Review of research on minimally invasive surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

YANG Jingfei , JING Jie ,  PAN Chao ,  TANG Zhouping

Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

PAN Chao, Email: punctualpc@163.com; TANG Zhouping, Email: ddjtzp@163.com

Keywords：

Intracerebral hemorrhage; Hematoma clearance; Minimally invasive surgery; Stereotactic; Endoscope-assisted technique

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202105002

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

The incidence, mortality, and disability rate of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) are high, and its surgical and medical treatment is still controversial. With the development of micro-neurosurgical technology, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has made great progress in the treatment of SICH. It can remove intracerebral hematoma in the early stage after SICH and minimize or eliminate secondary brain injury, which is of great significance to reducing the mortality and disability rate. For many years, due to its continuous progress, MIS has been more and more widely used in the treatment of SICH. This article mainly reviews the progress of MIS in SICH and related clinical research at home and abroad, and briefly describes several innovative techniques related to MIS, which aims to promote the exchange of clinical experience in MIS of SICH.

Citation： YANG Jingfei, JING Jie, PAN Chao, TANG Zhouping. Review of research on minimally invasive surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage. West China Medical Journal, 2021, 36(6): 714-720. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202105002 Copy

1.	de Oliveira Manoel AL, Goffi A, Zampieri FG, et al. The critical care management of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage: a contemporary review. Crit Care, 2016, 20: 272.
2.	Qureshi A, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP, et al. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med, 2001, 344(19): 1450-1460.
3.	Qureshi AI, Mendelow AD, Hanley DF. Intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet, 2009, 373(9675): 1632-1644.
4.	Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, et al. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol, 2009, 8(4): 355-369.
5.	Wu SM, Wu B, Liu M, et al. Stroke in China: advances and challenges in epidemiology, prevention, and management. Lancet Neurol, 2019, 18(4): 394-405.
6.	Vitt JR, Sun CH, Le Roux PD, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2020, 26(2): 129-136.
7.	Hannah TC, Kellner R, Kellner CP. Minimally invasive intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation techniques: a review. Diagnostics (Basel), 2021, 11(3): 576.
8.	Cao Y, Yu S, Zhang Q, et al. Chinese stroke association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: executive summary and 2019 update of clinical management of intracerebral haemorrhage. Stroke Vasc Neurol, 2020, 5(4): 396-402.
9.	Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 2015, 46(7): 2032-2060.
10.	Browder EJ, Corradini EW. Surgical treatment of intracerebral hematomas. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry, 1951, 65(1): 112-117.
11.	Backlund EO, Von Holst H. Controlled subtotal evacuation of intracerebral haematomas by stereotactic technique. Surg Neurol, 1978, 9(2): 99-101.
12.	Auer LM, Ascher PW, Heppner F, et al. Does acute endoscopic evacuation improve the outcome of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage?. Eur Neurol, 1985, 24(4): 254-261.
13.	Doi E, Moriwaki H, Komai N, et al. Stereotactic evacuation of intracerebral hematomas. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 1982, 22(6): 461-467.
14.	Samadani U, Rohde V. A review of stereotaxy and lysis for intracranial hemorrhage. Neurosurg Rev, 2009, 32(1): 15-21.
15.	Narayan RK, Narayan TM, Katz D, et al. Lysis of intracranial hematomas with urokinase in a rabbit model. J Neurosurg, 1985, 62(4): 580-586.
16.	Pang D, Sclabassi RJ, Horton JA. Lysis of intraventricular blood clot with urokinase in a canine model: Part 3. Effects of intraventricular urokinase on clot lysis and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery, 1986, 19(4): 553-572.
17.	Aydin IH, Takçi E, Kadioglu HH, et al. The effect of urokinase on experimental intracerebral haematomas. Zentralbl Neurochir, 1994, 55(1): 29-34.
