Review of clinical application and physiological mechanism of Kinesio taping_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

 CHEN Wenhua ^1,2

1. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China;
2. Department of Rehabilitation, School of International Medical Technology, Sanda University, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

CHEN Wenhua, Email: chen.wh@163.com

Keywords：

Kinesio taping; Clinical application; Physiological mechanism; Review

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202103312

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Kinesio taping is a technique which applies elastic patches on the body surface in a specific way to produce mechanical and neurophysiological effects, so as to support and protect the musculoskeletal system and improve the motor function of patients with various chronic musculoskeletal conditions. In addition, Kinesio taping has become popular among physiotherapists and showed certain clinical effect in the treatment of other fields such as neurological and pediatric rehabilitation in recent years, however its physiological mechanism is still unclear. This article puts forward some thinking and prospect on the basis of the review of clinical research and application of Kinesio taping, aiming to provide a reference for the research of clinical application and physiological mechanism of this technology.

Citation： CHEN Wenhua. Review of clinical application and physiological mechanism of Kinesio taping. West China Medical Journal, 2021, 36(5): 561-565. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202103312 Copy

1.	Kase K, Wallis J, Kase T. Clinical therapeutic applications of the Kinesio taping method. Tokyo, Japan: Ken I Kai Co Ltd, 2003: 12-17, 20-42.
2.	Kumbrink B. K taping: an illustrated guide. Berlin: Springer, 2014: 2-11, 14-32.
3.	陈文华, 余波. 软组织贴扎技术基础与实践: 肌内效贴实用诊疗技术图解. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2017: 1-6, 16-20, 48-58.
4.	吴威廷, 周立伟, 洪章仁. 肌能系贴扎术于临床医学的应用. 台北: 合记图书出版社, 2016: 1, 31-48, 127, 133.
5.	刘坤, 瞿强, 陈丽华, 等. 肌内效贴在中枢神经系统损伤康复中的应用现状. 广西医学, 2020, 42(2): 194-197.
6.	孙菲, 田树峰, 杨晨, 等. 肌内效贴在康复中的应用现状. 中国运动医学杂志, 2019, 38(3): 235-239.
7.	Rahlf AL, Braumann KM, Zech A. Kinesio taping improves perceptions of pain and function of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. J Sport Rehabil, 2019, 28(5): 481-487.
8.	Hayati M, Yazdi Z, Abbasi M. Comparison of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and knee Kinesio taping in early osteoarthritis pain: a randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2019, 23(3): 666-670.
9.	Abbasi S, Rojhani-Shirazi Z, Shokri E, et al. The effect of Kinesio taping on postural control in subjects with non-specific chronic low back pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2018, 22(2): 487-492.
10.	Kaplan Ş, Alpayci M, Karaman E, et al. Short-term effects of Kinesio taping in women with pregnancy-related low back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Med Sci Monit, 2016, 22: 1297-1301.
11.	Pourahmadi MR, Bagheri R, Jannati E, et al. Effect of elastic therapeutic taping on abdominal muscle endurance in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized, controlled, single-blind, crossover trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 2018, 41(7): 609-620.
12.	Morris D, Jones D, Ryan H, et al. The clinical effects of Kinesio^® Tex taping: a systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract, 2013, 29(4): 259-270.
13.	Huang YC, Chang KH, Liou TH, et al. Effects of Kinesio taping for stroke patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Rehabil Med, 2017, 49(3): 208-215.
14.	Strzalkowski ND, Triano JJ, Lam CK, et al. Thresholds of skin sensitivity are partially influenced by mechanical properties of the skin on the foot sole. Physiol Rep, 2015, 3(6): e12425.
