RESEARCH PROGRESS OF SKELETAL MYOBLASTS FOR CARDIAC REPAIR_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

WANJuyi ^1,2 ,  LIWenbin ¹ , ZHOUZifan ¹ , GONGDa ¹

1. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China;
2. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College;

Corresponding author：

LIWenbin, Email: liwenbin65@vip.sina.com

Keywords：

Skeletal myoblasts; Cardiac repair; Stem cells; Cell therapy

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.20140040

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To review the recent research progress of skeletal myoblasts for cardiac repair. Methods The related literature about skeletal myoblasts for cardiac repair was reviewed, analyzed, and summarized. Results The results of animal experiments and clinical studies have shown that skeletal myoblasts been transplanted into the regional myocardial infarction area in different ways can improve cardiac function. But there are some challenges such as high loss rate of skeletal myoblasts and resulting in ventricular arrhythmias. Conclusion Further studies can improve the safety and effectiveness of skeletal myoblasts for cardiac repair in the future.

Citation： WANJuyi, LIWenbin, ZHOUZifan, GONGDa. RESEARCH PROGRESS OF SKELETAL MYOBLASTS FOR CARDIAC REPAIR. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2014, 28(2): 186-191. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.20140040 Copy

1.	Menasché P.Skeletal myoblasts as a therapeutic agent.Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2007,50(1):7-17.
2.	Ghostine S,Carrion C,Souza LC,et al.Long-term efficacy of myoblast transplantation on regional structure and function after myocardial infarction.Circulation,2002,106(12 Suppl 1):I131-136.
3.	Gavira JJ,Herreros J,Perez A,et al.Autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation in patients with nonacute myocardial infarction:1-year follow-up.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2006,131(4):799-804.
4.	Durrani S,Konoplyannikov M,Ashraf M,et al.Skeletal myoblasts for cardiac repair.Regen Med,2010,5(6):919-932.
5.	Khan M,Kutala VK,Vikram DS,et al.Skeletal myoblasts transplanted in the ischemic myocardium enhance in situ oxygenation and recovery of contractile function.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2007,293(4):H2129-2139.
6.	Al AN,Carrion C,Ghostine S,et al.Long-term (1 year) functional and histological results of autologous skeletal muscle cells transplantation in rat.Cardiovasc Res,2003,58(1):142-148.
7.	Taylor DA,Atkins BZ,Hungspreugs P,et al.Regenerating functional myocardium:improved performance after skeletal myoblast transplantation.Nat Med,1998,4(8):929-933.
8.	McCue JD,Swingen C,Feldberg T,et al.The real estate of myoblast cardiac transplantation:negative remodeling is associated with location.J Heart Lung Transplant,2008,27(1):116-123.
9.	Brasselet C,Morichetti MC,Messas E,et al.Skeletal myoblast transplantation through a catheter-based coronary sinus approach:an effective means of improving function of infarcted myocardium.Eur Heart J,2005,26(15):1551-1556.
10.	Hata H,Matsumiya G,Miyagawa S,et al.Grafted skeletal myoblast sheets attenuate myocardial remodeling in pacing-induced canine heart failure model.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2006,132(4):918-924.
11.	Haider HKh,Ye L,Jiang S,et al.Angiomyogenesis for cardiac repair using human myoblasts as carriers of human vascular endothelial growth factor.J Mol Med (Berl),2004,82(8):539-549.
12.	Atkins BZ,Hueman MT,Meuchel J,et al.Cellular cardiomyoplasty improves diastolic properties of injured heart.J Surg Res,1999,85(2):234-242.
13.	Marelli D,Desrosiers C,el-Alfy M,et al.Cell transplantation for myocardial repair:an experimental approach.Cell Transplant,1992,1(6):383-390.
14.	Reinecke H,Murry CE.Transmural replacement of myocardium after skeletal myoblast grafting into the heart.Too much of a good thing.Cardiovas Pathol,2000,9(6):337-344.
15.	Reinecke H,MacDonald GH,Hauschka SD,et al.Electromechanical coupling between skeletal and cardiac muscle.Implications for infarct repair.J Cell Biol,2000,149(3):731-740.
16.	庄炜,李莉,林国强,等.自体成肌细胞移植改善兔心肌梗死后心功能的实验研究.中南大学学报:医学版,2011,36(4):286-293.