18.	Pang D, Sclabassi RJ, Horton JA. Lysis of intraventricular blood clot with urokinase in a canine model: Part 2. In vivo safety study of intraventricular urokinase. Neurosurgery, 1986, 19(4): 547-552.
19.	Mohadjer M, Braus DF, Myers A, et al. CT-stereotactic fibrinolysis of spontaneous intracerebral hematomas. Neurosurg Rev, 1992, 15(2): 105-110.
20.	Niizuma H, Otsuki T, Johkura H, et al. CT-guided stereotactic aspiration of intracerebral hematoma--result of a hematoma-lysis method using urokinase. Appl Neurophysiol, 1985, 48(1/2/3/4/5/6): 427-430.
21.	Gates J, Hartnell GG. When urokinase was gone: commentary on another year of thrombolysis without urokinase. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2004, 15(1 Pt 1): 1-5.
22.	Findlay JM, Weir BK, Stollery DE. Lysis of intraventricular hematoma with tissue plasminogen activator. Case report. J Neurosurg, 1991, 74(5): 803-807.
23.	Findlay JM, Weir BK, Kassell NF, et al. Intracisternal recombinant tissue plasminogen activator after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg, 1991, 75(2): 181-188.
24.	Findlay JM, Grace MG, Weir BK. Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with tissue plasminogen activator. Neurosurgery, 1993, 32(6): 941-947.
25.	Ohman J, Servo A, Heiskanen O. Effect of intrathecal fibrinolytic therapy on clot lysis and vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg, 1991, 75(2): 197-201.
26.	Rohde V, Schaller C, Hassler WE. Intraventricular recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for lysis of intraventricular haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1995, 58(4): 447-451.
27.	Lippitz BE, Mayfrank L, Spetzger U, et al. Lysis of basal ganglia haematoma with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) after stereotactic aspiration: initial results. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 1994, 127(3/4): 157-160.
28.	Montes JM, Wong JH, Fayad PB, et al. Stereotactic computed tomographic-guided aspiration and thrombolysis of intracerebral hematoma: protocol and preliminary experience. Stroke, 2000, 31(4): 834-840.
29.	Teernstra OP, Evers SM, Lodder J, et al. Stereotactic treatment of intracerebral hematoma by means of a plasminogen activator: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (SICHPA). Stroke, 2003, 34(4): 968-974.
30.	Morgan T, Zuccarello M, Narayan R, et al. Preliminary findings of the minimally-invasive surgery plus rtPA for intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE) clinical trial. Acta Neurochir Suppl, 2008, 105: 147-151.
31.	Hanley DF, Thompson RE, Muschelli J, et al. Safety and efficacy of minimally invasive surgery plus alteplase in intracerebral haemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol, 2016, 15(12): 1228-1237.
32.	Mould WA, Carhuapoma JR, Muschelli J, et al. Minimally invasive surgery plus recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation decreases perihematomal edema. Stroke, 2013, 44(3): 627-634.
33.	Hanley DF, Thompson RE, Rosenblum M, et al. Efficacy and safety of minimally invasive surgery with thrombolysis in intracerebral haemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE III): a randomised, controlled, open-label, blinded endpoint phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2019, 393(10175): 1021-1032.
34.	Al-Shahi Salman R, Klijn CJM, Selim M. Minimally invasive surgery plus alteplase for intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet, 2019, 393(10175): 965-967.
35.	Awad I, Polster SP, Carrión-Penagos J, et al. Surgical performance determines functional outcome benefit in the minimally invasive surgery plus recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE) procedure. Neurosurgery, 2019, 84(6): 1157-1168.
36.	Zhou X, Chen J, Li Q, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke, 2012, 43(11): 2923-2930.
37.	Gregson B, Rowan EN, Mendelow AD. Letter to the editor by Gregson et al regarding article, "minimally invasive surgery for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Stroke, 2013, 44(5): e45.
38.	Wang JW, Li JP, Song YL, et al. Stereotactic aspiration versus craniotomy for primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One, 2014, 9(9): e107614.
39.	Scaggiante J, Zhang X, Mocco J, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke, 2018, 49(11): 2612-2620.
