Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cardiac implantable electronic device infection_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

 GE Maojun

Department of Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

GE Maojun, Email: maojun.ge@sgyy.cn

Keywords：

Cardiac implantable electronic devices; Infections; Epidemiology; Risk factors; Prevention

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202102001

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) is commonly used to treat arrhythmias. The amount of CIED implantation has increased year by year since its first application in 1958. At the same time, the CIED infection rate also increases significantly. Although the infection rate is very low for the primary implantation, the consequences of CIED infection are serious, and it is often necessary to remove the equipment for treatment. The mortality rate in patients with CIED infections is high, and the economic burden is huge. In this paper, the epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathogen, manifestations and diagnosis, risk factors, treatment and preventive measures of CIED infection were systematically described based on the recently published guidelines and international consensus literature, so as to provide theoretical guidance for the prevention of CIED infections.

Citation： GE Maojun. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cardiac implantable electronic device infection. West China Medical Journal, 2021, 36(3): 288-295. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202102001 Copy

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1. 来欣, 王晞. 心脏起搏器的临床应用进展. 疑难病杂志, 2014(11): 1197-1199.
2. Greenspon AJ, Patel JD, Lau E, et al. 16-year trends in the infection burden for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the United States 1993 to 2008. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011, 58(10): 1001-1006.
3. 王方正. 中国心脏起搏事业 40 年. 中华心律失常学杂志, 2005, 9(3): 166-171.
4. 华经产业研究院. 2020-2025 年中国心脏起搏器行业发展趋势预测及投资战略咨询报告. (2019-12-18)[2021-02-01]. https://www.huaon.com/story/494974.
5. Rahman R, Saba S, Bazaz R, et al. Infection and readmission rate of cardiac implantable electronic device insertions: an observational single center study. Am J Infect Control, 2016, 44(3): 278-282.
6. Polyzos KA, Konstantelias AA, Falagas ME. Risk factors for cardiac implantable electronic device infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace, 2015, 17(5): 767-777.
7. Eby EL, Bengtson LGS, Johnson MP, et al. Economic impact of cardiac implantable electronic device infections: cost analysis at one year in a large U.S. health insurer. J Med Econ, 2020, 23(7): 698-705.
8. Rennert-May E, Chew D, Lu S, et al. Epidemiology of cardiac implantable electronic device infections in the United States:a population-based cohort study. Heart Rhythm, 2020, 17(7): 1125-1131.
9. Dai M, Cai C, Vaibhav V, et al. Trends of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection in 3 decades: a population-based study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 2019, 5(9): 1071-1080.
10. Catanchin A, Murdock CJ, Athan E. Pacemaker infections: a 10-year experience. Heart Lung Circ, 2007, 16(6): 434-439.
11. Klug D, Balde M, Pavin D, et al. Risk factors related to infections of implanted pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: results ofa large prospective study. Circulation, 2007, 116(12): 1349-1355.
12. Nery PB, Fernandes R, Nair GM, et al. Device-related infection among patients with pacemakers and implantable defibrillators: incidence, risk factors, and consequences. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2010, 21(7): 786-790.
13. Olsen T, Jørgensen OD, Nielsen JC, et al. Incidence of device-related infection in 97 750 patients: clinical data from the complete Danish device-cohort (1982-2018). Eur Heart J, 2019, 40(23): 1862-1869.
14. Joy PS, Kumar G, Poole JE, et al. Cardiac implantable electronic device infections: Who is at greatest risk?. Heart Rhythm, 2017, 14(6): 839-845.
15. Voigt A, Shalaby A, Saba S. Continued rise in rates of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections in the United States: temporal trends and causative insights. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2010, 33(4): 414-419.
16. 俞章平, 余晗俏, 梁亚非, 等. 永久性心脏起搏器植入术患者感染因素分析. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2015(10): 2309-2311.
17. 方丹红, 吴高俊, 李海鹰, 等. 心脏植入电子装置感染的相关危险因素分析. 温州医科大学学报, 2014, 44(3): 193-196, 200.
18. 李畅, 董海蕴, 苏侃, 等. 心律植入装置感染相关危险因素分析. 诊断学理论与实践, 2015(2): 142-145.
19. 张鹏, 陈建辉, 马江敏. 永久性心脏起搏器植入患者围手术期抗菌药物应用效果分析. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2018, 28(12): 1846-1848.
20. 王小鹏, 何丽, 周铭, 等. 永久性心脏起搏器植入老年患者术后起搏器囊袋感染风险因素研究. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2019, 29(16): 2473-2477.
21. 潘冬梅, 吴湖兰, 黄丽娟. 永久性心脏起搏器植入患者术后感染的影响因素及其对策. 抗感染药学, 2018, 15(9): 1524-1526.
22. 罗军, 刘云兵. 永久性心脏起搏器植入患者术后囊袋感染的危险因素分析. 检验医学与临床, 2020, 17(20): 3033-3035.
23. Rizwan Sohail M, Henrikson CA, Jo Braid-Forbes M, et al. Increased long-term mortality in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2015, 38(2): 231-239.
24. Maytin M, Jones SO, Epstein LM. Long-term mortality after transvenous lead extraction. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 2012, 5(2): 252-257.
25. Da Costa A, Lelièvre H, Kirkorian G, et al. Role of the preaxillary flora in pacemaker infections: a prospective study. Circulation, 1998, 97(18): 1791-1795.
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West China Medical Journal

Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cardiac implantable electronic device infection

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