Developments in research on the diagnosis and treatment combined with medicine and engineering for rheumatoid arthritis_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

ZHU Bihui , WANG Liyun , RONG Xiao ,  QIU Li

Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

QIU Li, Email: qiulihx@scu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Rheumatoid arthritis; combination of medicine and engineering; pathogenesis; diagnosis and treatment

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202404014

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common systemic autoimmune disease with complicated pathogenesis. Symmetric pain and swelling in multiple joints are the primary clinical symptoms. The early diagnosis and treatment significantly contribute to the better prognosis of RA patients. However, there are still a lot of obstacles in the way of diagnosing and treating RA, and innovative models are urgently needed. As an innovative cross-research model, the applications of the combination of medicine and engineering in the biomedical field present a good prospect, which is expected to improve the demands and defects of traditional RA diagnosis and treatment. Herein, this article reviewed the research progress of the new technologies’ applications in RA diagnosis and treatment in recent years, in order to broaden the new strategies of RA precision diagnosis and treatment.

Citation： ZHU Bihui, WANG Liyun, RONG Xiao, QIU Li. Developments in research on the diagnosis and treatment combined with medicine and engineering for rheumatoid arthritis. West China Medical Journal, 2024, 39(10): 1650-1656. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202404014 Copy

1.	Wang S, Lv J, Meng S, et al. Recent advances in nanotheranostics for treat-to-target of rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Healthc Mater, 2020, 9(6): e1901541.
2.	Gravallese EM, Firestein GS. Rheumatoid arthritis-common origins, divergent mechanisms. N Engl J Med, 2023, 388(6): 529-542.
3.	Zhu Y, Zhao Tj, Liu M, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis microenvironment insights into treatment effect of nanomaterials. Nano Today, 2022, 42: 101358.
4.	陈杨, 刘冀龙, 耿培亮. 肿瘤诊疗领域医学与工程学融合发展的现状与趋势. 中国医学装备, 2021, 18(3): 177-180.
5.	张海宏, 黄山, 张志毅, 等. 面向成果转化推进医工结合的对策分析. 中国高等医学教育, 2023 (4): 41-42.
6.	Singh H, Dan A, Kumawat MK, et al. Pathophysiology to advanced intra-articular drug delivery strategies: unravelling rheumatoid arthritis. Biomaterials, 2023, 303: 122390.
7.	Zhang C, Ma P, Qin A, et al. Current immunotherapy strategies for rheumatoid arthritis: the immunoengineering and delivery systems. Research, 2023, 6: 0220.
8.	尹耕, 文富强. 类风湿关节炎的炎症免疫机制及疾病活动性的评估. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2015, 46(2): 267-271, 158.
9.	Ai R, Whitaker JW, Boyle DL, et al. DNA methylome signature in synoviocytes from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis compared to synoviocytes from patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2015, 67(7): 1978-1980.
10.	Aggarwal R, Rider LG, Ruperto N, et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria for minimal, moderate, and major clinical response in adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: an International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group/Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation Collaborative Initiative. Ann Rheum Dis, 2017, 76(5): 792-801.
11.	Radu AF, Bungau SG. Nanomedical approaches in the realm of rheumatoid arthritis. Ageing Res Rev, 2023, 87: 101927.
12.	Li YF, Liang QW, Zhou LY, et al. Metal nanoparticles: a platform integrating diagnosis and therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. J Nanopart Res, 2022, 24(4): 84.
13.	Colebatch AN, Edwards CJ, Østergaard M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging of the joints in the clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013, 72(6): 804-814.
14.	Liang WQ, Yu YJ, Liu ZY, et al. The therapeutic potential of targeted nanoparticulate systems to treat rheumatoid arthritis. J Nanomater, 2022, 2022: 8900658.
