- 1. Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710000, P. R. China;
- 2. Graduate School, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710000, P. R. China;
Sleep disorder is related to many comorbidities, such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. Because of its increasing prevalence rate, it has become a global problem that seriously threatens people’s health. Various forms of sleep disorder can cause increased insulin resistance and/or decreased sensitivity, thus affecting the occurrence, development and prognosis of diabetes. However, sleep health has not been paid attention to in recent years. Therefore, this article summarizes the findings of the correlation between sleep disorder and diabetes mellitus in recent years, by elaborating the relationship between various types of sleep disorder (including sleep apnea syndrome) and diabetes mellitus, as well as their mechanisms and intervention measures, in order to enhance the attention of clinical workers to sleep health, and to provide basis for reducing the risk of diabetes.
Citation: BAI Xiaowei, LI Tongtong, TANG Li, LI Ya. Research progress of sleep disorder and diabetes mellitus. West China Medical Journal, 2024, 39(1): 140-146. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202307163 Copy
1. | Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2022, 183: 109119. |
2. | Liu Y, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, et al. Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults--United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2016, 65(6): 137-141. |
3. | 王丽敏, 关云琦. 睡眠状况与主要慢性病患病的关系. 中华流行病学杂志, 2020, 41(8): 1237-1241. |
4. | Weiszenstein M, Shimoda LA, Koc M, et al. Inhibition of lipolysis ameliorates diabetic phenotype in a mouse model of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2016, 55(2): 299-307. |
5. | Khalil M, Power N, Graham E, et al. The association between sleep and diabetes outcomes - a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2020, 161: 108035. |
6. | Anothaisintawee T, Reutrakul S, Van Cauter E, et al. Sleep disturbances compared to traditional risk factors for diabetes development: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev, 2016, 30: 11-24. |
7. | Li X, Sotres-Alvarez D, Gallo LC, et al. Associations of sleep-disordered breathing and insomnia with incident hypertension and diabetes. The hispanic community health study/study of latinos. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2021, 203(3): 356-365. |
8. | Afroz-Hossain A, Dawkins M, Myers A K. Sleep and environmental factors affecting glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep, 2019, 19(7): 40. |
9. | Choi Y, Choi JW. Association of sleep disturbance with risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes: data from the Korean NHIS-HEALS. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2020, 19(1): 61. |
10. | Bhati P, Hussain ME. Sleep duration is a significant predictor of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prim Care Diabetes, 2019, 13(5): 452-461. |
11. | Martyn-Nemeth P, Phillips SA, Mihailescu D, et al. Poor sleep quality is associated with nocturnal glycaemic variability and fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes. J Adv Nurs, 2018, 74(10): 2373-2380. |
12. | Sakamoto R, Yamakawa T, Takahashi K, et al. Association of usual sleep quality and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes in Japanese: a cross sectional study. Sleep and Food Registry in Kanagawa (SOREKA). PloS One, 2018, 13(1): e0191771. |
13. | Cappuccio FP, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, et al. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes care, 2010, 33(2): 414-420. |
14. | Zhu B, Bronas UG, Quinn L, et al. Relationships between sleep and self-care in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Sleep, 2018, 41(Suppl 1): A329. |
15. | Byberg S, Hansen AL, Christensen DL, et al. Sleep duration and sleep quality are associated differently with alterations of glucose homeostasis. Diabet Med, 2012, 29(9): e354-e360. |
16. | Simon SL, Higgins J, Melanson E, et al. A model of adolescent sleep health and risk for type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep, 2021, 21(2): 4. |
17. | Antza C, Kostopoulos G, Mostafa S, et al. The links between sleep duration, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol, 2021, 252(2): 125-141. |
18. | Engeda J, Mezuk B, Ratliff S, et al. Association between duration and quality of sleep and the risk of pre-diabetes: evidence from NHANES. Diabet Med, 2013, 30(6): 676-680. |
