Research progress of adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

YAO Peng ^1,2 , WANG Zhiyuan ^1,2 , TANG Songling ^1,2 , MA Wen ^1,2 , ZHOU Fating ^1,2 , XIANG Xinjie ^1,2 ,  CAO Yu ^1,2

1. Department of Emergency Medicine / Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
2. Disaster Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

CAO Yu, Email: yuyuer@126.com

Keywords：

Cardiac arrest; Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Guideline; Coronavirus disease 2019; New technology

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202111052

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019, the incidence and mortality of cardiac arrest have increased significantly worldwide, and the management of cardiac arrest is facing new challenges. The European Resuscitation Council issued the 2021 European Resuscitation Council Guidelines in March 2021 to update the important parts of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and added recommendations for the management of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic. This article will compare the difference between this guideline and the 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care and integrate some key points, review literature and then summarize the latest research progress in cardiopulmonary resuscitation since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic. The content mainly involves cardiopulmonary resuscitation during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic, early prevention, early recognition, application of new technologies, airway management, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and post-resuscitation treatment.

Citation： YAO Peng, WANG Zhiyuan, TANG Songling, MA Wen, ZHOU Fating, XIANG Xinjie, CAO Yu. Research progress of adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic. West China Medical Journal, 2021, 36(11): 1481-1487. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202111052 Copy

