Application progress and prospect of critical care ultrasound in weaning process_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

WANG Shouping ¹ , YIN Wanhong ¹ ,  KANG Yan ¹ , ZHANG Zhongwei ¹ , ZOU Tongjuan ¹ , QIN Yao ² , ZENG Xueying ²

1. Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
2. Emergency Department and Intensive Care Unit, West China Shool of Public Health / West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

KANG Yan, Email: kangyan.scu.edu

Keywords：

Critical care ultrasound; Mechanical ventilation; Weaning

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202009182

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Weaning difficulty is common in critically ill patients. Prolonged mechanical ventilation and weaning failure adversely affect the clinical outcome. How to better promote and achieve the early extubation is a very important subject. As a multi-dimensional monitoring method of important structure, function and morphology, critical care ultrasound which is helpful to improve our understanding and grasp of the core links in the respiratory circuit can comprehensively evaluate the state and reserve capacity of some important organs, such as the heart, lungs and diaphragm. It has great value in assessment of weaning and guided treatment. This paper will review the application of severe ultrasound in weaning.

Citation： WANG Shouping, YIN Wanhong, KANG Yan, ZHANG Zhongwei, ZOU Tongjuan, QIN Yao, ZENG Xueying. Application progress and prospect of critical care ultrasound in weaning process. West China Medical Journal, 2021, 36(11): 1608-1612. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202009182 Copy

1.	Maggiore SM, Battilana M, Serano L, et al. Ventilatory support after extubation in critically ill patients. Lancet Respir Med, 2018, 6(12): 948-962.
2.	Vignon P. Cardiovascular failure and weaning. Ann Transl Med, 2018, 6(18): 354.
3.	de Meirelles Almeida CA, Nedel WL, Morais VD, et al. Diastolic dysfunction as a predictor of weaning failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care, 2016, 34: 135-141.
4.	Routsi C, Stanopoulos I, Kokkoris S, et al. Weaning failure of cardiovascular origin: how to suspect, detect and treat-a review of the literature. Ann Intensive Care, 2019, 9(1): 6.
5.	Papanikolaou J, Makris D, Saranteas T, et al. New insights into weaning from mechanical ventilation: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is a key player. Intensive Care Med, 2011, 37(12): 1976-1985.
6.	Teboul JL. Weaning-induced cardiac dysfunction: where are we today?. Intensive Care Med, 2014, 40(8): 1069-1079.
7.	Vetrugno L, Guadagnin GM, Brussa A, et al. Mechanical ventilation weaning issues can be counted on the fingers of just one hand: part 1. Ultrasound J, 2020, 12(1): 9.
8.	Amarja H, Bhuvana K, Sriram S, et al. Prospective observational study on evaluation of cardiac dysfunction induced during the weaning process. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2019, 23(1): 15-19.
9.	Thille AW, Boissier F, Ben Ghezala H, et al. Risk factors for and prediction by caregivers of extubation failure in ICU patients: a prospective study. Crit Care Med, 2015, 43(3): 613-620.
10.	赵敏, 倪卫星, 郑永科, 等. 床旁多脏器联合超声在重症患者机械通气脱机风险评估中的应用价值. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2019, 16(2): 95-101.
11.	Arnaz A, Altun D. Monitoring left atrial pressure with a useful epidural catheter. Heart Surg Forum, 2018, 21(4): E250-E253.
12.	Cowie B, Kluger R, Rex S, et al. Noninvasive estimation of left atrial pressure with transesophageal echocardiography. Ann Card Anaesth, 2015, 18(3): 312-316.
13.	Nagy AI, Venkateshvaran A, Dash PK, et al. The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure accurately reflects both normal and elevated left atrial pressure. Am Heart J, 2014, 167(6): 876-883.
14.	Sugimoto T, Dohi K, Tanabe M, et al. Echocardiographic estimation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure using the combination of diastolic annular and mitral inflow velocities. J Echocardiogr, 2013, 11(1): 1-8.
15.	Zapata L, Vera P, Roglan A, et al. B-type natriuretic peptides for prediction and diagnosis of weaning failure from cardiac origin. Intensive Care Med, 2011, 37(3): 477-485.
16.	Dres M, Teboul JL, Anguel N, et al. Passive leg raising performed before a spontaneous breathing trial predicts weaning-induced cardiac dysfunction. Intensive Care Med, 2015, 41(3): 487-494.