15.	Lim EC, Tay MG. Kinesio taping in musculoskeletal pain and disability that lasts for more than 4 weeks: is it time to peel off the tape and throw it out with the sweat? A systematic review with meta-analysis focused on pain and also methods of tape application. Br J Sports Med, 2015, 49(24): 1558-1566.
16.	Benias PC, Wells RG, Sackey-Aboagye B, et al. Structure and distribution of an unrecognized interstitium in human tissues. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 4947.
17.	Cimino SR, Beaudette SM, Brown S. Kinesio taping influences the mechanical behaviour of the skin of the low back: a possible pathway for functionally relevant effects. J Biomech, 2018, 67(67): 150-156.
18.	Mak DN, Au IP, Chan M, et al. Placebo effect of facilitatory Kinesio tape on muscle activity and muscle strength. Physiother Theory Pract, 2018, 35(2): 157-162.
19.	Cheung RT, Yau QK, Wong K, et al. Kinesiology tape does not promote vertical jumping performance: a deceptive crossover trial. Man Ther, 2016, 21: 89-93.
20.	Poon KY, Li SM, Roper MG, et al. Kinesiology tape does not facilitate muscle performance: a deceptive controlled trial. Man Ther, 2015, 20(1): 130-133.
21.	Kaya ME, Mustafaoglu R, Birinci T, et al. Does Kinesio taping of the knee improve pain and functionality in patients with knee osteoarthritis? A randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2017, 96(1): 25-33.
22.	Jongbloed L, van Twist D, Swart N. Kinesio taping improves pain, range of motion, and proprioception in older patients with knee osteoarthritis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2016, 95(1): e7.
23.	Gulpinar D, Tekeli OS, Yesilyaprak SS. Effects of rigid and Kinesio taping on shoulder rotation motions, posterior shoulder tightness, and posture in overhead athletes: a randomized controlled trial. J Sport Rehabil, 2019, 28(3): 256-265.
24.	Preece H, White P. Does kinesiology tape increase trunk forward flexion?. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2017, 21(3): 618-625.
25.	宋辉, 徐昕. 肌内效贴在运动损伤康复及预防中的作用. 中国康复理论与实践, 2019, 25(1): 64-69.
26.	Ozmen T, Aydogmus M, Dogan H, et al. The effect of Kinesio taping on muscle pain, sprint performance, and flexibility in recovery from squat exercise in young adult women. J Sport Rehabil, 2016, 25(1): 7-12.
27.	Santamato A, Micello MF, Panza F, et al. Adhesive taping vs. daily manual muscle stretching and splinting after botulinum toxin type A injection for wrist and fingers spastic overactivity in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 2015, 29(1): 50-58.
28.	Ekiz T, Aslan MD, Özgirgin N. Effects of Kinesio tape application to quadriceps muscles on isokinetic muscle strength, gait, and functional parameters in patients with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev, 2015, 52(3): 323-331.
29.	Choi IR, Lee JH. The effect of the application direction of the kinesiology tape on the strength of fatigued quadriceps muscles in athletes. Res Sports Med, 2019, 27(1): 1-10.
30.	Yeung SS, Yeung EW, Sakunkaruna Y, et al. Acute effects of Kinesio taping on knee extensor peak torque and electromyographic activity after exhaustive isometric knee extension in healthy young adults. Clin J Sport Med, 2015, 25(3): 284-290.
31.	Kuo YH. Effects of the application direction of Kinesio taping on isometric muscle strength of the wrist and fingers of healthy adults-a pilot study. J Phys Ther Sci, 2013, 25(3): 287-291.
32.	Chang WD, Chen FC, Lee CL, et al. Effects of Kinesio taping versus McConnell taping for patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015, 2015: 471208.
33.	Woźniak-Czekierda W, Woźniak K, Hadamus A, et al. Use of kinesiology taping in rehabilitation after knee arthroplasty: a randomised clinical study. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil, 2017, 19(5): 461-468.
34.	Bischoff L, Babisch C, Babisch J, et al. Effects on proprioception by Kinesio taping of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2018, 28(6): 1157-1164.
35.	Chang HY, Wang CH, Chou KY, et al. Could forearm Kinesio taping improve strength, force sense, and pain in baseball pitchers with medial epicondylitis?. Clin J Sport Med, 2012, 22(4): 327-333.
