Research progress of blood nutrition and immune indicators in lung cancer prognosis_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

XU Wenying ¹ , MOU Qianqian ² , XIU Weigang ³ ,  LI Junying ¹

1. Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University / West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
2. Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University /West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
3. Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LI Junying, Email: aaa111www@yeah.net

Keywords：

Lung cancer; nutrition and inflammation indicators; prognosis value

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202307093

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Lung cancer ranks among the most prevalent and lethal malignancies globally. Its prognostic outcomes are not only contingent upon tumor characteristics and therapeutic interventions but also intricately linked to the nutritional and immune profiles of patients. This article conducts a thorough review of both domestic and international research, providing a comprehensive synthesis of the prognostic value of widely investigated nutritional and immune indicators in the context of lung cancer. The primary objective is to identify optimal prognostic markers in clinical practice, offering guidance for precise post-treatment assessment and early intervention for lung cancer patients.

Citation： XU Wenying, MOU Qianqian, XIU Weigang, LI Junying. Research progress of blood nutrition and immune indicators in lung cancer prognosis. West China Medical Journal, 2024, 39(1): 117-123. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202307093 Copy

1.	Miller KD, Siegel RL, Lin CC, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin, 2016, 66(4): 271-289.
2.	Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.
3.	Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, et al. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin, 2023, 73(1): 17-48.
4.	Miller M, Hanna N. Advances in systemic therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. BMJ, 2021, 375: 2363.
5.	Hirsch FR, Scagliotti GV, Mulshine JL, et al. Lung cancer: current therapies and new targeted treatments. Lancet, 2017, 389(10066): 299-311.
6.	Alberici Pastore C, Paiva Orlandi S, González MC. Association between an inflammatory-nutritional index and nutritional status in cancer patients. Nutr Hosp, 2013, 28(1): 188-193.
7.	Fearon KC, Voss AC, Hustead DS, et al. Definition of cancer cachexia: effect of weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation on functional status and prognosis. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006, 83(6): 1345-1350.
8.	Akamine T, Takada K, Toyokawa G, et al. Association of preoperative serum CRP with PD-L1 expression in 508 patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a comprehensive analysis of systemic inflammatory markers. Surg Oncol, 2018, 27(1): 88-94.
9.	Yuan C, Li N, Mao X, et al. Elevated pretreatment neutrophil/white blood cell ratio and monocyte/lymphocyte ratio predict poor survival in patients with curatively resected non-small cell lung cancer: results from a large cohort. Thorac Cancer, 2017, 8(4): 350-358.
10.	Shaul ME, Fridlender ZG. Tumour-associated neutrophils in patients with cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2019, 16(10): 601-620.
11.	Capone M, Giannarelli D, Mallardo D, et al. Baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and derived NLR could predict overall survival in patients with advanced melanoma treated with nivolumab. J Immunother Cancer, 2018, 6(1): 74.
12.	Heshmat K, Sarmadi V, Heidari A, et al. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a new prognostic factor in cancers: a narrative review. Front Oncol, 2023, 13: 1228076.
13.	Templeton AJ, McNamara MG, Šeruga B, et al. Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2014, 106(6): 124.
14.	Zhang W, Tan Y, Li Y, et al. Neutrophil to Lymphocyte ratio as a predictor for immune-related adverse events in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1234142.
15.	Dusselier M, Deluche E, Delacourt N, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio evolution is an independent predictor of early progression of second-line nivolumab-treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancers. PLoS One, 2019, 14(7): e0219060.