17.	Dres M, Teboul JL, Monnet X, et al. Weaning the cardiac patient from mechanical ventilation. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2014, 20(5): 493-498.
18.	Vignon P, AitHssain A, François B, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in ventilated patients: a transesophageal study. Crit Care, 2008, 12(1): R18.
19.	Lamia B, Maizel J, Ochagavia A, et al. Echocardiographic diagnosis of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure elevation during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med, 2009, 37(5): 1696-1701.
20.	Moschietto S, Doyen D, Grech L, et al. Transthoracic echocardiography with Doppler tissue imaging predicts weaning failure from mechanical ventilation: evolution of the left ventricle relaxation rate during a spontaneous breathing trial is the key factor in weaning outcome. Crit Care, 2012, 16(3): R81.
21.	Upadya A, Tilluckdharry L, Muralidharan V, et al. Fluid balance and weaning outcomes. Intensive Care Med, 2005, 31(12): 1643-1647.
22.	Maezawa S, Kudo D, Miyagawa N, et al. Association of body weight change and fluid balance with extubation failure in intensive care unit patients: a single-center observational study. J Intensive Care Med, 2021, 36(2): 175-181.
23.	Ghosh S, Chawla A, Mishra K, et al. Cumulative fluid balance and outcome of extubation: a prospective observational study from a general intensive care unit. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2018, 22(11): 767-772.
24.	Tanaka A, Yamashita T, Koyama Y, et al. Predictors of successful extubation in reintubated patients: the impact of fluid balance during the 24 hours prior to extubation. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2019, 23(7): 344-345.
25.	Goudelin M, Champy P, Amiel JB, et al. Left ventricular overloading identifed by critical care echocardiography is key in weaning-induced pulmonary edema. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(7): 1371-1381.
26.	王小亭, 刘大为, 于凯江, 等. 中国重症超声专家共识. 临床荟萃, 2017, 32(5): 369-383.
27.	尹万红, 王小亭, 刘大为, 等. 重症超声临床应用技术规范. 中华内科杂志, 2018, 57(6): 397-417.
28.	Vignon P, Chastagner C, Berkane V, et al. Quantitative assessment of pleural effusion in critically ill patients by means of ultrasonography. Crit Care Med, 2005, 33(8): 1757-1763.
29.	Mayo P, Volpicelli G, Lerolle N, et al. Ultrasonography evaluation during the weaning process: the heart, the diaphragm, the pleura and the lung. Intensive Care Med, 2016, 42(7): 1107-1117.
30.	Vetrugno L, Bignami E, Orso D, et al. Utility of pleural effusion drainage in the ICU: an updated systematic review and META-analysis. J Crit Care, 2019, 52: 22-32.
31.	Dres M, Roux D, Pham T, et al. Prevalence and impact on weaning of pleural effusion at the time of liberation from mechanical ventilation: a multicenter prospective observational study. Anesthesiology, 2017, 126(6): 1107-1115.
32.	Rodriguez Lima DR, Yepes AF, Birchenall Jiménez CI, et al. Real-time ultrasound-guided thoracentesis in the intensive care unit: prevalence of mechanical complications. Ultrasound J, 2020, 12(1): 25.
33.	Mayo PH, Copetti R, Feller-Kopman D, et al. Thoracic ultrasonography: a narrative review. Intensive Care Med, 2019, 45(9): 1200-1211.
34.	Soummer A, Perbet S, Brisson H, et al. Ultrasound assessment of lung aeration loss during a successful weaning trial predicts postextubation distress^*. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(7): 2064-2072.
35.	Shoaeir M, Noeam KMA. Lung aeration loss as a predictor of reintubation using lung ultrasound in mechanically ventilated patients. Biolife, 2016, 4(3): 514-520.
36.	Llamas-Álvarez AM, Tenza-Lozano EM, Latour-Pérez J. Diaphragm and lung ultrasound to predict weaning outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest, 2017, 152(6): 1140-1150.
37.	Caille V, Amiel JB, Charron C, et al. Echocardiography: a help in the weaning process. Crit Care, 2010, 14(3): R120.
38.	Ferré A, Guillot M, Lichtenstein D, et al. Lung ultrasound allows the diagnosis of weaning-induced pulmonary oedema. Intensive Care Med, 2019, 45(5): 601-608.
39.	Banerjee A, Mehrotra G. Comparison of lung ultrasound-based weaning indices with rapid shallow breathing index: are they helpful?. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2018, 22(6): 435-440.