17.	Tatsumi R,Hattori A,Ikeuchi Y,et al.Release of hepatocyte growth factor from mechanically stretched skeletal muscle satellite cells and role of pH and nitric oxide.Mol Biol Cell,2002,13(8):2909-2918.
18.	Pouzet B,Ghostine S,Vilquin JT,et al.Is skeletal myoblast transplantation clinically relevant in the era of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.Circulation,2001,104(12 Suppl 1):I223-228.
19.	Suzuki K,Murtuza B,Smolenski RT,et al.Cell transplantation for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction using vascular endothelial growth factor-expressing skeletal myoblasts.Circulation,2001,104(12 Suppl 1):I207-212.
20.	Murtuza B,Suzuki K,Bou-Gharios G,et al.Transplantation of skeletal myoblasts secreting an IL-1 inhibitor modulates adverse remodeling in infarcted murine myocardium.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2004,101(12):4216-4221.
21.	Elmadbouh I,Haider HKh,Jiang S,et al.Ex vivo delivered stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha promotes stem cell homing and induces angiomyogenesis in the infarcted myocardium.J Mol Cell Cardiol,2007,42(4):792-803.
22.	Aharinejad S,Abraham D,Paulus P,et al.Colony-stimulating factor-1 transfection of myoblasts improves the repair of failing myocardium following autologous myoblast transplantation.Cardiovasc Res,2008,79(3):395-404.
23.	Uchinaka A,Kawaguchi N,Hamada Y,et al.Transplantation of elastin-secreting myoblast sheets improves cardiac function in infarcted rat heart.Mol Cell Biochem,2012,368(1-2):203-214.
24.	Toh R,Kawashima S,Kawai M,et al.Transplantation of cardiotrophin-1-expressing myoblasts to the left ventricular wall alleviates the transition from compensatory hypertrophy to congestive heart failure in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats.J Am Coll Cardiol,2004,43(12):2337-2347.
25.	Formigli L,Francini F,Nistri S,et al.Skeletal myoblasts overexpressing relaxinimprove differentiation and communication of primary murine cardiomyocyte cell cultures.J Mol Cell Cardiol,2009,47(2):335-345.
26.	Kim CK,Haider HKh,Lim SJ.Gene medicine:a new field of molecular medicine.Arch Pharm Res,2001,24(1):1-15.
27.	Ye L,Haider HKh,Esa WB,et al.Liposome-based vascular endothelial growth factor-165 transfection with skeletal myoblast for treatment of ischaemic limb disease.J Cell Mol Med,2010,14(1-2):323-336.
28.	Ye L,Haider HKh,Tan R,et al.Transplantation of nanoparticle transfected skeletal myoblasts overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor-165 for cardiac repair.Circulation,2007,116(11 Suppl):I113-120.
29.	Chanseaume S,Azarnoush K,Maurel A,et al.Can erythropoietin improve skeletal myoblast engraftment in infarcted myocardium.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2007,6(3):293-297.
30.	Lafreniere JF,Mills P,Tremblay JP,et al.Growth factors improve the in vivo migration of human skeletal myoblasts by modulating their endogenous proteolytic activity.Transplantation,2004,77(11):1741-1747.
31.	Kim HW,Haider HK,Jiang S,et al.Ischemic preconditioning augments survival of stem cells via miR-210 expression by targeting caspase-8-associated protein 2.J Biol Chem,2009,284(48):33161-33168.
32.	Niagara MI,Haider HKh,Jiang S,et al.Pharmacologically preconditioned skeletal myoblasts are resistant to oxidative stress and promote angiomyogenesis via release of paracrine factors in the infarcted heart.Circ Res,2007,100(4):545-555.
33.	Ott HC,Kroess R,Bonaros N,et al.Intramyocardial microdepot injection increases the efficacy of skeletal myoblast transplantation.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2005,27(6):1017-1021.
34.	Menasché P,Hagège AA,Scorsin M,et al.Myoblast transplantation for heart failure.Lancet,2001,357(9252):279-280.
35.	Menasche P,Hagege AA,Vilquin JT,et al.Autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation for severe postinfarction left ventricular dysfunction.J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,41(7):1078-1083.
36.	Pagani FD,DerSimonian H,Zawadzka A,et al.Autologous skeletal myoblasts transplanted to ischemia-damaged myocardium in humans.Histological analysis of cell survival and differentiation.J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,41(5):879-888.