1.	Gräsner JT, Wnent J, Herlitz J, et al. Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Europe - results of the EuReCa TWO study. Resuscitation, 2020, 148: 218-226.
2.	Kiguchi T, Okubo M, Nishiyama C, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest across the world: first report from the international liaison committee on resuscitation (ILCOR). Resuscitation, 2020, 152: 39-49.
3.	Andersen LW, Holmberg MJ, Berg KM, et al. In-hospital cardiac arrest: a review. JAMA, 2019, 321(12): 1200-1210.
4.	Gräsner JT, Herlitz J, Tjelmeland IBM, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines 2021: epidemiology of cardiac arrest in Europe. Resuscitation, 2021, 161: 61-79.
5.	Lim ZJ, Ponnapa Reddy M, Afroz A, et al. Incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the COVID-19 era: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation, 2020, 157: 248-258.
6.	Chan PS, Girotra S, Tang Y, et al. Outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Cardiol, 2021, 6(3): 296-303.
7.	Christian MD, Couper K. COVID-19 and the global OHCA crisis: an urgent need for system level solutions. Resuscitation, 2020, 157: 274-276.
8.	Marijon E, Karam N, Jost D, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paris, France: a population-based, observational study. Lancet Public Health, 2020, 5(8): e437-e443.
9.	Perkins GD, Graesner JT, Semeraro F, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines 2021: executive summary. Resuscitation, 2021, 161: 1-60.
10.	Nolan JP, Monsieurs KG, Bossaert L, et al. European resuscitation council COVID-19 guidelines executive summary. Resuscitation, 2020, 153: 45-55.
11.	Couper K, Taylor-Phillips S, Grove A, et al. COVID-19 in cardiac arrest and infection risk to rescuers: a systematic review. Resuscitation, 2020, 151: 59-66.
12.	中国心胸血管麻醉学会心肺复苏委员会, 中国心胸血管麻醉学会急救与复苏分会. 新型冠状病毒肺炎流行期间心肺复苏专家共识. 中国循环杂志, 2021, 36(5): 417-422.
13.	Wellens HJ, Schwartz PJ, Lindemans FW, et al. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: current status and challenges for the future. Eur Heart J, 2014, 35(25): 1642-1651.
14.	Deakin CD, Quartermain A, Ellery J. Do patients suffering an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest present to the ambulance service with symptoms in the preceding 48 h?. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes, 2020, 6(4): 308-314.
15.	Bucholz EM, Butala NM, Normand ST, et al. Association of guideline-based admission treatments and life expectancy after myocardial infarction in elderly medicare beneficiaries. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016, 67(20): 2378-2391.
16.	Wibring K, Lingman M, Herlitz J, et al. Guideline adherence among prehospital emergency nurses when caring for patients with chest pain: a prospective cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, 2021, 29(1): 157.
17.	Simonsson M, Wallentin L, Alfredsson J, et al. Temporal trends in bleeding events in acute myocardial infarction: insights from the SWEDEHEART registry. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(7): 833-843.
18.	McCartney PJ, Maznyczka AM, Eteiba H, et al. Low-dose alteplase during primary percutaneous coronary intervention according to ischemic time. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 75(12): 1406-1421.
19.	Berg RA, Hemphill R, Abella BS, et al. Part 5: adult basic life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation, 2010, 122(Suppl 3): S685-S705.
20.	Schwarzkoph M, Yin L, Hergert L, et al. Seizure-like presentation in OHCA creates barriers to dispatch recognition of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 2020, 156: 230-236.
21.	Tanaka Y, Taniguchi J, Wato Y, et al. The continuous quality improvement project for telephone-assisted instruction of cardiopulmonary resuscitation increased the incidence of bystander CPR and improved the outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Resuscitation, 2012, 83(10): 1235-1241.
22.	Dami F, Heymann E, Pasquier M, et al. Time to identify cardiac arrest and provide dispatch-assisted cardio-pulmonary resuscitation in a criteria-based dispatch system. Resuscitation, 2015, 97: 27-33.
23.	Lewis M, Stubbs BA, Eisenberg MS. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: time to identify cardiac arrest and deliver chest compression instructions. Circulation, 2013, 128(14): 1522-1530.
24.	Hardeland C, Skåre C, Kramer-Johansen J, et al. Targeted simulation and education to improve cardiac arrest recognition and telephone assisted CPR in an emergency medical communication centre. Resuscitation, 2017, 114: 21-26.
25.	Greif R, Lockey A, Breckwoldt J, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines 2021: education for resuscitation. Resuscitation, 2021, 161: 388-407.
26.	Grunau B, Kime N, Leroux B, et al. Association of intra-arrest transport vs continued on-scene resuscitation with survival to hospital discharge among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA, 2020, 324(11): 1058-1067.
27.	Lu TC, Chang YT, Ho TW, et al. Using a smartwatch with real-time feedback improves the delivery of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation by healthcare professionals. Resuscitation, 2019, 140: 16-22.
28.	An M, Kim Y, Cho WK. Effect of smart devices on the quality of CPR training: a systematic review. Resuscitation, 2019, 144: 145-156.
29.	Choi S, Han S, Chae MK, et al. Effects of vibration-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation with a smartwatch versus metronome guidance cardiopulmonary resuscitation during adult cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled simulation study. Australas Emerg Care, 2021, 24(4): 302-307.