40.	Palkar A, Mayo P, Singh K, et al. Serial diaphragm ultrasonography to predict successful discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Lung, 2018, 196(3): 363-368.
41.	Palkar A, Narasimhan M, Greenberg H, et al. Diaphragm excursion-time index: a new parameter using ultrasonography to predict extubation outcome. Chest, 2018, 153(5): 1213-1220.
42.	Spadaro S, Grasso S, Mauri T, et al. Can diaphragmatic ultrasonography performed during the T-tube trial predict weaning failure? The role of diaphragmatic rapid shallow breathing index. Crit Care, 2016, 20(1): 305.
43.	Abbas A, Embarak S, Walaa M, et al. Role of diaphragmatic rapid shallow breathing index in predicting weaning outcome in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 1655-1661.
44.	Theerawit P, Eksombatchai D, Sutherasan Y, et al. Diaphragmatic parameters by ultrasonography for predicting weaning outcomes. BMC Pulm Med, 2018, 18(1): 175.
45.	龙玲, 赵浩天, 任珊, 等. 超声监测膈肌增厚率评价机械通气患者拔管结局. 中国医学影像技术, 2020, 36(4): 540-544.
46.	Tuinman PR, Jonkman AH, Dres M, et al. Respiratory muscle ultrasonography: methodology, basic and advanced principles and clinical applications in ICU and ED patients-a narrative review. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(4): 594-605.
47.	Zambon M, Greco M, Bocchino S, et al. Assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction in the critically ill patient with ultrasound: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med, 2017, 43(1): 29-38.
48.	Qian Z, Yang M, Li L, et al. Ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction as a predictor of weaning outcome from mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 2018, 8(9): e021189.
49.	Li C, Li X, Han H, et al. Diaphragmatic ultrasonography for predicting ventilator weaning: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(22): e10968.
50.	Valette X, Seguin A, Daubin C, et al. Diaphragmatic dysfunction at admission in intensive care unit: the value of diaphragmatic ultrasonography. Intensive Care Med, 2015, 41(3): 557-559.
51.	Kim WY, Suh HJ, Hong SB, et al. Diaphragm dysfunction assessed by ultrasonography: influence on weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med, 2011, 39(12): 2627-2630.
52.	Jiang JR, Tsai TH, Jerng JS, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of liver/spleen movements and extubation outcome. Chest, 2004, 126(1): 179-185.
53.	Blumhof S, Wheeler D, Thomas K, et al. Change in diaphragmatic thickness during the respiratory cycle predicts extubation success at various levels of pressure support ventilation. Lung, 2016, 194(4): 519-525.
54.	Umbrello M, Formenti P, Longhi D, et al. Diaphragm ultrasound as indicator of respiratory effort in critically ill patients undergoing assisted mechanical ventilation: a pilot clinical study. Crit Care, 2015, 19(1): 161.
55.	Prada G, Vieillard-Baron A, Martin AK, et al. Tracheal, lung, and diaphragmatic applications of m-mode ultrasonography in anesthesiology and critical care. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2021, 35(1): 310-322.
56.	Ali ER, Mohamad AM. Diaphragm ultrasound as a new functional and morphological index of outcome, prognosis and discontinuation from mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients and evaluating the possible protective indices against VIDD. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc, 2016, 66: 339-351.
57.	Hayat A, Khan A, Khalil A. Diaphragmatic excursion: does it predict successful weaning from mechanical ventilation?. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2017, 27(12): 743-746.
58.	刘丽霞, 苏丹, 胡振杰. 超声监测膈肌位移预测 ICU 机械通气患者撤机能力的临床研究. 中华内科杂志, 2017, 56(7): 495-499.
59.	Farghaly S, Hasan AA. Diaphragm ultrasound as a new method to predict extubation outcome in mechanically ventilated patients. Aust Crit Care, 2017, 30(1): 37-43.
60.	Osman AM, Hashim RM. Diaphragmatic and lung ultrasound application as new predictive indices for the weaning process in ICU patients. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med, 2017, 48(1): 61-66.
61.	Yoo JW, Lee SJ, Lee JD, et al. Comparison of clinical utility between diaphragm excursion and thickening change using ultrasonography to predict extubation success. Korean J Int Med, 2018, 33(2): 331-339.