37.	Dib N,McCarthy P,Campbell A,et al.Feasibility and safety of autologous myoblast transplantation in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.Cell Transplant,2005,14(1):11-19.
38.	Herreros J,Prosper F,Perez A,et al.Autologous intramyocardial injection of cultured skeletal muscle-derived stem cells in patients with non-acute myocardial infarction.Eur Heart J,2003,24(22):2012-2020.
39.	Siminiak T,Kalawski R,Fiszer D,et al.Autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation for the treatment of postinfarction myocardial injury:phase I clinical study with 12 months of follow-up.Am Heart J,2004,148(3):531-537.
40.	Dib N,Campbell A,Jacoby DB,et al.Safety and feasibility of percutaneous autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation in the coil-infarcted swine myocardium.J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,2006,54(1):71-77.
41.	Larose E,Proulx G,Voisine P,et al.Percutaneous versus surgical delivery of autologous myoblasts after chronic myocardial infarction:an in vivo cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.Catheter Cardiovas Interv,2010,75(1):120-127.
42.	Siminiak T,Fiszer D,Jerzykowska O,et al.Percutaneous trans-coronary-venous transplantation of autologous skeletal myoblasts in the treatment of post-infarction myocardial contractility impairment:the POZNAN trial.Eur Heart J,2005,26(12):1188-1195.
43.	Dib N,Dinsmore J,Lababidi Z,et al.One-year follow-up of feasibility and safety of the first U.S.,randomized,controlled study using 3-dimensional guided catheter-based delivery of autologous skeletal myoblasts for ischemic cardiomyopathy (CAuSMIC study).JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2009,2(1):9-16.
44.	Smits PC,van Geuns RJ,Poldermans D,et al.Catheter-based intramyocardial injection of autologous skeletal myoblasts as a primary treatment of ischemic heart failure:clinical experience with six-month follow-up.J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,42(12):2063-2069.
45.	Menasché P,Alfieri O,Janssens S,et al.The Myoblast Autologous Grafting in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (MAGIC) trial:first randomized placebo-controlled study of myoblast transplantation.Circulation,2008,117(9):1189-1200.
46.	Povsic TJ,O'Connor CM,Henry T,et al.A double-blind,randomized,controlled,multicenter study to assess the safety and cardiovascular effects of skeletal myoblast implantation by catheter delivery in patients with chronic heart failure after myocardial infarction.Am Heart J,2011,162(4):654-662.e1.
47.	Ferreira-Cornwell MC,Luo Y,Narula N,et al.Remodeling the intercalated disc leads to cardiomyopathy in mice misexpressing cadherins in the heart.J Cell Sci,2002,115(Pt 8):1623-1634.
48.	Roell W,Lewalter T,Sasse P,et al.Engraftment of connexin 43-expressing cells prevents post-infarct arrhythmia.Nature,2007,450(7171):819-824.
49.	Fernandes S,van Rijen HV,Forest V,et al.Cardiac cell therapy:overexpression of connexin43 in skeletal myoblasts and prevention of ventricular arrhythmias.J Cell Mol Med,2009,13(9B):3703-3712.
50.	Suzuki K,Murtuza B,Beauchamp JR,et al.Dynamics and mediators of acute graft attrition after myoblast transplantation to the heart.FASEB J,2004,18(10):1153-1155.
51.	Pasha Z,Wang Y,Sheikh R,et al.Preconditioning enhances cell survival and differentiation of stem cells during transplantation in infarcted myocardium.Cardiovasc Res,2008,77(1):134-142.
52.	Liu R,Guo C,Yang C,et al.VEGF165 attenuates the Th17/Treg imbalance that exists when transplanting allogeneic skeletal myoblasts to treat acute myocardial infarction.Inflamm Res,2013,62(1):69-79.
53.	Kan CD,Li SH,Weisel RD,et al.Recipient age determines the cardiac functional improvement achieved by skeletal myoblast transplantation.J Am Coll Cardiol,2007,50(11):1086-1092.
54.	Gavira JJ,Nasarre E,Abizanda G,et al.Repeated implantation of skeletal myoblast in a swine model of chronic myocardial infarction.Eur Heart J,2010,31(8):1013-1021.
55.	Sekiya N,Tobita K,Beckman S,et al.Muscle-derived stem cell sheets support pump function and prevent cardiac arrhythmias in a model of chronic myocardial infarction.Mol Ther,2013,21(3):662-669.
56.	Ye L,Haider HKh,Sim EK.Adult stem cells for cardiac repair:a choice between skeletal myoblasts and bone marrow stem cells.Exp Biol Med (Maywood),2006,231(1):8-19.