15.	Huang J, Fu X, Chen X, et al. Promising therapeutic targets for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 686155.
16.	Radu AF, Bungau SG. Management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview. Cells, 2021, 10(11): 2857.
17.	Golfinopoulou R, Kintzios S. Biosensing for autoimmune chronic disease-a review. Chemosensors, 2023, 11(7): 366.
18.	Imas JJ, Ruiz Zamarreño C, Zubiate P, et al. Optical biosensors for the detection of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) biomarkers: a comprehensive review. Sensors (Basel), 2020, 20(21): 6289.
19.	Veigas B, Matias A, Calmeiro T, et al. Antibody modified gold nanoparticles for fast colorimetric screening of rheumatoid arthritis. Analyst, 2019, 144(11): 3613-3619.
20.	Ma J, Chen J, Li Y, et al. Electrochemical immuno determination of connective tissue growth factor levels on nitrogen-doped graphene. Microchim Acta, 2022, 189(5): 187.
21.	Herlitz-Cifuentes H, Vejar C, Flores A, et al. Plasma from patients with rheumatoid arthritis reduces nitric oxide synthesis and induces reactive oxygen species in a cell-based biosensor. Biosensors (Basel), 2019, 9(1): 32.
22.	Arévalo B, Serafín V, Sánchez-Paniagua M, et al. Fast and sensitive diagnosis of autoimmune disorders through amperometric biosensing of serum anti-dsdna autoantibodies. Biosens Bioelectron, 2020, 160: 112233.
23.	Guerrero S , Sánchez-Tirado E , Martínez-García G, et al. Electrochemical biosensor for the simultaneous determination of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in human serum. Analyst, 2020, 145(13): 4680-4687.
24.	Hwang EY, Lee JH, Lim DW. Directional self-assembly of anisotropic bimetal-poly(aniline) nanostructures for rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis in multiplexing. Anal Chim Acta, 2021, 1174: 338699.
25.	Wang Z, Tong Z, Chen H, et al. Photoacoustic/ultrasonic dual-mode imaging for monitoring angiogenesis and synovial erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Photoacoustics, 2023, 29: 100458.
26.	Zhao CY, Zhang R, Zhu QL, et al. The potential of photoacoustic techniques in inflammatory arthritis: what can it do to assist conventional imaging methods?. Chin J Acad Radiol, 2021, 4(2): 79-87.
27.	Xiao SY, Tang YF, Lin YM, et al. In vivo nano contrast-enhanced photoacoustic imaging for dynamically lightening the molecular changes of rheumatoid arthritis. Mater Des, 2021, 207: 109862.
28.	He X, Chen H, Chang S, et al. Multifunctional nanoparticles co-loaded with perfluoropropane, indocyanine green, and methotrexate for enhanced multimodal imaging of collagen-induced arthritis. Mol Pharm, 2022, 19(7): 2418-2428.
29.	Peng X, Xu Z, Dentinger A, et al. Longitudinal volumetric assessment of inflammatory arthritis via photoacoustic imaging and doppler ultrasound imaging. Photoacoustics, 2023, 31: 100514.
30.	Yang M, Zhao C, Wang M, et al. Synovial oxygenation at photoacoustic imaging to assess rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Radiology, 2023, 306(1): 220-228.
31.	Chen J, Zeng S, Xue Q, et al. Photoacoustic image-guided biomimetic nanoparticles targeting rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2022, 119(43): e2213373119.
32.	Lan RD, Lv JX, Gao DY, et al. Folate receptor-targeted NIR-Ⅱ dual-model nanoprobes for multiscale visualization of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33(29): 202300342.
33.	Bruno MC, Cristiano MC, Celia C, et al. Injectable drug delivery systems for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(12): 19665-19690.
34.	Dhule KD, Nandgude TD. Lipid nano-system based topical drug delivery for management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview. Adv Pharm Bull, 2023, 13(4): 663-677.
35.	He W, Kapate N, Shields CW 4th, et al. Drug delivery to macrophages: a review of targeting drugs and drug carriers to macrophages for in flammatory diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2020(165/166): 15-40.
36.	Guimarães D, Noro J, Loureiro A, et al. Increased encapsulation efficiency of methotrexate in liposomes for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Biomedicines, 2020, 8(12): 630.