62.	赵浩天, 何聪, 龙玲, 等. 膈肌超声对重症患者机械通气撤机的预测价值. 内科急危重症杂志, 2020, 26(3): 199-202.
63.	DiNino E, Gartman EJ, Sethi JM, et al. Diaphragm ultrasound as a predictor of successful extubation from mechanical ventilation. Thorax, 2014, 69(5): 423-427.
64.	Ferrari G, De Filippi G, Elia F, et al. Diaphragm ultrasound as a new index of discontinuation from mechanical ventilation. Crit Ultrasound J, 2014, 6(1): 8.
65.	Dres M, Goligher EC, Dubé BP, et al. Diaphragm function and weaning from mechanical ventilation: an ultrasound and phrenic nerve stimulation clinical study. Ann Intensive Care, 2018, 8(1): 53.
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1. Maggiore SM, Battilana M, Serano L, et al. Ventilatory support after extubation in critically ill patients. Lancet Respir Med, 2018, 6(12): 948-962.
2. Vignon P. Cardiovascular failure and weaning. Ann Transl Med, 2018, 6(18): 354.
3. de Meirelles Almeida CA, Nedel WL, Morais VD, et al. Diastolic dysfunction as a predictor of weaning failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care, 2016, 34: 135-141.
4. Routsi C, Stanopoulos I, Kokkoris S, et al. Weaning failure of cardiovascular origin: how to suspect, detect and treat-a review of the literature. Ann Intensive Care, 2019, 9(1): 6.
5. Papanikolaou J, Makris D, Saranteas T, et al. New insights into weaning from mechanical ventilation: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is a key player. Intensive Care Med, 2011, 37(12): 1976-1985.
6. Teboul JL. Weaning-induced cardiac dysfunction: where are we today?. Intensive Care Med, 2014, 40(8): 1069-1079.
7. Vetrugno L, Guadagnin GM, Brussa A, et al. Mechanical ventilation weaning issues can be counted on the fingers of just one hand: part 1. Ultrasound J, 2020, 12(1): 9.
8. Amarja H, Bhuvana K, Sriram S, et al. Prospective observational study on evaluation of cardiac dysfunction induced during the weaning process. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2019, 23(1): 15-19.
9. Thille AW, Boissier F, Ben Ghezala H, et al. Risk factors for and prediction by caregivers of extubation failure in ICU patients: a prospective study. Crit Care Med, 2015, 43(3): 613-620.
10. 赵敏, 倪卫星, 郑永科, 等. 床旁多脏器联合超声在重症患者机械通气脱机风险评估中的应用价值. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2019, 16(2): 95-101.
11. Arnaz A, Altun D. Monitoring left atrial pressure with a useful epidural catheter. Heart Surg Forum, 2018, 21(4): E250-E253.
12. Cowie B, Kluger R, Rex S, et al. Noninvasive estimation of left atrial pressure with transesophageal echocardiography. Ann Card Anaesth, 2015, 18(3): 312-316.
13. Nagy AI, Venkateshvaran A, Dash PK, et al. The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure accurately reflects both normal and elevated left atrial pressure. Am Heart J, 2014, 167(6): 876-883.
14. Sugimoto T, Dohi K, Tanabe M, et al. Echocardiographic estimation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure using the combination of diastolic annular and mitral inflow velocities. J Echocardiogr, 2013, 11(1): 1-8.
15. Zapata L, Vera P, Roglan A, et al. B-type natriuretic peptides for prediction and diagnosis of weaning failure from cardiac origin. Intensive Care Med, 2011, 37(3): 477-485.
16. Dres M, Teboul JL, Anguel N, et al. Passive leg raising performed before a spontaneous breathing trial predicts weaning-induced cardiac dysfunction. Intensive Care Med, 2015, 41(3): 487-494.
17. Dres M, Teboul JL, Monnet X, et al. Weaning the cardiac patient from mechanical ventilation. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2014, 20(5): 493-498.
18. Vignon P, AitHssain A, François B, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in ventilated patients: a transesophageal study. Crit Care, 2008, 12(1): R18.
19. Lamia B, Maizel J, Ochagavia A, et al. Echocardiographic diagnosis of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure elevation during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med, 2009, 37(5): 1696-1701.
20. Moschietto S, Doyen D, Grech L, et al. Transthoracic echocardiography with Doppler tissue imaging predicts weaning failure from mechanical ventilation: evolution of the left ventricle relaxation rate during a spontaneous breathing trial is the key factor in weaning outcome. Crit Care, 2012, 16(3): R81.