40.	Shi J, Cai Z, Han W, et al. Stereotactic catheter drainage versus conventional craniotomy for severe spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in the basal ganglia. Cell Transplant, 2019, 28(8): 1025-1032.
41.	Li L, Li ZH, Li YQ, et al. Surgical evacuation of spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage: comparison of safety and efficacy of suboccipital craniotomy, stereotactic aspiration, and thrombolysis and endoscopic surgery. World Neurosurg, 2018, 117: e90-e98.
42.	Wang WZ, Jiang B, Liu HM, et al. Minimally invasive craniopuncture therapy vs. conservative treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: results from a randomized clinical trial in China. Int J Stroke, 2009, 4(1): 11-16.
43.	Sun H, Liu H, Li D, et al. An effective treatment for cerebral hemorrhage: minimally invasive craniopuncture combined with urokinase infusion therapy. Neurol Res, 2010, 32(4): 371-377.
44.	Zhou H, Zhang Y, Liu L, et al. A prospective controlled study: minimally invasive stereotactic puncture therapy versus conventional craniotomy in the treatment of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. BMC Neurol, 2011, 11: 76.
45.	Pan J, Chartrain AG, Scaggiante J, et al. A compendium of modern minimally invasive intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation techniques. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown), 2020, 18(6): 710-720.
46.	Xu X, Chen X, Li F, et al. Effectiveness of endoscopic surgery for supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: a comparison with craniotomy. J Neurosurg, 2018, 128(2): 553-559.
47.	Li Y, Yang R, Li Z, et al. Surgical evacuation of spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral hemorrhage: comparison of safety and efficacy of stereotactic aspiration, endoscopic surgery, and craniotomy. World Neurosurg, 2017, 105: 332-340.
48.	Vespa P, Hanley D, Betz J, et al. ICES (intraoperative stereotactic computed tomography-guided endoscopic surgery) for brain hemorrhage: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Stroke, 2016, 47(11): 2749-2755.
49.	Wang WH, Hung YC, Hsu SP, et al. Endoscopic hematoma evacuation in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. J Chin Med Assoc, 2015, 78(2): 101-107.
50.	Cai Q, Zhang HP, Zhao D, et al. Analysis of three surgical treatments for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(43): e8435.
51.	Li ZH, Li YQ, Xu FF, et al. Minimal invasive puncture and drainage versus endoscopic surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2017, 13: 213-219.
52.	Guo G, Pan C, Guo W, et al. Efficacy and safety of four interventions for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a network meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg, 2020, 12(6): 598-604.
53.	Spiotta AM, Fiorella D, Vargas J, et al. Initial multicenter technical experience with the Apollo device for minimally invasive intracerebral hematoma evacuation. Neurosurgery, 2015, 11(Suppl 2): 243-251.
54.	Fiorella D, Gutman F, Woo H, et al. Minimally invasive evacuation of parenchymal and ventricular hemorrhage using the Apollo system with simultaneous neuronavigation, neuroendoscopy and active monitoring with cone beam CT. J Neurointerv Surg, 2015, 7(10): 752-757.
55.	Zhang J, Cheng H, Zhou S, et al. 3D-printed model-guided endoscopic evacuation for basal ganglia hemorrhage. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 5196.
56.	Wang Q, Guo W, Liu Y, et al. Application of a 3D-printed navigation mold in puncture drainage for brainstem hemorrhage. J Surg Res, 2020, 245: 99-106.
57.	Cho SH, Kim SH, Choi BY, et al. Motor outcome according to diffusion tensor tractography findings in the early stage of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosci Lett, 2007, 421(2): 142-146.
58.	Yoshioka H, Horikoshi T, Aoki S, et al. Diffusion tensor tractography predicts motor functional outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 2008, 62(1): 97-103.
59.	Wu G, Wang L, Hong Z, et al. Effects of minimally invasive techniques for evacuation of hematoma in basal ganglia on cortical spinal tract from patients with spontaneous hemorrhage: observed by diffusion tensor imaging. Neurol Res, 2010, 32(10): 1103-1109.
60.	Qiu SL, Liu T, Cao GH, et al. Treatment of intracranial hemorrhage with neuroendoscopy guided by body surface projection. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(19): e15503.