37.	Lai X, Wang S, Hu M, et al. Dual targeting single arrow: neutrophil-targeted sialic acid-modified nanoplatform for treating comorbid tumors and rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Pharm, 2021, 607: 121022.
38.	Nooreen R, Nene S, Jain H, et al. Polymer nanotherapeutics:a versatile platform for effective rheumatoid arthritis therapy. J Control Release, 2022, 348: 397-419.
39.	Libánská A, Randárová E, Skoroplyas S, et al. Size-switchable polymer-based nanomedicines in the advanced therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. J Control Release, 2023, 353: 30-41.
40.	Shang W, Sun Q, Zhang C, et al. Drug in therapeutic polymer: sinomenine-loaded oxidation-responsive polymeric nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023, 15(40): 47552-47565.
41.	Cosenza S, Toupet K, Maumus M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes are more immunosuppressive than microparticles in inflammatory arthritis. Theranostics, 2018, 8(5): 1399-1410.
42.	Buzas EI, György B, Nagy G, et al. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2014, 10(6): 356-364.
43.	Tran TH, Mattheolabakis G, Aldawsari H, et al. Exosomes as nanocarriers for immunotherapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Clin Immunol, 2015, 160(1): 46-58.
44.	Console L, Scalise M, Indiveri C. Exosomes in inflammation and role as biomarkers. Clin Chim Acta, 2019, 488: 165-171.
45.	Takenaka M, Yabuta A, Takahashi Y, et al. Interleukin-4-carrying small extracellular vesicles with a high potential as anti-inflammatory therapeutics based on modulation of macrophage function. Biomaterials, 2021, 278: 121160.
46.	Topping LM, Thomas BL, Rhys HI, et al. Targeting extracellular vesicles to the arthritic joint using a damaged cartilage-specific antibody. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 10.
47.	Song C, Xu S, Chang L, et al. Preparation of EGCG decorated, injectable extracellular vesicles for cartilage repair in rat arthritis. Regen Biomater, 2021, 8(6): rbab067.
48.	Yang B, Chen Y, Shi J. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based nanomedicine. Chem Rev, 2019, 119(8): 4881-4985.
49.	Huang Y, Ren J, Qu X. Nanozymes: classification, catalytic mechanisms, activity regulation, and applications. Chem Rev, 2019, 119(6): 4357-4412.
50.	Gao F, Yuan Q, Cai P, et al. Au clusters treat rheumatoid arthritis with uniquely reversing cartilage/bone destruction. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2019, 6(7): 1801671.
51.	Kim J, Kim HY, Song SY, et al. Synergistic oxygen generation and reactive oxygen species scavenging by manganese ferrite/ceria co-decorated nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. ACS Nano, 2019, 13(3): 3206-3217.
52.	Yang B, Yao H, Yang J, et al. Construction of a two-dimensional artificial antioxidase for nanocatalytic rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 1988.
53.	Yi J, Liu Y, Xie H, et al. Hydrogels for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10: 1014543.
54.	Xue X, Hu Y, Deng YH, et al. Recent advances in design of functional biocompatible hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31(19): 2009432.
55.	Dehshahri A, Kumar A, Madamsetty VS, et al. New horizons in hydrogels for methotrexate delivery. Gels, 2020, 7(1): 2.
56.	Zhu H, Wu X, Liu R, et al. ECM-inspired hydrogels with ADSCs encapsulation for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2023, 10(9): e2206253.
57.	Rui K, Tang X, Shen Z, et al. Exosome inspired photo-triggered gelation hydrogel composite on modulating immune pathogenesis for treating rheumatoid arthritis. J Nanobiotechnology, 2023, 21(1): 111.
58.	Yeo J, Lee YM, Lee J, et al. Nitric oxide-scavenging nanogel for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Nano Lett, 2019, 19(10): 6716-6724.
59.	Khan D, Qindeel M, Ahmed N, et al. Development of an intelligent, stimuli-responsive transdermal system for efficient delivery of ibuprofen against rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Pharm, 2021, 610: 121242.

