Peri-interventional echo assessment for transcatheter edge-to-edge repair_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

WEI Xin ^1,2 ,  LIANG Yujia ¹

1. Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
2. National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LIANG Yujia, Email: 2587579440@qq.com

Keywords：

Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair; mitral regurgitation; echocardiography

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202207158

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) is at present a well established interventional procedure for the treatment of mitral regurgitation (MR). Echocardiography is an essential imaging modality for peri-interventional assessment of TEER. Pre-procedural echocardiographic assessments, which include grading of MR severity, determining MR etiology and mechanisms, and analyzing mitral valve morphology, helps to determine patient eligibility and plan the procedure. Echocardiography is also indispensable in intra-procedural guidance, such as atrial septum puncture, advancing the device to the target position, and leaflets capture. In addition, echocardiography is important in immediate result evaluation, complication detection and patient follow up after the procedure.

Citation： WEI Xin, LIANG Yujia. Peri-interventional echo assessment for transcatheter edge-to-edge repair. West China Medical Journal, 2022, 37(9): 1299-1307. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202207158 Copy

1.	Maisano F, La Canna G, Colombo A, et al. The evolution from surgery to percutaneous mitral valve interventions: the role of the edge-to-edge technique. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011, 58(21): 2174-2182.
2.	Feldman T, Kar S, Rinaldi M, et al. Percutaneous mitral repair with the MitraClip system: safety and midterm durability in the initial Everest (Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge REpair Study) cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009, 54(8): 686-694.
3.	Feldman T, Foster E, Glower DD, et al. Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364(15): 1395-1406.
4.	Yeo KK, Yap J, Yamen E, et al. Percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip: early results from the MitraClip Asia-Pacific Registry (MARS). EuroIntervention, 2014, 10(5): 620-625.
5.	Obadia JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, Leurent G, et al. Percutaneous repair or medical treatment for secondary mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379(24): 2297-2306.
6.	Stone GW, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, et al. Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379(24): 2307-2318.
7.	Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2021, 77(4): e25-e197.
8.	Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, et al. Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2017, 30(4): 303-371.
9.	Little SH, Pirat B, Kumar R, et al. Three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography for direct measurement of vena contracta area in mitral regurgitation: in vitro validation and clinical experience. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2008, 1(6): 695-704.
10.	Shanks M, Siebelink HM, Delgado V, et al. Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation: comparison between three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2010, 3(6): 694-700.
11.	Yosefy C, Hung J, Chua S, et al. Direct measurement of vena contracta area by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for assessing severity of mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol, 2009, 104(7): 978-983.
12.	Hyodo E, Iwata S, Tugcu A, et al. Direct measurement of multiple vena contracta areas for assessing the severity of mitral regurgitation using 3D TEE. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2012, 5(7): 669-676.
13.	Castello R, Pearson AC, Lenzen P, et al. Evaluation of pulmonary venous flow by transesophageal echocardiography in subjects with a normal heart: comparison with transthoracic echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1991, 18(1): 65-71.
14.	Carpentier A. Cardiac valve surgery-the “French correction”. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1983, 86(3): 323-337.
15.	de Groot-de Laat LE, McGhie J, Ren B, et al. A modified echocardiographic classification of mitral valve regurgitation mechanism: the role of three-dimensional echocardiography. J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2019, 27(3): 187-199.
16.	Benito-González T, Carrasco-Chinchilla F, Estévez-Loureiro R, et al. Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of transcatheter mitral valve repair in atrial functional mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiol, 2021, 345: 29-35.
17.	Baldi C, Citro R, Silverio A, et al. Predictors of outcome in heart failure patients with severe functional mitral regurgitation undergoing MitraClip treatment. Int J Cardiol, 2019, 284: 50-58.
18.	Foster GP, Isselbacher EM, Rose GA, et al. Accurate localization of mitral regurgitant defects using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. Ann Thorac Surg, 1998, 65(4): 1025-1031.