21. Upadya A, Tilluckdharry L, Muralidharan V, et al. Fluid balance and weaning outcomes. Intensive Care Med, 2005, 31(12): 1643-1647.
22. Maezawa S, Kudo D, Miyagawa N, et al. Association of body weight change and fluid balance with extubation failure in intensive care unit patients: a single-center observational study. J Intensive Care Med, 2021, 36(2): 175-181.
23. Ghosh S, Chawla A, Mishra K, et al. Cumulative fluid balance and outcome of extubation: a prospective observational study from a general intensive care unit. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2018, 22(11): 767-772.
24. Tanaka A, Yamashita T, Koyama Y, et al. Predictors of successful extubation in reintubated patients: the impact of fluid balance during the 24 hours prior to extubation. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2019, 23(7): 344-345.
25. Goudelin M, Champy P, Amiel JB, et al. Left ventricular overloading identifed by critical care echocardiography is key in weaning-induced pulmonary edema. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(7): 1371-1381.
26. 王小亭, 刘大为, 于凯江, 等. 中国重症超声专家共识. 临床荟萃, 2017, 32(5): 369-383.
27. 尹万红, 王小亭, 刘大为, 等. 重症超声临床应用技术规范. 中华内科杂志, 2018, 57(6): 397-417.
28. Vignon P, Chastagner C, Berkane V, et al. Quantitative assessment of pleural effusion in critically ill patients by means of ultrasonography. Crit Care Med, 2005, 33(8): 1757-1763.
29. Mayo P, Volpicelli G, Lerolle N, et al. Ultrasonography evaluation during the weaning process: the heart, the diaphragm, the pleura and the lung. Intensive Care Med, 2016, 42(7): 1107-1117.
30. Vetrugno L, Bignami E, Orso D, et al. Utility of pleural effusion drainage in the ICU: an updated systematic review and META-analysis. J Crit Care, 2019, 52: 22-32.
31. Dres M, Roux D, Pham T, et al. Prevalence and impact on weaning of pleural effusion at the time of liberation from mechanical ventilation: a multicenter prospective observational study. Anesthesiology, 2017, 126(6): 1107-1115.
32. Rodriguez Lima DR, Yepes AF, Birchenall Jiménez CI, et al. Real-time ultrasound-guided thoracentesis in the intensive care unit: prevalence of mechanical complications. Ultrasound J, 2020, 12(1): 25.
33. Mayo PH, Copetti R, Feller-Kopman D, et al. Thoracic ultrasonography: a narrative review. Intensive Care Med, 2019, 45(9): 1200-1211.
34. Soummer A, Perbet S, Brisson H, et al. Ultrasound assessment of lung aeration loss during a successful weaning trial predicts postextubation distress^*. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(7): 2064-2072.
35. Shoaeir M, Noeam KMA. Lung aeration loss as a predictor of reintubation using lung ultrasound in mechanically ventilated patients. Biolife, 2016, 4(3): 514-520.
36. Llamas-Álvarez AM, Tenza-Lozano EM, Latour-Pérez J. Diaphragm and lung ultrasound to predict weaning outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest, 2017, 152(6): 1140-1150.
37. Caille V, Amiel JB, Charron C, et al. Echocardiography: a help in the weaning process. Crit Care, 2010, 14(3): R120.
38. Ferré A, Guillot M, Lichtenstein D, et al. Lung ultrasound allows the diagnosis of weaning-induced pulmonary oedema. Intensive Care Med, 2019, 45(5): 601-608.
39. Banerjee A, Mehrotra G. Comparison of lung ultrasound-based weaning indices with rapid shallow breathing index: are they helpful?. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2018, 22(6): 435-440.
40. Palkar A, Mayo P, Singh K, et al. Serial diaphragm ultrasonography to predict successful discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Lung, 2018, 196(3): 363-368.
41. Palkar A, Narasimhan M, Greenberg H, et al. Diaphragm excursion-time index: a new parameter using ultrasonography to predict extubation outcome. Chest, 2018, 153(5): 1213-1220.
42. Spadaro S, Grasso S, Mauri T, et al. Can diaphragmatic ultrasonography performed during the T-tube trial predict weaning failure? The role of diaphragmatic rapid shallow breathing index. Crit Care, 2016, 20(1): 305.