16.	Peng L, Wang Y, Liu F, et al. Peripheral blood markers predictive of outcome and immune-related adverse events in advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with PD-1 inhibitors. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2020, 69(9): 1813-1822.
17.	Phan TT, Ho TT, Nguyen HT, et al. The prognostic impact of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with EGFR TKI. Int J Gen Med, 2018, 11: 423-430.
18.	Ren F, Zhao T, Liu B, et al. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) predicted prognosis for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Onco Targets Ther, 2019, 12: 4235-4244.
19.	王高祥, 熊燃, 吴汉然, 等. 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值预测根治性切除肺腺癌患者预后分析. 中国肺癌杂志, 2018, 21(8): 588-593.
20.	Yu Y, Qian L, Cui J. Value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for predicting lung cancer prognosis: a meta-analysis of 7, 219 patients. Mol Clin Oncol, 2017, 7(3): 498-506.
21.	Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?. Lancet, 2001, 357(9255): 539-545.
22.	Yamagishi T, Fujimoto N, Nishi H, et al. Prognostic significance of the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Lung Cancer, 2015, 90(1): 111-117.
23.	Chen X, Wu J, Zhang F, et al. Prognostic significance of pre-operative monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in lung cancer patients undergoing radical surgery. Lab Med, 2018, 49(2): e29-e39.
24.	Wang L, Long W, Li PF, et al. An elevated peripheral blood monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts poor prognosis in patients with primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. PLoS One, 2015, 10(5): e0126269.
25.	陈春艳, 曹艺. 白蛋白/纤维蛋白原比值、血小板/淋巴细胞比值预测非小细胞肺癌患者预后价值. 创伤与急危重病医学, 2020, 8(4): 281-285.
26.	Chen S, Yan H, Du J, et al. Prognostic significance of pre-resection albumin/fibrinogen ratio in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a propensity score matching analysis. Clin Chim Acta, 2018, 482: 203-208.
27.	Li SQ, Jiang YH, Lin J, et al. Albumin-to-fibrinogen ratio as a promising biomarker to predict clinical outcome of non-small cell lung cancer individuals. Cancer Med, 2018, 7(4): 1221-1231.
28.	Ying J, Zhou D, Gu T, et al. Pretreatment albumin/fibrinogen ratio as a promising predictor for the survival of advanced non small-cell lung cancer patients undergoing first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. BMC Cancer, 2019, 19(1): 288.
29.	Sun DW, An L, Lv GY. Albumin-fibrinogen ratio and fibrinogen-prealbumin ratio as promising prognostic markers for cancers: an updated meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol, 2020, 18(1): 9.
30.	Kołodziejczyk J, Ponczek MB. The role of fibrinogen, fibrin and fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDPs) in tumor progression. Contemp Oncol (Pozn), 2013, 17(2): 113-119.
31.	Palumbo JS, Kombrinck KW, Drew AF, et al. Fibrinogen is an important determinant of the metastatic potential of circulating tumor cells. Blood, 2000, 96(10): 3302-3309.
32.	Sheng L, Luo M, Sun X, et al. Serum fibrinogen is an independent prognostic factor in operable nonsmall cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer, 2013, 133(11): 2720-2725.
33.	Yang R, Chang Q, Meng X, et al. Prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in cancer: a meta-analysis. J Cancer, 2018, 9(18): 3295-3302.
34.	Wang Y, Hu X, Xu W, et al. Prognostic value of a novel scoring system using inflammatory response biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study. Thorac Cancer, 2019, 10(6): 1402-1411.
35.	Tomita M, Ayabe T, Nakamura K. The advanced lung cancer inflammation index is an independent prognostic factor after surgical resection in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2018, 26(2): 288-292.
36.	陈玲玉, 赵大海, 张毅. 探讨晚期肺癌炎症指数(ALI)对肺癌预后的判断价值. 世界最新医学信息文摘(连续型电子期刊), 2019, 19(60): 229-230, 232.
37.	Hua X, Chen J, Wu Y, et al. Prognostic role of the advanced lung cancer inflammation index in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol, 2019, 17(1): 177.
38.	Mandaliya H, Jones M, Oldmeadow C, et al. Prognostic biomarkers in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI). Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2019, 8(6): 886-894.