1. de Oliveira Manoel AL, Goffi A, Zampieri FG, et al. The critical care management of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage: a contemporary review. Crit Care, 2016, 20: 272.
2. Qureshi A, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP, et al. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med, 2001, 344(19): 1450-1460.
3. Qureshi AI, Mendelow AD, Hanley DF. Intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet, 2009, 373(9675): 1632-1644.
4. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, et al. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol, 2009, 8(4): 355-369.
5. Wu SM, Wu B, Liu M, et al. Stroke in China: advances and challenges in epidemiology, prevention, and management. Lancet Neurol, 2019, 18(4): 394-405.
6. Vitt JR, Sun CH, Le Roux PD, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2020, 26(2): 129-136.
7. Hannah TC, Kellner R, Kellner CP. Minimally invasive intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation techniques: a review. Diagnostics (Basel), 2021, 11(3): 576.
8. Cao Y, Yu S, Zhang Q, et al. Chinese stroke association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: executive summary and 2019 update of clinical management of intracerebral haemorrhage. Stroke Vasc Neurol, 2020, 5(4): 396-402.
9. Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 2015, 46(7): 2032-2060.
10. Browder EJ, Corradini EW. Surgical treatment of intracerebral hematomas. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry, 1951, 65(1): 112-117.
11. Backlund EO, Von Holst H. Controlled subtotal evacuation of intracerebral haematomas by stereotactic technique. Surg Neurol, 1978, 9(2): 99-101.
12. Auer LM, Ascher PW, Heppner F, et al. Does acute endoscopic evacuation improve the outcome of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage?. Eur Neurol, 1985, 24(4): 254-261.
13. Doi E, Moriwaki H, Komai N, et al. Stereotactic evacuation of intracerebral hematomas. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 1982, 22(6): 461-467.
14. Samadani U, Rohde V. A review of stereotaxy and lysis for intracranial hemorrhage. Neurosurg Rev, 2009, 32(1): 15-21.
15. Narayan RK, Narayan TM, Katz D, et al. Lysis of intracranial hematomas with urokinase in a rabbit model. J Neurosurg, 1985, 62(4): 580-586.
16. Pang D, Sclabassi RJ, Horton JA. Lysis of intraventricular blood clot with urokinase in a canine model: Part 3. Effects of intraventricular urokinase on clot lysis and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery, 1986, 19(4): 553-572.
17. Aydin IH, Takçi E, Kadioglu HH, et al. The effect of urokinase on experimental intracerebral haematomas. Zentralbl Neurochir, 1994, 55(1): 29-34.
18. Pang D, Sclabassi RJ, Horton JA. Lysis of intraventricular blood clot with urokinase in a canine model: Part 2. In vivo safety study of intraventricular urokinase. Neurosurgery, 1986, 19(4): 547-552.
19. Mohadjer M, Braus DF, Myers A, et al. CT-stereotactic fibrinolysis of spontaneous intracerebral hematomas. Neurosurg Rev, 1992, 15(2): 105-110.
20. Niizuma H, Otsuki T, Johkura H, et al. CT-guided stereotactic aspiration of intracerebral hematoma--result of a hematoma-lysis method using urokinase. Appl Neurophysiol, 1985, 48(1/2/3/4/5/6): 427-430.
21. Gates J, Hartnell GG. When urokinase was gone: commentary on another year of thrombolysis without urokinase. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2004, 15(1 Pt 1): 1-5.
22. Findlay JM, Weir BK, Stollery DE. Lysis of intraventricular hematoma with tissue plasminogen activator. Case report. J Neurosurg, 1991, 74(5): 803-807.
23. Findlay JM, Weir BK, Kassell NF, et al. Intracisternal recombinant tissue plasminogen activator after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg, 1991, 75(2): 181-188.
24. Findlay JM, Grace MG, Weir BK. Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with tissue plasminogen activator. Neurosurgery, 1993, 32(6): 941-947.
25. Ohman J, Servo A, Heiskanen O. Effect of intrathecal fibrinolytic therapy on clot lysis and vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg, 1991, 75(2): 197-201.
26. Rohde V, Schaller C, Hassler WE. Intraventricular recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for lysis of intraventricular haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1995, 58(4): 447-451.
27. Lippitz BE, Mayfrank L, Spetzger U, et al. Lysis of basal ganglia haematoma with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) after stereotactic aspiration: initial results. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 1994, 127(3/4): 157-160.
28. Montes JM, Wong JH, Fayad PB, et al. Stereotactic computed tomographic-guided aspiration and thrombolysis of intracerebral hematoma: protocol and preliminary experience. Stroke, 2000, 31(4): 834-840.
29. Teernstra OP, Evers SM, Lodder J, et al. Stereotactic treatment of intracerebral hematoma by means of a plasminogen activator: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (SICHPA). Stroke, 2003, 34(4): 968-974.
30. Morgan T, Zuccarello M, Narayan R, et al. Preliminary findings of the minimally-invasive surgery plus rtPA for intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE) clinical trial. Acta Neurochir Suppl, 2008, 105: 147-151.
31. Hanley DF, Thompson RE, Muschelli J, et al. Safety and efficacy of minimally invasive surgery plus alteplase in intracerebral haemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol, 2016, 15(12): 1228-1237.
32. Mould WA, Carhuapoma JR, Muschelli J, et al. Minimally invasive surgery plus recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation decreases perihematomal edema. Stroke, 2013, 44(3): 627-634.