43. Abbas A, Embarak S, Walaa M, et al. Role of diaphragmatic rapid shallow breathing index in predicting weaning outcome in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2018, 13: 1655-1661.
44. Theerawit P, Eksombatchai D, Sutherasan Y, et al. Diaphragmatic parameters by ultrasonography for predicting weaning outcomes. BMC Pulm Med, 2018, 18(1): 175.
45. 龙玲, 赵浩天, 任珊, 等. 超声监测膈肌增厚率评价机械通气患者拔管结局. 中国医学影像技术, 2020, 36(4): 540-544.
46. Tuinman PR, Jonkman AH, Dres M, et al. Respiratory muscle ultrasonography: methodology, basic and advanced principles and clinical applications in ICU and ED patients-a narrative review. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(4): 594-605.
47. Zambon M, Greco M, Bocchino S, et al. Assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction in the critically ill patient with ultrasound: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med, 2017, 43(1): 29-38.
48. Qian Z, Yang M, Li L, et al. Ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction as a predictor of weaning outcome from mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 2018, 8(9): e021189.
49. Li C, Li X, Han H, et al. Diaphragmatic ultrasonography for predicting ventilator weaning: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(22): e10968.
50. Valette X, Seguin A, Daubin C, et al. Diaphragmatic dysfunction at admission in intensive care unit: the value of diaphragmatic ultrasonography. Intensive Care Med, 2015, 41(3): 557-559.
51. Kim WY, Suh HJ, Hong SB, et al. Diaphragm dysfunction assessed by ultrasonography: influence on weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med, 2011, 39(12): 2627-2630.
52. Jiang JR, Tsai TH, Jerng JS, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of liver/spleen movements and extubation outcome. Chest, 2004, 126(1): 179-185.
53. Blumhof S, Wheeler D, Thomas K, et al. Change in diaphragmatic thickness during the respiratory cycle predicts extubation success at various levels of pressure support ventilation. Lung, 2016, 194(4): 519-525.
54. Umbrello M, Formenti P, Longhi D, et al. Diaphragm ultrasound as indicator of respiratory effort in critically ill patients undergoing assisted mechanical ventilation: a pilot clinical study. Crit Care, 2015, 19(1): 161.
55. Prada G, Vieillard-Baron A, Martin AK, et al. Tracheal, lung, and diaphragmatic applications of m-mode ultrasonography in anesthesiology and critical care. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2021, 35(1): 310-322.
56. Ali ER, Mohamad AM. Diaphragm ultrasound as a new functional and morphological index of outcome, prognosis and discontinuation from mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients and evaluating the possible protective indices against VIDD. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc, 2016, 66: 339-351.
57. Hayat A, Khan A, Khalil A. Diaphragmatic excursion: does it predict successful weaning from mechanical ventilation?. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2017, 27(12): 743-746.
58. 刘丽霞, 苏丹, 胡振杰. 超声监测膈肌位移预测 ICU 机械通气患者撤机能力的临床研究. 中华内科杂志, 2017, 56(7): 495-499.
59. Farghaly S, Hasan AA. Diaphragm ultrasound as a new method to predict extubation outcome in mechanically ventilated patients. Aust Crit Care, 2017, 30(1): 37-43.
60. Osman AM, Hashim RM. Diaphragmatic and lung ultrasound application as new predictive indices for the weaning process in ICU patients. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med, 2017, 48(1): 61-66.
61. Yoo JW, Lee SJ, Lee JD, et al. Comparison of clinical utility between diaphragm excursion and thickening change using ultrasonography to predict extubation success. Korean J Int Med, 2018, 33(2): 331-339.
62. 赵浩天, 何聪, 龙玲, 等. 膈肌超声对重症患者机械通气撤机的预测价值. 内科急危重症杂志, 2020, 26(3): 199-202.
63. DiNino E, Gartman EJ, Sethi JM, et al. Diaphragm ultrasound as a predictor of successful extubation from mechanical ventilation. Thorax, 2014, 69(5): 423-427.
64. Ferrari G, De Filippi G, Elia F, et al. Diaphragm ultrasound as a new index of discontinuation from mechanical ventilation. Crit Ultrasound J, 2014, 6(1): 8.
65. Dres M, Goligher EC, Dubé BP, et al. Diaphragm function and weaning from mechanical ventilation: an ultrasound and phrenic nerve stimulation clinical study. Ann Intensive Care, 2018, 8(1): 53.
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Application progress and prospect of critical care ultrasound in weaning process

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