19.	Ben ZS, Nagueh SF, Little SH, et al. Comparative accuracy of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in identifying mitral valve pathology in patients undergoing mitral valve repair: initial observations. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2011, 24(10): 1079-1085.
20.	La Canna G, Arendar I, Maisano F, et al. Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for assessment of mitral valve functional anatomy in patients with prolapse-related regurgitation. Am J Cardiol, 2011, 107(9): 1365-1374.
21.	Grewal J, Mankad S, Freeman WK, et al. Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the intraoperative assessment of mitral valve disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2009, 22(1): 34-41.
22.	Thompson KA, Shiota T, Tolstrup K, et al. Utility of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of valvular perforations. Am J Cardiol, 2011, 107(1): 100-102.
23.	Kutty S, Colen TM, Smallhorn JF. Three-dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of congenital mitral valve disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2014, 27(2): 142-154.
24.	Karagodin I, Addetia K, Singh A, et al. Improved delineation of cardiac pathology using a novel three-dimensional echocardiographic tissue transparency Tool. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2020, 33(11): 1316-1323.
25.	Min SY, Song JM, Kim YJ, et al. Discrepancy between mitral valve areas measured by two-dimensional planimetry and three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography in patients with mitral stenosis. Heart, 2013, 99(4): 253-258.
26.	Zhong X, Chen W, Shi Z, et al. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography measurement of mitral valve area in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis: multiplanar reconstruction or 3D direct planimetry?. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2021, 37(1): 99-107.
27.	Bushari LI, Reeder GS, Eleid MF, et al. Percutaneous transcatheter edge-to-edge mitraclip technique: a practical “step-by-step” 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography guide. Mayo Clin Proc, 2019, 94(1): 89-102.
28.	Estévez-Loureiro R, Franzen O, Winter R, et al. Echocardiographic and clinical outcomes of central versus noncentral percutaneous edge-to-edge repair of degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 62(25): 2370-2377.
29.	Sorajja P, Pedersen WA, Bae R, et al. First experience with percutaneous mitral valve plication as primary therapy for symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016, 67(24): 2811-2818.
30.	Wong N, Tan PCM, Ding ZP, et al. Successful MitraClip for severe rheumatic mitral regurgitation: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep, 2019, 3(3): ytz155.
31.	Singh GD, Smith TW, Boyd WD, et al. Clipping the ring: transcatheter edge-to-ring mitral valve repair in a patient with prior mitral annuloplasty ring. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2018, 11(7): e55-e58.
32.	Kanda BS, Jay D, Farivar RS, et al. Leaflet-to-annuloplasty ring clipping for severe mitral regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2016, 9(7): e63-e64.
33.	Singh GD, Smith TW, Rogers JH. Targeted transseptal access for MitraClip percutaneous mitral valve repair. Interv Cardiol Clin, 2016, 5(1): 55-69.
34.	Gavazzoni M, Taramasso M, Zuber M, et al. Conceiving MitraClip as a tool: percutaneous edge-to-edge repair in complex mitral valve anatomies. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2020, 21(10): 1059-1067.
35.	Harb SC, Krishnaswamy A, Kapadia SR, et al. The added value of 3D real-time multiplanar reconstruction for intraprocedural guidance of challenging MitraClip cases. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2020, 13(8): 1809-1814.
36.	Melillo F, Ancona F, Calvo F, et al. Loss of leaflet insertion after percutaneous mitral valve repair requiring left ventricular assist device implantation: usefulness of 3D multiplanar reconstruction. J Invasive Cardiol, 2019, 31(9): E274-E276.
37.	Zoghbi WA, Asch FM, Bruce C, et al. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Valvular Regurgitation After Percutaneous Valve Repair or Replacement: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2019, 32(4): 431-475.
38.	Altiok E, Hamada S, Brehmer K, et al. Analysis of procedural effects of percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair by 2D and 3D echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2012, 5(6): 748-755.
39.	Gruner C, Herzog B, Bettex D, et al. Quantification of mitral regurgitation by real time three-dimensional color Doppler flow echocardiography pre- and post-percutaneous mitral valve repair. Echocardiography, 2015, 32(7): 1140-1146.
40.	Avenatti E, Mackensen GB, El-Tallawi KC, et al. Diagnostic value of 3-dimensional vena contracta area for the quantification of residual mitral regurgitation after MitraClip procedure. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2019, 12(6): 582-591.
41.	Biaggi P, Felix C, Gruner C, et al. Assessment of mitral valve area during percutaneous mitral valve repair using the MitraClip system: comparison of different echocardiographic methods. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2013, 6(6): 1032-1040.