19. | Kim A, Yu HY, Lim J, et al. Improved efficacy and in vivo cellular properties of human embryonic stem cell derivative in a preclinical model of bladder pain syndrome. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 8872. |
20. | Arora T, Chen MZ, Cooper AR, et al. The impact of sleep debt on excess adiposity and insulin sensitivity in patients with early type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Sleep Med, 2016, 12(5): 673-680. |
21. | Chaput JP, Dutil C, Featherstone R, et al. Sleep duration and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2020, 10(Suppl 2): S218-S231. |
22. | Maskarinec G, Jacobs S, Amshoff Y, et al. Sleep duration and incidence of type 2 diabetes: the Multiethnic Cohort. Sleep health, 2018, 4(1): 27-32. |
23. | Matsumoto T, Murase K, Tabara Y, et al. Impact of sleep characteristics and obesity on diabetes and hypertension across genders and menopausal status: the Nagahama study. Sleep, 2018, 41(7): y71. |
24. | Aurora RN, Kim JS, Crainiceanu C, et al. Habitual sleep duration and all-cause mortality in a general community sample. Sleep, 2016, 39(11): 1903-1909. |
25. | Koopman ADM, Beulens JW, Dijkstra T, et al. Prevalence of insomnia (symptoms) in T2D and association with metabolic parameters and glycemic control: meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 105(3): 614-643. |
26. | Zhang Y, Lin Y, Zhang J, et al. Association between insomnia and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Han Chinese individuals in Shandong Province, China. Sleep Breath, 2019, 23(1): 349-354. |
27. | Imes CC, Bizhanova Z, Sereika SM, et al. Metabolic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes and sleep disorders. Sleep Breath, 2022, 26(1): 339-346. |
28. | Gao X, Sun H, Zhang Y, et al. Investigating causal relations between sleep-related traits and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a mendelian randomization study. Front Genet, 2020, 11: 607865. |
29. | Chew M, Tan NYQ, Lamoureux E, et al. The associations of objectively measured sleep duration and sleep disturbances with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2020, 159: 107967. |
30. | Zhang Y, Jiang X, Liu J, et al. The association between insomnia and the risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci, 2021, 89: 430-436. |
31. | Siwasaranond N, Nimitphong H, Manodpitipong A, et al. The relationship between diabetes-related complications and obstructive sleep apnea in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res, 2018, 2018: 9269170. |
32. | Dong L, Lin M, Wang W, et al. Lipid accumulation product (LAP) was independently associated with obstructive sleep apnea in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocr Disord, 2020, 20(1): 179. |
33. | Nagayoshi M, Punjabi NM, Selvin E, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and incident type 2 diabetes. Sleep Med, 2016, 25: 156-161. |
34. | Punjabi NM, Beamer BA. Alterations in glucose disposal in sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2009, 179(3): 235-240. |
35. | Song SO, He K, Narla RR, et al. Metabolic consequences of obstructive sleep apnea especially pertaining to diabetes mellitus and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Metab J, 2019, 43(2): 144-155. |
36. | Wei T, Li C, Heng Y, et al. Association between night-shift work and level of melatonin: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med, 2020, 75: 502-509. |
37. | Karamitri A, Jockers R. Melatonin in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2019, 15(2): 105-125. |
38. | Wehrens SM, Christou S, Isherwood C, et al. Meal timing regulates the human circadian system. Curr Biol, 2017, 27(12): 1768-1775.e3. |
39. | Reng RS, Onwuegbuzie GA. Diabetes and sleep. New Niger J Clin Res, 2021, 10(17): 1-6. |
40. | McHill AW, Hull JT, McMullan CJ, et al. Chronic insufficient sleep has a limited impact on circadian rhythmicity of subjective hunger and awakening fasted metabolic hormones. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2018: 319. |
41. | Uchiyama T, Ota H, Ohbayashi C, et al. Effects of intermittent hypoxia on cytokine expression involved in insulin resistance. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(23): 12898. |
42. | Murphy AM, Thomas A, Crinion SJ, et al. Intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnoea mediates insulin resistance through adipose tissue inflammation. Eur Respir J, 2017, 49(4): 1601731. |
43. | Poulain L, Mathieu HE, Thomas A, et al. Intermittent hypoxia-induced insulin resistance is associated with alterations in white fat distribution. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 11180. |