1. Wang S, Lv J, Meng S, et al. Recent advances in nanotheranostics for treat-to-target of rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Healthc Mater, 2020, 9(6): e1901541.
2. Gravallese EM, Firestein GS. Rheumatoid arthritis-common origins, divergent mechanisms. N Engl J Med, 2023, 388(6): 529-542.
3. Zhu Y, Zhao Tj, Liu M, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis microenvironment insights into treatment effect of nanomaterials. Nano Today, 2022, 42: 101358.
4. 陈杨, 刘冀龙, 耿培亮. 肿瘤诊疗领域医学与工程学融合发展的现状与趋势. 中国医学装备, 2021, 18(3): 177-180.
5. 张海宏, 黄山, 张志毅, 等. 面向成果转化推进医工结合的对策分析. 中国高等医学教育, 2023 (4): 41-42.
6. Singh H, Dan A, Kumawat MK, et al. Pathophysiology to advanced intra-articular drug delivery strategies: unravelling rheumatoid arthritis. Biomaterials, 2023, 303: 122390.
7. Zhang C, Ma P, Qin A, et al. Current immunotherapy strategies for rheumatoid arthritis: the immunoengineering and delivery systems. Research, 2023, 6: 0220.
8. 尹耕, 文富强. 类风湿关节炎的炎症免疫机制及疾病活动性的评估. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2015, 46(2): 267-271, 158.
9. Ai R, Whitaker JW, Boyle DL, et al. DNA methylome signature in synoviocytes from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis compared to synoviocytes from patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2015, 67(7): 1978-1980.
10. Aggarwal R, Rider LG, Ruperto N, et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria for minimal, moderate, and major clinical response in adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: an International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group/Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation Collaborative Initiative. Ann Rheum Dis, 2017, 76(5): 792-801.
11. Radu AF, Bungau SG. Nanomedical approaches in the realm of rheumatoid arthritis. Ageing Res Rev, 2023, 87: 101927.
12. Li YF, Liang QW, Zhou LY, et al. Metal nanoparticles: a platform integrating diagnosis and therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. J Nanopart Res, 2022, 24(4): 84.
13. Colebatch AN, Edwards CJ, Østergaard M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging of the joints in the clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013, 72(6): 804-814.
14. Liang WQ, Yu YJ, Liu ZY, et al. The therapeutic potential of targeted nanoparticulate systems to treat rheumatoid arthritis. J Nanomater, 2022, 2022: 8900658.
15. Huang J, Fu X, Chen X, et al. Promising therapeutic targets for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 686155.
16. Radu AF, Bungau SG. Management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview. Cells, 2021, 10(11): 2857.
17. Golfinopoulou R, Kintzios S. Biosensing for autoimmune chronic disease-a review. Chemosensors, 2023, 11(7): 366.
18. Imas JJ, Ruiz Zamarreño C, Zubiate P, et al. Optical biosensors for the detection of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) biomarkers: a comprehensive review. Sensors (Basel), 2020, 20(21): 6289.
19. Veigas B, Matias A, Calmeiro T, et al. Antibody modified gold nanoparticles for fast colorimetric screening of rheumatoid arthritis. Analyst, 2019, 144(11): 3613-3619.
20. Ma J, Chen J, Li Y, et al. Electrochemical immuno determination of connective tissue growth factor levels on nitrogen-doped graphene. Microchim Acta, 2022, 189(5): 187.
21. Herlitz-Cifuentes H, Vejar C, Flores A, et al. Plasma from patients with rheumatoid arthritis reduces nitric oxide synthesis and induces reactive oxygen species in a cell-based biosensor. Biosensors (Basel), 2019, 9(1): 32.
22. Arévalo B, Serafín V, Sánchez-Paniagua M, et al. Fast and sensitive diagnosis of autoimmune disorders through amperometric biosensing of serum anti-dsdna autoantibodies. Biosens Bioelectron, 2020, 160: 112233.
23. Guerrero S , Sánchez-Tirado E , Martínez-García G, et al. Electrochemical biosensor for the simultaneous determination of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in human serum. Analyst, 2020, 145(13): 4680-4687.
24. Hwang EY, Lee JH, Lim DW. Directional self-assembly of anisotropic bimetal-poly(aniline) nanostructures for rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis in multiplexing. Anal Chim Acta, 2021, 1174: 338699.
25. Wang Z, Tong Z, Chen H, et al. Photoacoustic/ultrasonic dual-mode imaging for monitoring angiogenesis and synovial erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Photoacoustics, 2023, 29: 100458.
26. Zhao CY, Zhang R, Zhu QL, et al. The potential of photoacoustic techniques in inflammatory arthritis: what can it do to assist conventional imaging methods?. Chin J Acad Radiol, 2021, 4(2): 79-87.
27. Xiao SY, Tang YF, Lin YM, et al. In vivo nano contrast-enhanced photoacoustic imaging for dynamically lightening the molecular changes of rheumatoid arthritis. Mater Des, 2021, 207: 109862.
28. He X, Chen H, Chang S, et al. Multifunctional nanoparticles co-loaded with perfluoropropane, indocyanine green, and methotrexate for enhanced multimodal imaging of collagen-induced arthritis. Mol Pharm, 2022, 19(7): 2418-2428.
29. Peng X, Xu Z, Dentinger A, et al. Longitudinal volumetric assessment of inflammatory arthritis via photoacoustic imaging and doppler ultrasound imaging. Photoacoustics, 2023, 31: 100514.
30. Yang M, Zhao C, Wang M, et al. Synovial oxygenation at photoacoustic imaging to assess rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Radiology, 2023, 306(1): 220-228.