39.	Song M, Zhang Q, Song C, et al. The advanced lung cancer inflammation index is the optimal inflammatory biomarker of overall survival in patients with lung cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2022, 13(5): 2504-2514.
40.	Jafri SH, Shi R, Mills G. Advance lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) at diagnosis is a prognostic marker in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a retrospective review. BMC Cancer, 2013, 13: 158.
41.	Buzby GP, Mullen JL, Matthews DC, et al. Prognostic nutritional index in gastrointestinal surgery. Am J Surg, 1980, 139(1): 160-167.
42.	Onodera T, Goseki N, Kosaki G. Prognostic nutritional index in gastrointestinal surgery of malnourished cancer patients. Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi, 1984, 85(9): 1001-1005.
43.	Sun K, Chen S, Xu J, et al. The prognostic significance of the prognostic nutritional index in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2014, 140(9): 1537-1549.
44.	Shoji F, Miura N, Matsubara T, et al. Prognostic significance of immune-nutritional parameters for surgically resected elderly lung cancer patients: a multicentre retrospective study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2018, 26(3): 389-394.
45.	Hao J, Chen C, Wan F, et al. Prognostic value of pre-treatment prognostic nutritional index in esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol, 2020, 10: 797.
46.	Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, et al. Pretreatment prognostic nutritional index as a prognostic factor in lung cancer: review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta, 2018, 486: 303-310.
47.	Minami S, Ogata Y, Ihara S, et al. Pretreatment Glasgow prognostic score and prognostic nutritional index predict overall survival of patients with advanced small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (Auckl), 2017, 8: 249-257.
48.	Jin S, Cao S, Xu S, et al. Clinical impact of pretreatment prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in small cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Clin Respir J, 2018, 12(9): 2433-2440.
49.	Zhou T, Zhao Y, Zhao S, et al. Comparison of the prognostic value of systemic inflammation response markers in small cell lung cancer patients. J Cancer, 2019, 10(7): 1685-1692.
50.	Shimizu K, Okita R, Saisho S, et al. Preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and prognostic nutritional index predict survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. World J Surg Oncol, 2015, 13: 291.
51.	Watanabe I, Kanauchi N, Watanabe H. Preoperative prognostic nutritional index as a predictor of outcomes in elderly patients after surgery for lung cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2018, 48(4): 382-387.
52.	Tong YS, Tan J, Zhou XL, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index predicting chemoradiation resistance and poor outcome in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer. J Transl Med, 2017, 15(1): 221.
53.	Sheng J, Yang YP, Ma YX, et al. Low prognostic nutritional index correlates with worse survival in patients with advanced NSCLC following EGFR-TKIs. PLoS One, 2016, 11(1): e0147226.
54.	Li J, Wang Y, Wu Y, et al. Prognostic value of pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio in lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Nutr Cancer, 2021, 73(1): 75-82.
55.	Abelev GI, Assecritova IV, Kraevsky NA, et al. Embryonal serum alpha-globulin in cancer patients: diagnostic value. Int J Cancer, 1967, 2(5): 551-558.
56.	Lv GY, An L, Sun XD, et al. Pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio can serve as a prognostic marker in human cancers: a meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta, 2018, 476: 81-91.
57.	Wang Y, Li S, Hu X, et al. The prognostic value of serum albumin-globulin ratio in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study. Cancer Manag Res, 2019, 11: 3545-3554.
58.	Zhang F, Ying L, Jin J, et al. The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio predicts long-term outcomes of patients with operable non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(5): 8835-8842.
59.	Matsubara T, Takamori S, Haratake N, et al. Identification of the best prognostic marker among immunonutritional parameters using serum C-reactive protein and albumin in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Surg Oncol, 2021, 28(6): 3046-3054.

