Strategies for the standardized management of acute kidney injury associated with coronavirus disease 2019_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

XU Bai ^1,2 ,  YANG Xianghong ^1,2

1. Emergency and Critical Care Center, Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China;
2. Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

YANG Xianghong, Email: jyy623@163.com

Keywords：

Coronavirus disease 2019; acute kidney injury; renal replacement therapy

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202307006

Video：

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Most patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have a good prognosis, but a certain proportion of the elderly and people with underlying diseases are still prone to develop into severe and critical COVID-19. Kidney is one of the common target organs of COVID-19. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of severe COVID-19 patients, especially critical COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units. AKI associated with COVID-19 is also an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients. This article mainly focuses on the epidemiological data, possible pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and prevention and treatment based on the 5R principle of AKI associated with COVID-19. It summarizes the existing evidence to explore standardized management strategies for AKI associated with COVID-19.

Citation： XU Bai, YANG Xianghong. Strategies for the standardized management of acute kidney injury associated with coronavirus disease 2019. West China Medical Journal, 2023, 38(7): 979-982. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202307006 Copy

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2.	Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, et al. Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol, 2021, 25(11): 1203-1214.
3.	Yang X, Jin Y, Li R, et al. Prevalence and impact of acute renal impairment on COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care, 2020, 24(1): 356.
4.	Raina R, Mahajan ZA, Vasistha P, et al. Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in COVID-19: a systematic review. Blood Purif, 2022, 51(3): 199-212.
5.	Eriksson KE, Campoccia-Jalde F, Rysz S, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care patients with COVID-19; survival and renal recovery. J Crit Care, 2021, 64: 125-130.
6.	Fan C, Lu W, Li K, et al. ACE2 expression in kidney and testis may cause kidney and testis infection in COVID-19 patients. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 7: 563893.
7.	Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science, 2020, 367(6483): 1260-1263.
8.	Ho FK, Pell JP. Thromboembolism and bleeding after COVID-19. BMJ, 2022, 377: o817.
9.	Gabarre P, Dumas G, Dupont T, et al. Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(7): 1339-1348.
10.	Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury. Lancet, 2019, 394(10212): 1949-1964.
11.	Nadim MK, Forni LG, Mehta RL, et al. COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2020, 16(12): 747-764.
12.	杨向红, 孙仁华, 陈德昌. 新型冠状病毒肺炎诊治: 急性肾损伤不容忽视. 中华医学杂志, 2020, 100(16): 1205-1208.
13.	Wang F, Ran L, Qian C, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicenter retrospective study. Blood Purif, 2021, 50(4/5): 499-505.
14.	Albert C, Zapf A, Haase M, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin measured on clinical laboratory platforms for the prediction of acute kidney injury and the associated need for dialysis therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis, 2020, 76(6): 826-841. e1.
15.	Ghonemy TA, Amro GM. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and plasma cystatin C (CysC) as biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2014, 25(3): 582-588.
16.	Seibert FS, Sitz M, Passfall J, et al. Prognostic value of urinary calprotectin, NGAL and KIM-1 in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Blood Press Res, 2018, 43(4): 1255-1262.
17.	杨向红, 孙仁华, 赵鸣雁, 等. 重症新型冠状病毒肺炎患者血液净化治疗流程的专家建议. 中华医学杂志, 2020, 100(16): 1217-1222.
18.	Rosner MH, Ostermann M, Murugan R, et al. Indications and management of mechanical fluid removal in critical illness. Br J Anaesth, 2014, 113(5): 764-771.
19.	Ramirez-Sandoval JC, Gaytan-Arocha JE, Xolalpa-Chávez P, et al. Prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Blood Purif, 2021, 50(3): 355-363.
20.	Kanduri SR, Ramanand A, Varghese V, et al. Refractoriness of hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia in dialysis-dependent AKI associated with COVID-19. Kidney360, 2022, 3(8): 1317-1322.
21.	Bowes E, Joslin J, Braide-Azikiwe DCB, et al. Acute peritoneal dialysis with percutaneous catheter insertion for COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury in intensive care: experience from a UK tertiary center. Kidney Int Rep, 2021, 6(2): 265-271.
22.	Legouis D, Montalbano MF, Siegenthaler N, et al. Decreased CRRT filter lifespan in COVID-19 ICU patients. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(9): 1873.
23.	Sohaney R, Shaikhouni S, Ludwig JT, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy among patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury. Blood Purif, 2022, 51(8): 660-667.
24.	Valle EO, Cabrera CPS, Albuquerque CCC, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy in COVID-19-associated AKI: adding heparin to citrate to extend filter life-a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care, 2021, 25(1): 299.
25.	Ronco C, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, et al. Extracorporeal blood purification and organ support in the critically ill patient during COVID-19 pandemic: expert review and recommendation. Blood Purif, 2021, 50(1): 17-27.
26.	Kang K, Luo Y, Gao Y, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy with oXiris filter may not be an effective resolution to alleviate cytokine release syndrome in non-AKI patients with severe and critical COVID-19. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13: 817793.
27.	Chitty SA, Mobbs S, Rifkin BS, et al. A Multicenter evaluation of the Seraph 100 microbind affinity blood filter for the treatment of severe COVID-19. Crit Care Explor, 2022, 4(4): e0662.

1. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(18): 1708-1720.
2. Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, et al. Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol, 2021, 25(11): 1203-1214.
3. Yang X, Jin Y, Li R, et al. Prevalence and impact of acute renal impairment on COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care, 2020, 24(1): 356.
4. Raina R, Mahajan ZA, Vasistha P, et al. Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in COVID-19: a systematic review. Blood Purif, 2022, 51(3): 199-212.
5. Eriksson KE, Campoccia-Jalde F, Rysz S, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care patients with COVID-19; survival and renal recovery. J Crit Care, 2021, 64: 125-130.
6. Fan C, Lu W, Li K, et al. ACE2 expression in kidney and testis may cause kidney and testis infection in COVID-19 patients. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 7: 563893.
7. Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science, 2020, 367(6483): 1260-1263.
8. Ho FK, Pell JP. Thromboembolism and bleeding after COVID-19. BMJ, 2022, 377: o817.
9. Gabarre P, Dumas G, Dupont T, et al. Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(7): 1339-1348.
10. Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury. Lancet, 2019, 394(10212): 1949-1964.
11. Nadim MK, Forni LG, Mehta RL, et al. COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2020, 16(12): 747-764.
12. 杨向红, 孙仁华, 陈德昌. 新型冠状病毒肺炎诊治: 急性肾损伤不容忽视. 中华医学杂志, 2020, 100(16): 1205-1208.
13. Wang F, Ran L, Qian C, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicenter retrospective study. Blood Purif, 2021, 50(4/5): 499-505.
14. Albert C, Zapf A, Haase M, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin measured on clinical laboratory platforms for the prediction of acute kidney injury and the associated need for dialysis therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis, 2020, 76(6): 826-841. e1.
15. Ghonemy TA, Amro GM. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and plasma cystatin C (CysC) as biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2014, 25(3): 582-588.
16. Seibert FS, Sitz M, Passfall J, et al. Prognostic value of urinary calprotectin, NGAL and KIM-1 in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Blood Press Res, 2018, 43(4): 1255-1262.
17. 杨向红, 孙仁华, 赵鸣雁, 等. 重症新型冠状病毒肺炎患者血液净化治疗流程的专家建议. 中华医学杂志, 2020, 100(16): 1217-1222.
18. Rosner MH, Ostermann M, Murugan R, et al. Indications and management of mechanical fluid removal in critical illness. Br J Anaesth, 2014, 113(5): 764-771.
19. Ramirez-Sandoval JC, Gaytan-Arocha JE, Xolalpa-Chávez P, et al. Prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Blood Purif, 2021, 50(3): 355-363.
20. Kanduri SR, Ramanand A, Varghese V, et al. Refractoriness of hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia in dialysis-dependent AKI associated with COVID-19. Kidney360, 2022, 3(8): 1317-1322.
21. Bowes E, Joslin J, Braide-Azikiwe DCB, et al. Acute peritoneal dialysis with percutaneous catheter insertion for COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury in intensive care: experience from a UK tertiary center. Kidney Int Rep, 2021, 6(2): 265-271.
22. Legouis D, Montalbano MF, Siegenthaler N, et al. Decreased CRRT filter lifespan in COVID-19 ICU patients. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(9): 1873.
23. Sohaney R, Shaikhouni S, Ludwig JT, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy among patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury. Blood Purif, 2022, 51(8): 660-667.
24. Valle EO, Cabrera CPS, Albuquerque CCC, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy in COVID-19-associated AKI: adding heparin to citrate to extend filter life-a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care, 2021, 25(1): 299.
25. Ronco C, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, et al. Extracorporeal blood purification and organ support in the critically ill patient during COVID-19 pandemic: expert review and recommendation. Blood Purif, 2021, 50(1): 17-27.
26. Kang K, Luo Y, Gao Y, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy with oXiris filter may not be an effective resolution to alleviate cytokine release syndrome in non-AKI patients with severe and critical COVID-19. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13: 817793.
27. Chitty SA, Mobbs S, Rifkin BS, et al. A Multicenter evaluation of the Seraph 100 microbind affinity blood filter for the treatment of severe COVID-19. Crit Care Explor, 2022, 4(4): e0662.

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