31. Chen J, Zeng S, Xue Q, et al. Photoacoustic image-guided biomimetic nanoparticles targeting rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2022, 119(43): e2213373119.
32. Lan RD, Lv JX, Gao DY, et al. Folate receptor-targeted NIR-Ⅱ dual-model nanoprobes for multiscale visualization of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33(29): 202300342.
33. Bruno MC, Cristiano MC, Celia C, et al. Injectable drug delivery systems for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(12): 19665-19690.
34. Dhule KD, Nandgude TD. Lipid nano-system based topical drug delivery for management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview. Adv Pharm Bull, 2023, 13(4): 663-677.
35. He W, Kapate N, Shields CW 4th, et al. Drug delivery to macrophages: a review of targeting drugs and drug carriers to macrophages for in flammatory diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2020(165/166): 15-40.
36. Guimarães D, Noro J, Loureiro A, et al. Increased encapsulation efficiency of methotrexate in liposomes for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Biomedicines, 2020, 8(12): 630.
37. Lai X, Wang S, Hu M, et al. Dual targeting single arrow: neutrophil-targeted sialic acid-modified nanoplatform for treating comorbid tumors and rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Pharm, 2021, 607: 121022.
38. Nooreen R, Nene S, Jain H, et al. Polymer nanotherapeutics:a versatile platform for effective rheumatoid arthritis therapy. J Control Release, 2022, 348: 397-419.
39. Libánská A, Randárová E, Skoroplyas S, et al. Size-switchable polymer-based nanomedicines in the advanced therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. J Control Release, 2023, 353: 30-41.
40. Shang W, Sun Q, Zhang C, et al. Drug in therapeutic polymer: sinomenine-loaded oxidation-responsive polymeric nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023, 15(40): 47552-47565.
41. Cosenza S, Toupet K, Maumus M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes are more immunosuppressive than microparticles in inflammatory arthritis. Theranostics, 2018, 8(5): 1399-1410.
42. Buzas EI, György B, Nagy G, et al. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2014, 10(6): 356-364.
43. Tran TH, Mattheolabakis G, Aldawsari H, et al. Exosomes as nanocarriers for immunotherapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Clin Immunol, 2015, 160(1): 46-58.
44. Console L, Scalise M, Indiveri C. Exosomes in inflammation and role as biomarkers. Clin Chim Acta, 2019, 488: 165-171.
45. Takenaka M, Yabuta A, Takahashi Y, et al. Interleukin-4-carrying small extracellular vesicles with a high potential as anti-inflammatory therapeutics based on modulation of macrophage function. Biomaterials, 2021, 278: 121160.
46. Topping LM, Thomas BL, Rhys HI, et al. Targeting extracellular vesicles to the arthritic joint using a damaged cartilage-specific antibody. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 10.
47. Song C, Xu S, Chang L, et al. Preparation of EGCG decorated, injectable extracellular vesicles for cartilage repair in rat arthritis. Regen Biomater, 2021, 8(6): rbab067.
48. Yang B, Chen Y, Shi J. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based nanomedicine. Chem Rev, 2019, 119(8): 4881-4985.
49. Huang Y, Ren J, Qu X. Nanozymes: classification, catalytic mechanisms, activity regulation, and applications. Chem Rev, 2019, 119(6): 4357-4412.
50. Gao F, Yuan Q, Cai P, et al. Au clusters treat rheumatoid arthritis with uniquely reversing cartilage/bone destruction. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2019, 6(7): 1801671.
51. Kim J, Kim HY, Song SY, et al. Synergistic oxygen generation and reactive oxygen species scavenging by manganese ferrite/ceria co-decorated nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. ACS Nano, 2019, 13(3): 3206-3217.
52. Yang B, Yao H, Yang J, et al. Construction of a two-dimensional artificial antioxidase for nanocatalytic rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 1988.
53. Yi J, Liu Y, Xie H, et al. Hydrogels for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10: 1014543.
54. Xue X, Hu Y, Deng YH, et al. Recent advances in design of functional biocompatible hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31(19): 2009432.
55. Dehshahri A, Kumar A, Madamsetty VS, et al. New horizons in hydrogels for methotrexate delivery. Gels, 2020, 7(1): 2.
56. Zhu H, Wu X, Liu R, et al. ECM-inspired hydrogels with ADSCs encapsulation for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2023, 10(9): e2206253.
57. Rui K, Tang X, Shen Z, et al. Exosome inspired photo-triggered gelation hydrogel composite on modulating immune pathogenesis for treating rheumatoid arthritis. J Nanobiotechnology, 2023, 21(1): 111.
58. Yeo J, Lee YM, Lee J, et al. Nitric oxide-scavenging nanogel for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Nano Lett, 2019, 19(10): 6716-6724.
59. Khan D, Qindeel M, Ahmed N, et al. Development of an intelligent, stimuli-responsive transdermal system for efficient delivery of ibuprofen against rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Pharm, 2021, 610: 121242.

Previous Article
Application status and future trend analysis of wearable devices in the field of clinical nursing
Next Article
Research progress of Dietary Inflammatory Index and osteosarcopenia

West China Medical Journal

Developments in research on the diagnosis and treatment combined with medicine and engineering for rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content