44. | Gozal D, Khalyfa A, Qiao Z, et al. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B mediates sleep fragmentation-induced insulin resistance and visceral adipose tissue inflammation in mice. Sleep, 2017, 40(9): zsx111. |
45. | Aho V, Ollila HM, Kronholm E, et al. Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses. Sci Rep, 2016: 24828. |
46. | Kapsimalis F, Basta M, Varouchakis G, et al. Cytokines and pathological sleep. Sleep Med, 2008, 9(6): 603-614. |
47. | Zhu B, Shi C, Park CG, et al. Effects of sleep restriction on metabolism-related parameters in healthy adults: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev, 2019, 45: 18-30. |
48. | Maruyama NO, Mitchell NC, Truong TT, et al. Activation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus by acute intermittent hypoxia: implications for sympathetic long-term facilitation neuroplasticity. Exp Neurol, 2019, 314: 1-8. |
49. | Pamidi S, Pinto LM, Marc I, et al. Maternal sleep-disordered breathing and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2014, 210(1): 52.e1-52.e14. |
50. | Shobatake R, Ota H, Takahashi N, et al. The impact of intermittent hypoxia on metabolism and cognition. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(21): 12957. |
51. | Lam JC, Tan KC, Lai AY, et al. Increased serum levels of advanced glycation end-products is associated with severity of sleep disordered breathing but not insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic men with obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Med, 2012, 13(1): 15-20. |
52. | Trinh MD, Plihalova A, Gojda J, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea increases lipolysis and deteriorates glucose homeostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 3567. |
53. | Börgel J, Sanner BM, Bittlinsky A, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea and its therapy influence high-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels. Eur Respir J, 2006, 27(1): 121-127. |
54. | Fenton S, Burrows TL, Skinner JA, et al. The influence of sleep health on dietary intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. J Hum Nutr Diet, 2021, 34(2): 273-285. |
55. | Bromley LE, Booth JN 3rd, Kilkus JM, et al. Sleep restriction decreases the physical activity of adults at risk for type 2 diabetes. Sleep, 2012, 35(7): 977-984. |
56. | Nuyujukian DS, Beals J, Huang H, et al. Sleep duration and diabetes risk in American Indian and Alaska native participants of a lifestyle intervention project. Sleep, 2016, 39(11): 1919-1926. |
57. | Shechter A, Foster GD, Lang W, et al. Effects of a lifestyle intervention on REM sleep-related OSA severity in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Sleep Res, 2017, 26(6): 747-755. |
58. | Pillar G, Shehadeh N. Abdominal fat and sleep apnea: the chicken or the egg?. Diabetes care, 2008, 7(Suppl 2): S303-S309. |
59. | Kothari V, Cardona Z, Chirakalwasan N, et al. Sleep interventions and glucose metabolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med, 2021, 78: 24-35. |
60. | Tannas CL. Type 2 diabetes and insomnia: impact on metabolic control. Detroit: Wayne State University, 2012. |
61. | Alshehri MM, Alothman SA, Alenazi AM, et al. The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, pilot RCT part Ⅱ: diabetes health outcomes. BMC Endocr Disord, 2020, 20(1): 136. |
62. | Li M, Li D, Tang Y, et al. Effect of diabetes sleep education for T2DM who sleep after midnight: a pilot study from China. Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 2018, 16(1): 13-19. |
63. | Pereira FH, Trevisan DD, Lourenço DS, et al. Effect of educational strategies on the sleep quality of people with diabetes: randomized clinical trial. Aquichan, 2019, 19(3): 1-13. |
64. | Yoshikawa F, Shigiyama F, Ando Y, et al. Chronotherapeutic efficacy of suvorexant on sleep quality and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes and insomnia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2020, 169: 108412. |
65. | Gramaglia E, Ramella Gigliardi V, Olivetti I, et al. Impact of short-term treatment with benzodiazepines and imidazopyridines on glucose metabolism in healthy subjects. J Endocrinol Invest, 2014, 37(2): 203-206. |
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67. | Tsunoda T, Yamada M, Akiyama T, et al. The effects of ramelteon on glucose metabolism and sleep quality in type 2 diabetic patients with insomnia: a pilot prospective randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med Res, 2016, 8(12): 878-887. |
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- 1. Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2022, 183: 109119.