1. Miller KD, Siegel RL, Lin CC, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin, 2016, 66(4): 271-289.
2. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.
3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, et al. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin, 2023, 73(1): 17-48.
4. Miller M, Hanna N. Advances in systemic therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. BMJ, 2021, 375: 2363.
5. Hirsch FR, Scagliotti GV, Mulshine JL, et al. Lung cancer: current therapies and new targeted treatments. Lancet, 2017, 389(10066): 299-311.
6. Alberici Pastore C, Paiva Orlandi S, González MC. Association between an inflammatory-nutritional index and nutritional status in cancer patients. Nutr Hosp, 2013, 28(1): 188-193.
7. Fearon KC, Voss AC, Hustead DS, et al. Definition of cancer cachexia: effect of weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation on functional status and prognosis. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006, 83(6): 1345-1350.
8. Akamine T, Takada K, Toyokawa G, et al. Association of preoperative serum CRP with PD-L1 expression in 508 patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a comprehensive analysis of systemic inflammatory markers. Surg Oncol, 2018, 27(1): 88-94.
9. Yuan C, Li N, Mao X, et al. Elevated pretreatment neutrophil/white blood cell ratio and monocyte/lymphocyte ratio predict poor survival in patients with curatively resected non-small cell lung cancer: results from a large cohort. Thorac Cancer, 2017, 8(4): 350-358.
10. Shaul ME, Fridlender ZG. Tumour-associated neutrophils in patients with cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2019, 16(10): 601-620.
11. Capone M, Giannarelli D, Mallardo D, et al. Baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and derived NLR could predict overall survival in patients with advanced melanoma treated with nivolumab. J Immunother Cancer, 2018, 6(1): 74.
12. Heshmat K, Sarmadi V, Heidari A, et al. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a new prognostic factor in cancers: a narrative review. Front Oncol, 2023, 13: 1228076.
13. Templeton AJ, McNamara MG, Šeruga B, et al. Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2014, 106(6): 124.
14. Zhang W, Tan Y, Li Y, et al. Neutrophil to Lymphocyte ratio as a predictor for immune-related adverse events in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1234142.
15. Dusselier M, Deluche E, Delacourt N, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio evolution is an independent predictor of early progression of second-line nivolumab-treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancers. PLoS One, 2019, 14(7): e0219060.
16. Peng L, Wang Y, Liu F, et al. Peripheral blood markers predictive of outcome and immune-related adverse events in advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with PD-1 inhibitors. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2020, 69(9): 1813-1822.
17. Phan TT, Ho TT, Nguyen HT, et al. The prognostic impact of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with EGFR TKI. Int J Gen Med, 2018, 11: 423-430.
18. Ren F, Zhao T, Liu B, et al. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) predicted prognosis for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Onco Targets Ther, 2019, 12: 4235-4244.
19. 王高祥, 熊燃, 吴汉然, 等. 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值预测根治性切除肺腺癌患者预后分析. 中国肺癌杂志, 2018, 21(8): 588-593.
20. Yu Y, Qian L, Cui J. Value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for predicting lung cancer prognosis: a meta-analysis of 7, 219 patients. Mol Clin Oncol, 2017, 7(3): 498-506.
21. Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?. Lancet, 2001, 357(9255): 539-545.
22. Yamagishi T, Fujimoto N, Nishi H, et al. Prognostic significance of the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Lung Cancer, 2015, 90(1): 111-117.
23. Chen X, Wu J, Zhang F, et al. Prognostic significance of pre-operative monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in lung cancer patients undergoing radical surgery. Lab Med, 2018, 49(2): e29-e39.
24. Wang L, Long W, Li PF, et al. An elevated peripheral blood monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts poor prognosis in patients with primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. PLoS One, 2015, 10(5): e0126269.
25. 陈春艳, 曹艺. 白蛋白/纤维蛋白原比值、血小板/淋巴细胞比值预测非小细胞肺癌患者预后价值. 创伤与急危重病医学, 2020, 8(4): 281-285.
26. Chen S, Yan H, Du J, et al. Prognostic significance of pre-resection albumin/fibrinogen ratio in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a propensity score matching analysis. Clin Chim Acta, 2018, 482: 203-208.
27. Li SQ, Jiang YH, Lin J, et al. Albumin-to-fibrinogen ratio as a promising biomarker to predict clinical outcome of non-small cell lung cancer individuals. Cancer Med, 2018, 7(4): 1221-1231.
28. Ying J, Zhou D, Gu T, et al. Pretreatment albumin/fibrinogen ratio as a promising predictor for the survival of advanced non small-cell lung cancer patients undergoing first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. BMC Cancer, 2019, 19(1): 288.
29. Sun DW, An L, Lv GY. Albumin-fibrinogen ratio and fibrinogen-prealbumin ratio as promising prognostic markers for cancers: an updated meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol, 2020, 18(1): 9.
30. Kołodziejczyk J, Ponczek MB. The role of fibrinogen, fibrin and fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDPs) in tumor progression. Contemp Oncol (Pozn), 2013, 17(2): 113-119.
31. Palumbo JS, Kombrinck KW, Drew AF, et al. Fibrinogen is an important determinant of the metastatic potential of circulating tumor cells. Blood, 2000, 96(10): 3302-3309.