36.	Aguilar-Ferrándiz ME, Castro-Sánchez AM, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, et al. Effects of Kinesio taping on venous symptoms, bioelectrical activity of the gastrocnemius muscle, range of ankle motion, and quality of life in postmenopausal women with chronic venous insufficiency: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2013, 94(12): 2315-2328.
37.	Aguilar-Ferrándiz ME, Castro-Sánchez AM, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a mixed Kinesio taping-compression technique on venous symptoms, pain, peripheral venous flow, clinical severity and overall health status in postmenopausal women with chronic venous insufficiency. Clin Rehabil, 2014, 28(1): 69-81.
38.	Lietz-Kijak D, Kijak E, Krajczy M, et al. The impact of the use of Kinesio taping method on the reduction of swelling in patients after orthognathic surgery: a pilot study. Med Sci Monit, 2018, 24: 3736-3743.
39.	Akbas E, Atay AO, Yuksel I. The effects of additional Kinesio taping over exercise in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2011, 45(5): 335-341.
40.	Shamsoddini A, Hollisaz MT. Effects of taping on pain, grip strength and wrist extension force in patients with tennis elbow. Trauma Mon, 2013, 18(2): 71-74.
41.	Wang Y, Gu Y, Chen J, et al. Kinesio taping is superior to other taping methods in ankle functional performance improvement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil, 2018, 32(11): 1472-1481.
42.	Elbasan B, Akaya KU, Akyuz M, et al. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and Kinesio taping applications in children with cerebral palsy on postural control and sitting balance. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 2018, 31(1): 49-55.
43.	Karabay İ, Doğan A, Ekiz T, et al. Training postural control and sitting in children with cerebral palsy: Kinesio taping vs. neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2016, 24: 67-72. d.
44.	Hadamus A, Grabowicz M, Wąsowski P, et al. Assessment of the impact of kinesiology taping application versus placebo taping on the knee joint position sense. Preliminary report. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil, 2018, 20(2): 139-148.
45.	Toprak Celenay S, Ozer Kaya D. Immediate effects of Kinesio taping on pain and postural stability in patients with chronic low back pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2019, 23(1): 206-210.
46.	Hazar KZ, Citaker S, Yilmaz DC, et al. Effects of Kinesio taping on the relief of delayed onset muscle soreness: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Sport Rehabil, 2019, 28(8): 781-786.
47.	Kurt EE, Büyükturan Ö, Erdem HR, et al. Short-term effects of Kinesio tape on joint position sense, isokinetic measurements, and clinical parameters in patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Phys Ther Sci, 2016, 28(7): 2034-2040.
48.	Shirazi SA, Haghighi FM, Alavi SM, et al. Is application of Kinesio tape to treat hyperlordosis more effective on abdominal muscles or hamstrings?. J Res Med Sci, 2018, 23: 9.
49.	Rajasekar S, Kumar A, Patel J, et al. Does Kinesio taping correct exaggerated dynamic knee valgus? A randomized double blinded sham-controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2018, 22(3): 727-732.
50.	Aydoğdu O, Sari Z, Yurdalan SU, et al. Clinical outcomes of Kinesio taping applied in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 2017, 30(5): 1045-1051.
51.	Choi IR, Lee JH. Effect of kinesiology tape application direction on quadriceps strength. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(24): e11038.
52.	Magalhães IEJ, Mezzarane RA, Carregaro RL. Therapeutic elastic tapes applied in different directions over the triceps surae do not modulate reflex excitability of the soleus muscle. J Sport Rehabil, 2020: 1-8.
53.	余波, 祁奇, 陈文华, 等. 不同贴扎方式肌内效贴的回缩力特征及其改变皮下间隙的临床研究. 中国康复医学杂志, 2016, 31(3): 296-300.