30.	Scquizzato T, Pallanch O, Belletti A, et al. Enhancing citizens response to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review of mobile-phone systems to alert citizens as first responders. Resuscitation, 2020, 152: 16-25.
31.	Andelius L, Malta Hansen C, Lippert FK, et al. Smartphone activation of citizen responders to facilitate defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 76(1): 43-53.
32.	Lin YY, Chiang WC, Hsieh MJ, et al. Quality of audio-assisted versus video-assisted dispatcher-instructed bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation, 2018, 123: 77-85.
33.	Lee SY, Song KJ, Shin SD, et al. Comparison of the effects of audio-instructed and video-instructed dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation on resuscitation outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 2020, 147: 12-20.
34.	Kwon JM, Jeon KH, Kim HM, et al. Deep-learning-based out-of-hospital cardiac arrest prognostic system to predict clinical outcomes. Resuscitation, 2019, 139: 84-91.
35.	Chu J, Leung KHB, Snobelen P, et al. Machine learning-based dispatch of drone-delivered defibrillators for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 2021, 162: 120-127.
36.	Claesson A, Bäckman A, Ringh M, et al. Time to delivery of an automated external defibrillator using a drone for simulated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests vs emergency medical services. JAMA, 2017, 317(22): 2332-2334.
37.	Schierbeck S, Hollenberg J, Nord A, et al. Automated external defibrillators delivered by drones to patients with suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J, 2021, 26: 498.
38.	Fernández-Ruiz I. Drone delivery of defibrillators for sudden cardiac arrest could shorten response times. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2021, 18(11): 740.
39.	Goharani R, Vahedian-Azimi A, Farzanegan B, et al. Real-time compression feedback for patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest: a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial. J Intensive Care, 2019, 7: 5.
40.	Couper K, Kimani PK, Abella BS, et al. The system-wide effect of real-time audiovisual feedback and postevent debriefing for in-hospital cardiac arrest: the cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality improvement initiative. Crit Care Med, 2015, 43(11): 2321-2331.
41.	Wang HE, Schmicker RH, Daya MR, et al. Effect of a strategy of initial laryngeal tube insertion vs endotracheal intubation on 72-hour survival in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2018, 320(8): 769-778.
42.	Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation, 2020, 142(Suppl 2): S366-S468.
43.	Yannopoulos D, Bartos J, Raveendran G, et al. Advanced reperfusion strategies for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and refractory ventricular fibrillation (ARREST): a phase 2, single centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2020, 396(10265): 1807-1816.
44.	Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation, 2021, 161: 115-151.
45.	Shu L, Huang J, Liu JC. Efficacy of ultrasound guidance for lumbar punctures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Postgrad Med J, 2021, 97(1143): 40-47.
46.	Sutton RM, French B, Meaney PA, et al. Physiologic monitoring of CPR quality during adult cardiac arrest: a propensity-matched cohort study. Resuscitation, 2016, 106: 76-82.
47.	Douma MJ, MacKenzie E, Loch T, et al. Prone cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a scoping and expanded grey literature review for the COVID-19 pandemic. Resuscitation, 2020, 155: 103-111.
48.	Patel JK, Schoenfeld E, Parikh PB, et al. Association of arterial oxygen tension during in-hospital cardiac arrest with return of spontaneous circulation and survival. J Intensive Care Med, 2018, 33(7): 407-414.
49.	Cheskes S, Dorian P, Feldman M, et al. Double sequential external defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation: the DOSE VF pilot randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation, 2020, 150: 178-184.
50.	Nolan JP, Sandroni C, Böttiger BW, et al. European resuscitation council and european society of intensive care medicine guidelines 2021: post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation, 2021, 161: 220-269.
51.	Drury PP, Gunn ER, Bennet L, et al. Mechanisms of hypothermic neuroprotection. Clin Perinatol, 2014, 41(1): 161-175.
52.	Fernando SM, Di Santo P, Sadeghirad B, et al. Targeted temperature management following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of temperature targets. Intensive Care Med, 2021, 47(10): 1078-1088.
53.	Diao MY, Zheng J, Shan Y, et al. Hypothermia prevents hippocampal oxidative stress and apoptosis via the GSK-3β/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in a rat model of cardiac arrest-induced brain damage. Neurol Res, 2020, 42(9): 773-782.
54.	Dankiewicz J, Cronberg T, Lilja G, et al. Hypothermia versus normothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(24): 2283-2294.
55.	Le May M, Osborne C, Russo J, et al. Effect of moderate vs mild therapeutic hypothermia on mortality and neurologic outcomes in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the CAPITAL CHILL randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2021, 326(15): 1494-1503.
56.	Perkins GD, Callaway CW, Haywood K, et al. Brain injury after cardiac arrest. Lancet, 2021, 398(10307): 1269-1278.