- 2. Liu Y, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, et al. Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults--United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2016, 65(6): 137-141.
- 3. 王丽敏, 关云琦. 睡眠状况与主要慢性病患病的关系. 中华流行病学杂志, 2020, 41(8): 1237-1241.
- 4. Weiszenstein M, Shimoda LA, Koc M, et al. Inhibition of lipolysis ameliorates diabetic phenotype in a mouse model of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2016, 55(2): 299-307.
- 5. Khalil M, Power N, Graham E, et al. The association between sleep and diabetes outcomes - a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2020, 161: 108035.
- 6. Anothaisintawee T, Reutrakul S, Van Cauter E, et al. Sleep disturbances compared to traditional risk factors for diabetes development: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev, 2016, 30: 11-24.
- 7. Li X, Sotres-Alvarez D, Gallo LC, et al. Associations of sleep-disordered breathing and insomnia with incident hypertension and diabetes. The hispanic community health study/study of latinos. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2021, 203(3): 356-365.
- 8. Afroz-Hossain A, Dawkins M, Myers A K. Sleep and environmental factors affecting glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep, 2019, 19(7): 40.
- 9. Choi Y, Choi JW. Association of sleep disturbance with risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes: data from the Korean NHIS-HEALS. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2020, 19(1): 61.
- 10. Bhati P, Hussain ME. Sleep duration is a significant predictor of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prim Care Diabetes, 2019, 13(5): 452-461.
- 11. Martyn-Nemeth P, Phillips SA, Mihailescu D, et al. Poor sleep quality is associated with nocturnal glycaemic variability and fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes. J Adv Nurs, 2018, 74(10): 2373-2380.
- 12. Sakamoto R, Yamakawa T, Takahashi K, et al. Association of usual sleep quality and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes in Japanese: a cross sectional study. Sleep and Food Registry in Kanagawa (SOREKA). PloS One, 2018, 13(1): e0191771.
- 13. Cappuccio FP, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, et al. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes care, 2010, 33(2): 414-420.
- 14. Zhu B, Bronas UG, Quinn L, et al. Relationships between sleep and self-care in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Sleep, 2018, 41(Suppl 1): A329.
- 15. Byberg S, Hansen AL, Christensen DL, et al. Sleep duration and sleep quality are associated differently with alterations of glucose homeostasis. Diabet Med, 2012, 29(9): e354-e360.
- 16. Simon SL, Higgins J, Melanson E, et al. A model of adolescent sleep health and risk for type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep, 2021, 21(2): 4.
- 17. Antza C, Kostopoulos G, Mostafa S, et al. The links between sleep duration, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol, 2021, 252(2): 125-141.
- 18. Engeda J, Mezuk B, Ratliff S, et al. Association between duration and quality of sleep and the risk of pre-diabetes: evidence from NHANES. Diabet Med, 2013, 30(6): 676-680.
- 19. Kim A, Yu HY, Lim J, et al. Improved efficacy and in vivo cellular properties of human embryonic stem cell derivative in a preclinical model of bladder pain syndrome. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 8872.
- 20. Arora T, Chen MZ, Cooper AR, et al. The impact of sleep debt on excess adiposity and insulin sensitivity in patients with early type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Sleep Med, 2016, 12(5): 673-680.