1. Maisano F, La Canna G, Colombo A, et al. The evolution from surgery to percutaneous mitral valve interventions: the role of the edge-to-edge technique. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011, 58(21): 2174-2182.
2. Feldman T, Kar S, Rinaldi M, et al. Percutaneous mitral repair with the MitraClip system: safety and midterm durability in the initial Everest (Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge REpair Study) cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009, 54(8): 686-694.
3. Feldman T, Foster E, Glower DD, et al. Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364(15): 1395-1406.
4. Yeo KK, Yap J, Yamen E, et al. Percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip: early results from the MitraClip Asia-Pacific Registry (MARS). EuroIntervention, 2014, 10(5): 620-625.
5. Obadia JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, Leurent G, et al. Percutaneous repair or medical treatment for secondary mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379(24): 2297-2306.
6. Stone GW, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, et al. Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379(24): 2307-2318.
7. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2021, 77(4): e25-e197.
8. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, et al. Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2017, 30(4): 303-371.
9. Little SH, Pirat B, Kumar R, et al. Three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography for direct measurement of vena contracta area in mitral regurgitation: in vitro validation and clinical experience. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2008, 1(6): 695-704.
10. Shanks M, Siebelink HM, Delgado V, et al. Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation: comparison between three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2010, 3(6): 694-700.
11. Yosefy C, Hung J, Chua S, et al. Direct measurement of vena contracta area by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for assessing severity of mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol, 2009, 104(7): 978-983.
12. Hyodo E, Iwata S, Tugcu A, et al. Direct measurement of multiple vena contracta areas for assessing the severity of mitral regurgitation using 3D TEE. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2012, 5(7): 669-676.
13. Castello R, Pearson AC, Lenzen P, et al. Evaluation of pulmonary venous flow by transesophageal echocardiography in subjects with a normal heart: comparison with transthoracic echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1991, 18(1): 65-71.
14. Carpentier A. Cardiac valve surgery-the “French correction”. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1983, 86(3): 323-337.
15. de Groot-de Laat LE, McGhie J, Ren B, et al. A modified echocardiographic classification of mitral valve regurgitation mechanism: the role of three-dimensional echocardiography. J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2019, 27(3): 187-199.
16. Benito-González T, Carrasco-Chinchilla F, Estévez-Loureiro R, et al. Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of transcatheter mitral valve repair in atrial functional mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiol, 2021, 345: 29-35.
17. Baldi C, Citro R, Silverio A, et al. Predictors of outcome in heart failure patients with severe functional mitral regurgitation undergoing MitraClip treatment. Int J Cardiol, 2019, 284: 50-58.
18. Foster GP, Isselbacher EM, Rose GA, et al. Accurate localization of mitral regurgitant defects using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. Ann Thorac Surg, 1998, 65(4): 1025-1031.
19. Ben ZS, Nagueh SF, Little SH, et al. Comparative accuracy of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in identifying mitral valve pathology in patients undergoing mitral valve repair: initial observations. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2011, 24(10): 1079-1085.
20. La Canna G, Arendar I, Maisano F, et al. Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for assessment of mitral valve functional anatomy in patients with prolapse-related regurgitation. Am J Cardiol, 2011, 107(9): 1365-1374.
21. Grewal J, Mankad S, Freeman WK, et al. Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the intraoperative assessment of mitral valve disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2009, 22(1): 34-41.