1. Gräsner JT, Wnent J, Herlitz J, et al. Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Europe - results of the EuReCa TWO study. Resuscitation, 2020, 148: 218-226.
2. Kiguchi T, Okubo M, Nishiyama C, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest across the world: first report from the international liaison committee on resuscitation (ILCOR). Resuscitation, 2020, 152: 39-49.
3. Andersen LW, Holmberg MJ, Berg KM, et al. In-hospital cardiac arrest: a review. JAMA, 2019, 321(12): 1200-1210.
4. Gräsner JT, Herlitz J, Tjelmeland IBM, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines 2021: epidemiology of cardiac arrest in Europe. Resuscitation, 2021, 161: 61-79.
5. Lim ZJ, Ponnapa Reddy M, Afroz A, et al. Incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the COVID-19 era: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation, 2020, 157: 248-258.
6. Chan PS, Girotra S, Tang Y, et al. Outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Cardiol, 2021, 6(3): 296-303.
7. Christian MD, Couper K. COVID-19 and the global OHCA crisis: an urgent need for system level solutions. Resuscitation, 2020, 157: 274-276.
8. Marijon E, Karam N, Jost D, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paris, France: a population-based, observational study. Lancet Public Health, 2020, 5(8): e437-e443.
9. Perkins GD, Graesner JT, Semeraro F, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines 2021: executive summary. Resuscitation, 2021, 161: 1-60.
10. Nolan JP, Monsieurs KG, Bossaert L, et al. European resuscitation council COVID-19 guidelines executive summary. Resuscitation, 2020, 153: 45-55.
11. Couper K, Taylor-Phillips S, Grove A, et al. COVID-19 in cardiac arrest and infection risk to rescuers: a systematic review. Resuscitation, 2020, 151: 59-66.
12. 中国心胸血管麻醉学会心肺复苏委员会, 中国心胸血管麻醉学会急救与复苏分会. 新型冠状病毒肺炎流行期间心肺复苏专家共识. 中国循环杂志, 2021, 36(5): 417-422.
13. Wellens HJ, Schwartz PJ, Lindemans FW, et al. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: current status and challenges for the future. Eur Heart J, 2014, 35(25): 1642-1651.
14. Deakin CD, Quartermain A, Ellery J. Do patients suffering an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest present to the ambulance service with symptoms in the preceding 48 h?. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes, 2020, 6(4): 308-314.
15. Bucholz EM, Butala NM, Normand ST, et al. Association of guideline-based admission treatments and life expectancy after myocardial infarction in elderly medicare beneficiaries. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016, 67(20): 2378-2391.
16. Wibring K, Lingman M, Herlitz J, et al. Guideline adherence among prehospital emergency nurses when caring for patients with chest pain: a prospective cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, 2021, 29(1): 157.
17. Simonsson M, Wallentin L, Alfredsson J, et al. Temporal trends in bleeding events in acute myocardial infarction: insights from the SWEDEHEART registry. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(7): 833-843.
18. McCartney PJ, Maznyczka AM, Eteiba H, et al. Low-dose alteplase during primary percutaneous coronary intervention according to ischemic time. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 75(12): 1406-1421.
19. Berg RA, Hemphill R, Abella BS, et al. Part 5: adult basic life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation, 2010, 122(Suppl 3): S685-S705.
20. Schwarzkoph M, Yin L, Hergert L, et al. Seizure-like presentation in OHCA creates barriers to dispatch recognition of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 2020, 156: 230-236.
21. Tanaka Y, Taniguchi J, Wato Y, et al. The continuous quality improvement project for telephone-assisted instruction of cardiopulmonary resuscitation increased the incidence of bystander CPR and improved the outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Resuscitation, 2012, 83(10): 1235-1241.
22. Dami F, Heymann E, Pasquier M, et al. Time to identify cardiac arrest and provide dispatch-assisted cardio-pulmonary resuscitation in a criteria-based dispatch system. Resuscitation, 2015, 97: 27-33.
23. Lewis M, Stubbs BA, Eisenberg MS. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: time to identify cardiac arrest and deliver chest compression instructions. Circulation, 2013, 128(14): 1522-1530.
24. Hardeland C, Skåre C, Kramer-Johansen J, et al. Targeted simulation and education to improve cardiac arrest recognition and telephone assisted CPR in an emergency medical communication centre. Resuscitation, 2017, 114: 21-26.
25. Greif R, Lockey A, Breckwoldt J, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines 2021: education for resuscitation. Resuscitation, 2021, 161: 388-407.
26. Grunau B, Kime N, Leroux B, et al. Association of intra-arrest transport vs continued on-scene resuscitation with survival to hospital discharge among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA, 2020, 324(11): 1058-1067.
27. Lu TC, Chang YT, Ho TW, et al. Using a smartwatch with real-time feedback improves the delivery of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation by healthcare professionals. Resuscitation, 2019, 140: 16-22.
28. An M, Kim Y, Cho WK. Effect of smart devices on the quality of CPR training: a systematic review. Resuscitation, 2019, 144: 145-156.
29. Choi S, Han S, Chae MK, et al. Effects of vibration-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation with a smartwatch versus metronome guidance cardiopulmonary resuscitation during adult cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled simulation study. Australas Emerg Care, 2021, 24(4): 302-307.