- 21. Chaput JP, Dutil C, Featherstone R, et al. Sleep duration and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2020, 10(Suppl 2): S218-S231.
- 22. Maskarinec G, Jacobs S, Amshoff Y, et al. Sleep duration and incidence of type 2 diabetes: the Multiethnic Cohort. Sleep health, 2018, 4(1): 27-32.
- 23. Matsumoto T, Murase K, Tabara Y, et al. Impact of sleep characteristics and obesity on diabetes and hypertension across genders and menopausal status: the Nagahama study. Sleep, 2018, 41(7): y71.
- 24. Aurora RN, Kim JS, Crainiceanu C, et al. Habitual sleep duration and all-cause mortality in a general community sample. Sleep, 2016, 39(11): 1903-1909.
- 25. Koopman ADM, Beulens JW, Dijkstra T, et al. Prevalence of insomnia (symptoms) in T2D and association with metabolic parameters and glycemic control: meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 105(3): 614-643.
- 26. Zhang Y, Lin Y, Zhang J, et al. Association between insomnia and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Han Chinese individuals in Shandong Province, China. Sleep Breath, 2019, 23(1): 349-354.
- 27. Imes CC, Bizhanova Z, Sereika SM, et al. Metabolic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes and sleep disorders. Sleep Breath, 2022, 26(1): 339-346.
- 28. Gao X, Sun H, Zhang Y, et al. Investigating causal relations between sleep-related traits and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a mendelian randomization study. Front Genet, 2020, 11: 607865.
- 29. Chew M, Tan NYQ, Lamoureux E, et al. The associations of objectively measured sleep duration and sleep disturbances with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2020, 159: 107967.
- 30. Zhang Y, Jiang X, Liu J, et al. The association between insomnia and the risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci, 2021, 89: 430-436.
- 31. Siwasaranond N, Nimitphong H, Manodpitipong A, et al. The relationship between diabetes-related complications and obstructive sleep apnea in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res, 2018, 2018: 9269170.
- 32. Dong L, Lin M, Wang W, et al. Lipid accumulation product (LAP) was independently associated with obstructive sleep apnea in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocr Disord, 2020, 20(1): 179.
- 33. Nagayoshi M, Punjabi NM, Selvin E, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and incident type 2 diabetes. Sleep Med, 2016, 25: 156-161.
- 34. Punjabi NM, Beamer BA. Alterations in glucose disposal in sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2009, 179(3): 235-240.
- 35. Song SO, He K, Narla RR, et al. Metabolic consequences of obstructive sleep apnea especially pertaining to diabetes mellitus and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Metab J, 2019, 43(2): 144-155.
- 36. Wei T, Li C, Heng Y, et al. Association between night-shift work and level of melatonin: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med, 2020, 75: 502-509.
- 37. Karamitri A, Jockers R. Melatonin in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2019, 15(2): 105-125.
- 38. Wehrens SM, Christou S, Isherwood C, et al. Meal timing regulates the human circadian system. Curr Biol, 2017, 27(12): 1768-1775.e3.
- 39. Reng RS, Onwuegbuzie GA. Diabetes and sleep. New Niger J Clin Res, 2021, 10(17): 1-6.
- 40. McHill AW, Hull JT, McMullan CJ, et al. Chronic insufficient sleep has a limited impact on circadian rhythmicity of subjective hunger and awakening fasted metabolic hormones. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2018: 319.
- 41. Uchiyama T, Ota H, Ohbayashi C, et al. Effects of intermittent hypoxia on cytokine expression involved in insulin resistance. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(23): 12898.
- 42. Murphy AM, Thomas A, Crinion SJ, et al. Intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnoea mediates insulin resistance through adipose tissue inflammation. Eur Respir J, 2017, 49(4): 1601731.
- 43. Poulain L, Mathieu HE, Thomas A, et al. Intermittent hypoxia-induced insulin resistance is associated with alterations in white fat distribution. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 11180.
