJ, Polacheck I, Bennett JE. Improved diagnostic medium for separation of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> var. <italic>neoformans</italic> (serotypes A and D) and <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> var. <italic>gattii</italic> (serotypes B and C). J Clin Microbiol, 1982, 15(3): 535-537.
34. Suwantarat N, Watkins T, Lee R, <italic>et al</italic>. False-positive reaction of L-canavanine glycine bromothymol blue medium with <italic>Candida famata</italic>. J Clin Microbiol, 2014, 52(4): 1308-1309.
35. Rappelli P, Are R, Casu G, <italic>et al</italic>. Development of a nested PCR for detection of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> in cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol, 1998, 36(11): 3438-3440.
36. Levy PY, Habib G, Reynaud-Gaubert M, <italic>et al</italic>. Pericardial effusion due to <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> in a patient with cystic fibrosis following lung transplantation. Int J Infect Dis, 2008, 12(4): 452.
37. Feng X, Fu X, Ling B, <italic>et al</italic>. Development of a singleplex PCR assay for rapid identification and differentiation of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> var. <italic>grubii</italic>, <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> var. <italic>neoformans</italic>, <italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic>, and hybrids. J Clin Microbiol, 2013, 51(6): 1920-1923.
38. Kaocharoen S, Wang B, Tsui KM, <italic>et al</italic>. Hyperbranched rolling circle amplification as a rapid and sensitive method for species identification within the <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> species complex. Electrophoresis, 2008, 29(15): 3183-3191.
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