30. Scquizzato T, Pallanch O, Belletti A, et al. Enhancing citizens response to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review of mobile-phone systems to alert citizens as first responders. Resuscitation, 2020, 152: 16-25.
31. Andelius L, Malta Hansen C, Lippert FK, et al. Smartphone activation of citizen responders to facilitate defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 76(1): 43-53.
32. Lin YY, Chiang WC, Hsieh MJ, et al. Quality of audio-assisted versus video-assisted dispatcher-instructed bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation, 2018, 123: 77-85.
33. Lee SY, Song KJ, Shin SD, et al. Comparison of the effects of audio-instructed and video-instructed dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation on resuscitation outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 2020, 147: 12-20.
34. Kwon JM, Jeon KH, Kim HM, et al. Deep-learning-based out-of-hospital cardiac arrest prognostic system to predict clinical outcomes. Resuscitation, 2019, 139: 84-91.
35. Chu J, Leung KHB, Snobelen P, et al. Machine learning-based dispatch of drone-delivered defibrillators for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 2021, 162: 120-127.
36. Claesson A, Bäckman A, Ringh M, et al. Time to delivery of an automated external defibrillator using a drone for simulated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests vs emergency medical services. JAMA, 2017, 317(22): 2332-2334.
37. Schierbeck S, Hollenberg J, Nord A, et al. Automated external defibrillators delivered by drones to patients with suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J, 2021, 26: 498.
38. Fernández-Ruiz I. Drone delivery of defibrillators for sudden cardiac arrest could shorten response times. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2021, 18(11): 740.
39. Goharani R, Vahedian-Azimi A, Farzanegan B, et al. Real-time compression feedback for patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest: a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial. J Intensive Care, 2019, 7: 5.
40. Couper K, Kimani PK, Abella BS, et al. The system-wide effect of real-time audiovisual feedback and postevent debriefing for in-hospital cardiac arrest: the cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality improvement initiative. Crit Care Med, 2015, 43(11): 2321-2331.
41. Wang HE, Schmicker RH, Daya MR, et al. Effect of a strategy of initial laryngeal tube insertion vs endotracheal intubation on 72-hour survival in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2018, 320(8): 769-778.
42. Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation, 2020, 142(Suppl 2): S366-S468.
43. Yannopoulos D, Bartos J, Raveendran G, et al. Advanced reperfusion strategies for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and refractory ventricular fibrillation (ARREST): a phase 2, single centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2020, 396(10265): 1807-1816.
44. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation, 2021, 161: 115-151.
45. Shu L, Huang J, Liu JC. Efficacy of ultrasound guidance for lumbar punctures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Postgrad Med J, 2021, 97(1143): 40-47.
46. Sutton RM, French B, Meaney PA, et al. Physiologic monitoring of CPR quality during adult cardiac arrest: a propensity-matched cohort study. Resuscitation, 2016, 106: 76-82.
47. Douma MJ, MacKenzie E, Loch T, et al. Prone cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a scoping and expanded grey literature review for the COVID-19 pandemic. Resuscitation, 2020, 155: 103-111.
48. Patel JK, Schoenfeld E, Parikh PB, et al. Association of arterial oxygen tension during in-hospital cardiac arrest with return of spontaneous circulation and survival. J Intensive Care Med, 2018, 33(7): 407-414.
49. Cheskes S, Dorian P, Feldman M, et al. Double sequential external defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation: the DOSE VF pilot randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation, 2020, 150: 178-184.
50. Nolan JP, Sandroni C, Böttiger BW, et al. European resuscitation council and european society of intensive care medicine guidelines 2021: post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation, 2021, 161: 220-269.
51. Drury PP, Gunn ER, Bennet L, et al. Mechanisms of hypothermic neuroprotection. Clin Perinatol, 2014, 41(1): 161-175.
52. Fernando SM, Di Santo P, Sadeghirad B, et al. Targeted temperature management following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of temperature targets. Intensive Care Med, 2021, 47(10): 1078-1088.
53. Diao MY, Zheng J, Shan Y, et al. Hypothermia prevents hippocampal oxidative stress and apoptosis via the GSK-3β/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in a rat model of cardiac arrest-induced brain damage. Neurol Res, 2020, 42(9): 773-782.
54. Dankiewicz J, Cronberg T, Lilja G, et al. Hypothermia versus normothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(24): 2283-2294.
55. Le May M, Osborne C, Russo J, et al. Effect of moderate vs mild therapeutic hypothermia on mortality and neurologic outcomes in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the CAPITAL CHILL randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2021, 326(15): 1494-1503.
56. Perkins GD, Callaway CW, Haywood K, et al. Brain injury after cardiac arrest. Lancet, 2021, 398(10307): 1269-1278.

Next Article
Interpretation of 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain

West China Medical Journal

Research progress of adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Next Article

Format

Content