32. Sheng L, Luo M, Sun X, et al. Serum fibrinogen is an independent prognostic factor in operable nonsmall cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer, 2013, 133(11): 2720-2725.
33. Yang R, Chang Q, Meng X, et al. Prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in cancer: a meta-analysis. J Cancer, 2018, 9(18): 3295-3302.
34. Wang Y, Hu X, Xu W, et al. Prognostic value of a novel scoring system using inflammatory response biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study. Thorac Cancer, 2019, 10(6): 1402-1411.
35. Tomita M, Ayabe T, Nakamura K. The advanced lung cancer inflammation index is an independent prognostic factor after surgical resection in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2018, 26(2): 288-292.
36. 陈玲玉, 赵大海, 张毅. 探讨晚期肺癌炎症指数(ALI)对肺癌预后的判断价值. 世界最新医学信息文摘(连续型电子期刊), 2019, 19(60): 229-230, 232.
37. Hua X, Chen J, Wu Y, et al. Prognostic role of the advanced lung cancer inflammation index in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol, 2019, 17(1): 177.
38. Mandaliya H, Jones M, Oldmeadow C, et al. Prognostic biomarkers in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI). Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2019, 8(6): 886-894.
39. Song M, Zhang Q, Song C, et al. The advanced lung cancer inflammation index is the optimal inflammatory biomarker of overall survival in patients with lung cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2022, 13(5): 2504-2514.
40. Jafri SH, Shi R, Mills G. Advance lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) at diagnosis is a prognostic marker in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a retrospective review. BMC Cancer, 2013, 13: 158.
41. Buzby GP, Mullen JL, Matthews DC, et al. Prognostic nutritional index in gastrointestinal surgery. Am J Surg, 1980, 139(1): 160-167.
42. Onodera T, Goseki N, Kosaki G. Prognostic nutritional index in gastrointestinal surgery of malnourished cancer patients. Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi, 1984, 85(9): 1001-1005.
43. Sun K, Chen S, Xu J, et al. The prognostic significance of the prognostic nutritional index in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2014, 140(9): 1537-1549.
44. Shoji F, Miura N, Matsubara T, et al. Prognostic significance of immune-nutritional parameters for surgically resected elderly lung cancer patients: a multicentre retrospective study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2018, 26(3): 389-394.
45. Hao J, Chen C, Wan F, et al. Prognostic value of pre-treatment prognostic nutritional index in esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol, 2020, 10: 797.
46. Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, et al. Pretreatment prognostic nutritional index as a prognostic factor in lung cancer: review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta, 2018, 486: 303-310.
47. Minami S, Ogata Y, Ihara S, et al. Pretreatment Glasgow prognostic score and prognostic nutritional index predict overall survival of patients with advanced small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (Auckl), 2017, 8: 249-257.
48. Jin S, Cao S, Xu S, et al. Clinical impact of pretreatment prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in small cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Clin Respir J, 2018, 12(9): 2433-2440.
49. Zhou T, Zhao Y, Zhao S, et al. Comparison of the prognostic value of systemic inflammation response markers in small cell lung cancer patients. J Cancer, 2019, 10(7): 1685-1692.
50. Shimizu K, Okita R, Saisho S, et al. Preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and prognostic nutritional index predict survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. World J Surg Oncol, 2015, 13: 291.
51. Watanabe I, Kanauchi N, Watanabe H. Preoperative prognostic nutritional index as a predictor of outcomes in elderly patients after surgery for lung cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2018, 48(4): 382-387.
52. Tong YS, Tan J, Zhou XL, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index predicting chemoradiation resistance and poor outcome in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer. J Transl Med, 2017, 15(1): 221.
53. Sheng J, Yang YP, Ma YX, et al. Low prognostic nutritional index correlates with worse survival in patients with advanced NSCLC following EGFR-TKIs. PLoS One, 2016, 11(1): e0147226.
54. Li J, Wang Y, Wu Y, et al. Prognostic value of pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio in lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Nutr Cancer, 2021, 73(1): 75-82.
55. Abelev GI, Assecritova IV, Kraevsky NA, et al. Embryonal serum alpha-globulin in cancer patients: diagnostic value. Int J Cancer, 1967, 2(5): 551-558.
56. Lv GY, An L, Sun XD, et al. Pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio can serve as a prognostic marker in human cancers: a meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta, 2018, 476: 81-91.
57. Wang Y, Li S, Hu X, et al. The prognostic value of serum albumin-globulin ratio in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study. Cancer Manag Res, 2019, 11: 3545-3554.
58. Zhang F, Ying L, Jin J, et al. The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio predicts long-term outcomes of patients with operable non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(5): 8835-8842.
59. Matsubara T, Takamori S, Haratake N, et al. Identification of the best prognostic marker among immunonutritional parameters using serum C-reactive protein and albumin in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Surg Oncol, 2021, 28(6): 3046-3054.

West China Medical Journal

Research progress of blood nutrition and immune indicators in lung cancer prognosis

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