22. Thompson KA, Shiota T, Tolstrup K, et al. Utility of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of valvular perforations. Am J Cardiol, 2011, 107(1): 100-102.
23. Kutty S, Colen TM, Smallhorn JF. Three-dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of congenital mitral valve disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2014, 27(2): 142-154.
24. Karagodin I, Addetia K, Singh A, et al. Improved delineation of cardiac pathology using a novel three-dimensional echocardiographic tissue transparency Tool. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2020, 33(11): 1316-1323.
25. Min SY, Song JM, Kim YJ, et al. Discrepancy between mitral valve areas measured by two-dimensional planimetry and three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography in patients with mitral stenosis. Heart, 2013, 99(4): 253-258.
26. Zhong X, Chen W, Shi Z, et al. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography measurement of mitral valve area in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis: multiplanar reconstruction or 3D direct planimetry?. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2021, 37(1): 99-107.
27. Bushari LI, Reeder GS, Eleid MF, et al. Percutaneous transcatheter edge-to-edge mitraclip technique: a practical “step-by-step” 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography guide. Mayo Clin Proc, 2019, 94(1): 89-102.
28. Estévez-Loureiro R, Franzen O, Winter R, et al. Echocardiographic and clinical outcomes of central versus noncentral percutaneous edge-to-edge repair of degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 62(25): 2370-2377.
29. Sorajja P, Pedersen WA, Bae R, et al. First experience with percutaneous mitral valve plication as primary therapy for symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016, 67(24): 2811-2818.
30. Wong N, Tan PCM, Ding ZP, et al. Successful MitraClip for severe rheumatic mitral regurgitation: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep, 2019, 3(3): ytz155.
31. Singh GD, Smith TW, Boyd WD, et al. Clipping the ring: transcatheter edge-to-ring mitral valve repair in a patient with prior mitral annuloplasty ring. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2018, 11(7): e55-e58.
32. Kanda BS, Jay D, Farivar RS, et al. Leaflet-to-annuloplasty ring clipping for severe mitral regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2016, 9(7): e63-e64.
33. Singh GD, Smith TW, Rogers JH. Targeted transseptal access for MitraClip percutaneous mitral valve repair. Interv Cardiol Clin, 2016, 5(1): 55-69.
34. Gavazzoni M, Taramasso M, Zuber M, et al. Conceiving MitraClip as a tool: percutaneous edge-to-edge repair in complex mitral valve anatomies. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2020, 21(10): 1059-1067.
35. Harb SC, Krishnaswamy A, Kapadia SR, et al. The added value of 3D real-time multiplanar reconstruction for intraprocedural guidance of challenging MitraClip cases. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2020, 13(8): 1809-1814.
36. Melillo F, Ancona F, Calvo F, et al. Loss of leaflet insertion after percutaneous mitral valve repair requiring left ventricular assist device implantation: usefulness of 3D multiplanar reconstruction. J Invasive Cardiol, 2019, 31(9): E274-E276.
37. Zoghbi WA, Asch FM, Bruce C, et al. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Valvular Regurgitation After Percutaneous Valve Repair or Replacement: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2019, 32(4): 431-475.
38. Altiok E, Hamada S, Brehmer K, et al. Analysis of procedural effects of percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair by 2D and 3D echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2012, 5(6): 748-755.
39. Gruner C, Herzog B, Bettex D, et al. Quantification of mitral regurgitation by real time three-dimensional color Doppler flow echocardiography pre- and post-percutaneous mitral valve repair. Echocardiography, 2015, 32(7): 1140-1146.
40. Avenatti E, Mackensen GB, El-Tallawi KC, et al. Diagnostic value of 3-dimensional vena contracta area for the quantification of residual mitral regurgitation after MitraClip procedure. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2019, 12(6): 582-591.
41. Biaggi P, Felix C, Gruner C, et al. Assessment of mitral valve area during percutaneous mitral valve repair using the MitraClip system: comparison of different echocardiographic methods. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2013, 6(6): 1032-1040.

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