1. Kase K, Wallis J, Kase T. Clinical therapeutic applications of the Kinesio taping method. Tokyo, Japan: Ken I Kai Co Ltd, 2003: 12-17, 20-42.
2. Kumbrink B. K taping: an illustrated guide. Berlin: Springer, 2014: 2-11, 14-32.
3. 陈文华, 余波. 软组织贴扎技术基础与实践: 肌内效贴实用诊疗技术图解. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2017: 1-6, 16-20, 48-58.
4. 吴威廷, 周立伟, 洪章仁. 肌能系贴扎术于临床医学的应用. 台北: 合记图书出版社, 2016: 1, 31-48, 127, 133.
5. 刘坤, 瞿强, 陈丽华, 等. 肌内效贴在中枢神经系统损伤康复中的应用现状. 广西医学, 2020, 42(2): 194-197.
6. 孙菲, 田树峰, 杨晨, 等. 肌内效贴在康复中的应用现状. 中国运动医学杂志, 2019, 38(3): 235-239.
7. Rahlf AL, Braumann KM, Zech A. Kinesio taping improves perceptions of pain and function of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. J Sport Rehabil, 2019, 28(5): 481-487.
8. Hayati M, Yazdi Z, Abbasi M. Comparison of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and knee Kinesio taping in early osteoarthritis pain: a randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2019, 23(3): 666-670.
9. Abbasi S, Rojhani-Shirazi Z, Shokri E, et al. The effect of Kinesio taping on postural control in subjects with non-specific chronic low back pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2018, 22(2): 487-492.
10. Kaplan Ş, Alpayci M, Karaman E, et al. Short-term effects of Kinesio taping in women with pregnancy-related low back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Med Sci Monit, 2016, 22: 1297-1301.
11. Pourahmadi MR, Bagheri R, Jannati E, et al. Effect of elastic therapeutic taping on abdominal muscle endurance in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized, controlled, single-blind, crossover trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 2018, 41(7): 609-620.
12. Morris D, Jones D, Ryan H, et al. The clinical effects of Kinesio^® Tex taping: a systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract, 2013, 29(4): 259-270.
13. Huang YC, Chang KH, Liou TH, et al. Effects of Kinesio taping for stroke patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Rehabil Med, 2017, 49(3): 208-215.
14. Strzalkowski ND, Triano JJ, Lam CK, et al. Thresholds of skin sensitivity are partially influenced by mechanical properties of the skin on the foot sole. Physiol Rep, 2015, 3(6): e12425.
15. Lim EC, Tay MG. Kinesio taping in musculoskeletal pain and disability that lasts for more than 4 weeks: is it time to peel off the tape and throw it out with the sweat? A systematic review with meta-analysis focused on pain and also methods of tape application. Br J Sports Med, 2015, 49(24): 1558-1566.
16. Benias PC, Wells RG, Sackey-Aboagye B, et al. Structure and distribution of an unrecognized interstitium in human tissues. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 4947.
17. Cimino SR, Beaudette SM, Brown S. Kinesio taping influences the mechanical behaviour of the skin of the low back: a possible pathway for functionally relevant effects. J Biomech, 2018, 67(67): 150-156.
18. Mak DN, Au IP, Chan M, et al. Placebo effect of facilitatory Kinesio tape on muscle activity and muscle strength. Physiother Theory Pract, 2018, 35(2): 157-162.
19. Cheung RT, Yau QK, Wong K, et al. Kinesiology tape does not promote vertical jumping performance: a deceptive crossover trial. Man Ther, 2016, 21: 89-93.
20. Poon KY, Li SM, Roper MG, et al. Kinesiology tape does not facilitate muscle performance: a deceptive controlled trial. Man Ther, 2015, 20(1): 130-133.
21. Kaya ME, Mustafaoglu R, Birinci T, et al. Does Kinesio taping of the knee improve pain and functionality in patients with knee osteoarthritis? A randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2017, 96(1): 25-33.
22. Jongbloed L, van Twist D, Swart N. Kinesio taping improves pain, range of motion, and proprioception in older patients with knee osteoarthritis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2016, 95(1): e7.
23. Gulpinar D, Tekeli OS, Yesilyaprak SS. Effects of rigid and Kinesio taping on shoulder rotation motions, posterior shoulder tightness, and posture in overhead athletes: a randomized controlled trial. J Sport Rehabil, 2019, 28(3): 256-265.
24. Preece H, White P. Does kinesiology tape increase trunk forward flexion?. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2017, 21(3): 618-625.
25. 宋辉, 徐昕. 肌内效贴在运动损伤康复及预防中的作用. 中国康复理论与实践, 2019, 25(1): 64-69.
26. Ozmen T, Aydogmus M, Dogan H, et al. The effect of Kinesio taping on muscle pain, sprint performance, and flexibility in recovery from squat exercise in young adult women. J Sport Rehabil, 2016, 25(1): 7-12.
27. Santamato A, Micello MF, Panza F, et al. Adhesive taping vs. daily manual muscle stretching and splinting after botulinum toxin type A injection for wrist and fingers spastic overactivity in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 2015, 29(1): 50-58.
28. Ekiz T, Aslan MD, Özgirgin N. Effects of Kinesio tape application to quadriceps muscles on isokinetic muscle strength, gait, and functional parameters in patients with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev, 2015, 52(3): 323-331.
29. Choi IR, Lee JH. The effect of the application direction of the kinesiology tape on the strength of fatigued quadriceps muscles in athletes. Res Sports Med, 2019, 27(1): 1-10.