33. Hanley DF, Thompson RE, Rosenblum M, et al. Efficacy and safety of minimally invasive surgery with thrombolysis in intracerebral haemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE III): a randomised, controlled, open-label, blinded endpoint phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2019, 393(10175): 1021-1032.
34. Al-Shahi Salman R, Klijn CJM, Selim M. Minimally invasive surgery plus alteplase for intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet, 2019, 393(10175): 965-967.
35. Awad I, Polster SP, Carrión-Penagos J, et al. Surgical performance determines functional outcome benefit in the minimally invasive surgery plus recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE) procedure. Neurosurgery, 2019, 84(6): 1157-1168.
36. Zhou X, Chen J, Li Q, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke, 2012, 43(11): 2923-2930.
37. Gregson B, Rowan EN, Mendelow AD. Letter to the editor by Gregson et al regarding article, "minimally invasive surgery for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Stroke, 2013, 44(5): e45.
38. Wang JW, Li JP, Song YL, et al. Stereotactic aspiration versus craniotomy for primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One, 2014, 9(9): e107614.
39. Scaggiante J, Zhang X, Mocco J, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke, 2018, 49(11): 2612-2620.
40. Shi J, Cai Z, Han W, et al. Stereotactic catheter drainage versus conventional craniotomy for severe spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in the basal ganglia. Cell Transplant, 2019, 28(8): 1025-1032.
41. Li L, Li ZH, Li YQ, et al. Surgical evacuation of spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage: comparison of safety and efficacy of suboccipital craniotomy, stereotactic aspiration, and thrombolysis and endoscopic surgery. World Neurosurg, 2018, 117: e90-e98.
42. Wang WZ, Jiang B, Liu HM, et al. Minimally invasive craniopuncture therapy vs. conservative treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: results from a randomized clinical trial in China. Int J Stroke, 2009, 4(1): 11-16.
43. Sun H, Liu H, Li D, et al. An effective treatment for cerebral hemorrhage: minimally invasive craniopuncture combined with urokinase infusion therapy. Neurol Res, 2010, 32(4): 371-377.
44. Zhou H, Zhang Y, Liu L, et al. A prospective controlled study: minimally invasive stereotactic puncture therapy versus conventional craniotomy in the treatment of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. BMC Neurol, 2011, 11: 76.
45. Pan J, Chartrain AG, Scaggiante J, et al. A compendium of modern minimally invasive intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation techniques. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown), 2020, 18(6): 710-720.
46. Xu X, Chen X, Li F, et al. Effectiveness of endoscopic surgery for supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: a comparison with craniotomy. J Neurosurg, 2018, 128(2): 553-559.
47. Li Y, Yang R, Li Z, et al. Surgical evacuation of spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral hemorrhage: comparison of safety and efficacy of stereotactic aspiration, endoscopic surgery, and craniotomy. World Neurosurg, 2017, 105: 332-340.
48. Vespa P, Hanley D, Betz J, et al. ICES (intraoperative stereotactic computed tomography-guided endoscopic surgery) for brain hemorrhage: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Stroke, 2016, 47(11): 2749-2755.
49. Wang WH, Hung YC, Hsu SP, et al. Endoscopic hematoma evacuation in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. J Chin Med Assoc, 2015, 78(2): 101-107.
50. Cai Q, Zhang HP, Zhao D, et al. Analysis of three surgical treatments for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(43): e8435.
51. Li ZH, Li YQ, Xu FF, et al. Minimal invasive puncture and drainage versus endoscopic surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2017, 13: 213-219.
52. Guo G, Pan C, Guo W, et al. Efficacy and safety of four interventions for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a network meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg, 2020, 12(6): 598-604.
53. Spiotta AM, Fiorella D, Vargas J, et al. Initial multicenter technical experience with the Apollo device for minimally invasive intracerebral hematoma evacuation. Neurosurgery, 2015, 11(Suppl 2): 243-251.
54. Fiorella D, Gutman F, Woo H, et al. Minimally invasive evacuation of parenchymal and ventricular hemorrhage using the Apollo system with simultaneous neuronavigation, neuroendoscopy and active monitoring with cone beam CT. J Neurointerv Surg, 2015, 7(10): 752-757.
55. Zhang J, Cheng H, Zhou S, et al. 3D-printed model-guided endoscopic evacuation for basal ganglia hemorrhage. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 5196.
56. Wang Q, Guo W, Liu Y, et al. Application of a 3D-printed navigation mold in puncture drainage for brainstem hemorrhage. J Surg Res, 2020, 245: 99-106.
57. Cho SH, Kim SH, Choi BY, et al. Motor outcome according to diffusion tensor tractography findings in the early stage of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosci Lett, 2007, 421(2): 142-146.
58. Yoshioka H, Horikoshi T, Aoki S, et al. Diffusion tensor tractography predicts motor functional outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 2008, 62(1): 97-103.
59. Wu G, Wang L, Hong Z, et al. Effects of minimally invasive techniques for evacuation of hematoma in basal ganglia on cortical spinal tract from patients with spontaneous hemorrhage: observed by diffusion tensor imaging. Neurol Res, 2010, 32(10): 1103-1109.
60. Qiu SL, Liu T, Cao GH, et al. Treatment of intracranial hemorrhage with neuroendoscopy guided by body surface projection. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(19): e15503.

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