- 44. Gozal D, Khalyfa A, Qiao Z, et al. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B mediates sleep fragmentation-induced insulin resistance and visceral adipose tissue inflammation in mice. Sleep, 2017, 40(9): zsx111.
- 45. Aho V, Ollila HM, Kronholm E, et al. Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses. Sci Rep, 2016: 24828.
- 46. Kapsimalis F, Basta M, Varouchakis G, et al. Cytokines and pathological sleep. Sleep Med, 2008, 9(6): 603-614.
- 47. Zhu B, Shi C, Park CG, et al. Effects of sleep restriction on metabolism-related parameters in healthy adults: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev, 2019, 45: 18-30.
- 48. Maruyama NO, Mitchell NC, Truong TT, et al. Activation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus by acute intermittent hypoxia: implications for sympathetic long-term facilitation neuroplasticity. Exp Neurol, 2019, 314: 1-8.
- 49. Pamidi S, Pinto LM, Marc I, et al. Maternal sleep-disordered breathing and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2014, 210(1): 52.e1-52.e14.
- 50. Shobatake R, Ota H, Takahashi N, et al. The impact of intermittent hypoxia on metabolism and cognition. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(21): 12957.
- 51. Lam JC, Tan KC, Lai AY, et al. Increased serum levels of advanced glycation end-products is associated with severity of sleep disordered breathing but not insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic men with obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Med, 2012, 13(1): 15-20.
- 52. Trinh MD, Plihalova A, Gojda J, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea increases lipolysis and deteriorates glucose homeostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 3567.
- 53. Börgel J, Sanner BM, Bittlinsky A, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea and its therapy influence high-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels. Eur Respir J, 2006, 27(1): 121-127.
- 54. Fenton S, Burrows TL, Skinner JA, et al. The influence of sleep health on dietary intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. J Hum Nutr Diet, 2021, 34(2): 273-285.
- 55. Bromley LE, Booth JN 3rd, Kilkus JM, et al. Sleep restriction decreases the physical activity of adults at risk for type 2 diabetes. Sleep, 2012, 35(7): 977-984.
- 56. Nuyujukian DS, Beals J, Huang H, et al. Sleep duration and diabetes risk in American Indian and Alaska native participants of a lifestyle intervention project. Sleep, 2016, 39(11): 1919-1926.
- 57. Shechter A, Foster GD, Lang W, et al. Effects of a lifestyle intervention on REM sleep-related OSA severity in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Sleep Res, 2017, 26(6): 747-755.
- 58. Pillar G, Shehadeh N. Abdominal fat and sleep apnea: the chicken or the egg?. Diabetes care, 2008, 7(Suppl 2): S303-S309.
- 59. Kothari V, Cardona Z, Chirakalwasan N, et al. Sleep interventions and glucose metabolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med, 2021, 78: 24-35.
- 60. Tannas CL. Type 2 diabetes and insomnia: impact on metabolic control. Detroit: Wayne State University, 2012.
- 61. Alshehri MM, Alothman SA, Alenazi AM, et al. The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, pilot RCT part Ⅱ: diabetes health outcomes. BMC Endocr Disord, 2020, 20(1): 136.
- 62. Li M, Li D, Tang Y, et al. Effect of diabetes sleep education for T2DM who sleep after midnight: a pilot study from China. Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 2018, 16(1): 13-19.
- 63. Pereira FH, Trevisan DD, Lourenço DS, et al. Effect of educational strategies on the sleep quality of people with diabetes: randomized clinical trial. Aquichan, 2019, 19(3): 1-13.
- 64. Yoshikawa F, Shigiyama F, Ando Y, et al. Chronotherapeutic efficacy of suvorexant on sleep quality and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes and insomnia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2020, 169: 108412.
- 65. Gramaglia E, Ramella Gigliardi V, Olivetti I, et al. Impact of short-term treatment with benzodiazepines and imidazopyridines on glucose metabolism in healthy subjects. J Endocrinol Invest, 2014, 37(2): 203-206.
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