30. Yeung SS, Yeung EW, Sakunkaruna Y, et al. Acute effects of Kinesio taping on knee extensor peak torque and electromyographic activity after exhaustive isometric knee extension in healthy young adults. Clin J Sport Med, 2015, 25(3): 284-290.
31. Kuo YH. Effects of the application direction of Kinesio taping on isometric muscle strength of the wrist and fingers of healthy adults-a pilot study. J Phys Ther Sci, 2013, 25(3): 287-291.
32. Chang WD, Chen FC, Lee CL, et al. Effects of Kinesio taping versus McConnell taping for patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015, 2015: 471208.
33. Woźniak-Czekierda W, Woźniak K, Hadamus A, et al. Use of kinesiology taping in rehabilitation after knee arthroplasty: a randomised clinical study. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil, 2017, 19(5): 461-468.
34. Bischoff L, Babisch C, Babisch J, et al. Effects on proprioception by Kinesio taping of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2018, 28(6): 1157-1164.
35. Chang HY, Wang CH, Chou KY, et al. Could forearm Kinesio taping improve strength, force sense, and pain in baseball pitchers with medial epicondylitis?. Clin J Sport Med, 2012, 22(4): 327-333.
36. Aguilar-Ferrándiz ME, Castro-Sánchez AM, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, et al. Effects of Kinesio taping on venous symptoms, bioelectrical activity of the gastrocnemius muscle, range of ankle motion, and quality of life in postmenopausal women with chronic venous insufficiency: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2013, 94(12): 2315-2328.
37. Aguilar-Ferrándiz ME, Castro-Sánchez AM, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a mixed Kinesio taping-compression technique on venous symptoms, pain, peripheral venous flow, clinical severity and overall health status in postmenopausal women with chronic venous insufficiency. Clin Rehabil, 2014, 28(1): 69-81.
38. Lietz-Kijak D, Kijak E, Krajczy M, et al. The impact of the use of Kinesio taping method on the reduction of swelling in patients after orthognathic surgery: a pilot study. Med Sci Monit, 2018, 24: 3736-3743.
39. Akbas E, Atay AO, Yuksel I. The effects of additional Kinesio taping over exercise in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2011, 45(5): 335-341.
40. Shamsoddini A, Hollisaz MT. Effects of taping on pain, grip strength and wrist extension force in patients with tennis elbow. Trauma Mon, 2013, 18(2): 71-74.
41. Wang Y, Gu Y, Chen J, et al. Kinesio taping is superior to other taping methods in ankle functional performance improvement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil, 2018, 32(11): 1472-1481.
42. Elbasan B, Akaya KU, Akyuz M, et al. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and Kinesio taping applications in children with cerebral palsy on postural control and sitting balance. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 2018, 31(1): 49-55.
43. Karabay İ, Doğan A, Ekiz T, et al. Training postural control and sitting in children with cerebral palsy: Kinesio taping vs. neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2016, 24: 67-72. d.
44. Hadamus A, Grabowicz M, Wąsowski P, et al. Assessment of the impact of kinesiology taping application versus placebo taping on the knee joint position sense. Preliminary report. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil, 2018, 20(2): 139-148.
45. Toprak Celenay S, Ozer Kaya D. Immediate effects of Kinesio taping on pain and postural stability in patients with chronic low back pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2019, 23(1): 206-210.
46. Hazar KZ, Citaker S, Yilmaz DC, et al. Effects of Kinesio taping on the relief of delayed onset muscle soreness: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Sport Rehabil, 2019, 28(8): 781-786.
47. Kurt EE, Büyükturan Ö, Erdem HR, et al. Short-term effects of Kinesio tape on joint position sense, isokinetic measurements, and clinical parameters in patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Phys Ther Sci, 2016, 28(7): 2034-2040.
48. Shirazi SA, Haghighi FM, Alavi SM, et al. Is application of Kinesio tape to treat hyperlordosis more effective on abdominal muscles or hamstrings?. J Res Med Sci, 2018, 23: 9.
49. Rajasekar S, Kumar A, Patel J, et al. Does Kinesio taping correct exaggerated dynamic knee valgus? A randomized double blinded sham-controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2018, 22(3): 727-732.
50. Aydoğdu O, Sari Z, Yurdalan SU, et al. Clinical outcomes of Kinesio taping applied in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 2017, 30(5): 1045-1051.
51. Choi IR, Lee JH. Effect of kinesiology tape application direction on quadriceps strength. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(24): e11038.
52. Magalhães IEJ, Mezzarane RA, Carregaro RL. Therapeutic elastic tapes applied in different directions over the triceps surae do not modulate reflex excitability of the soleus muscle. J Sport Rehabil, 2020: 1-8.
53. 余波, 祁奇, 陈文华, 等. 不同贴扎方式肌内效贴的回缩力特征及其改变皮下间隙的临床研究. 中国康复医学杂志, 2016, 31(3): 296-300.

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