1. Menasché P.Skeletal myoblasts as a therapeutic agent.Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2007,50(1):7-17.
2. Ghostine S,Carrion C,Souza LC,et al.Long-term efficacy of myoblast transplantation on regional structure and function after myocardial infarction.Circulation,2002,106(12 Suppl 1):I131-136.
3. Gavira JJ,Herreros J,Perez A,et al.Autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation in patients with nonacute myocardial infarction:1-year follow-up.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2006,131(4):799-804.
4. Durrani S,Konoplyannikov M,Ashraf M,et al.Skeletal myoblasts for cardiac repair.Regen Med,2010,5(6):919-932.
5. Khan M,Kutala VK,Vikram DS,et al.Skeletal myoblasts transplanted in the ischemic myocardium enhance in situ oxygenation and recovery of contractile function.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2007,293(4):H2129-2139.
6. Al AN,Carrion C,Ghostine S,et al.Long-term (1 year) functional and histological results of autologous skeletal muscle cells transplantation in rat.Cardiovasc Res,2003,58(1):142-148.
7. Taylor DA,Atkins BZ,Hungspreugs P,et al.Regenerating functional myocardium:improved performance after skeletal myoblast transplantation.Nat Med,1998,4(8):929-933.
8. McCue JD,Swingen C,Feldberg T,et al.The real estate of myoblast cardiac transplantation:negative remodeling is associated with location.J Heart Lung Transplant,2008,27(1):116-123.
9. Brasselet C,Morichetti MC,Messas E,et al.Skeletal myoblast transplantation through a catheter-based coronary sinus approach:an effective means of improving function of infarcted myocardium.Eur Heart J,2005,26(15):1551-1556.
10. Hata H,Matsumiya G,Miyagawa S,et al.Grafted skeletal myoblast sheets attenuate myocardial remodeling in pacing-induced canine heart failure model.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2006,132(4):918-924.
11. Haider HKh,Ye L,Jiang S,et al.Angiomyogenesis for cardiac repair using human myoblasts as carriers of human vascular endothelial growth factor.J Mol Med (Berl),2004,82(8):539-549.
12. Atkins BZ,Hueman MT,Meuchel J,et al.Cellular cardiomyoplasty improves diastolic properties of injured heart.J Surg Res,1999,85(2):234-242.
13. Marelli D,Desrosiers C,el-Alfy M,et al.Cell transplantation for myocardial repair:an experimental approach.Cell Transplant,1992,1(6):383-390.
14. Reinecke H,Murry CE.Transmural replacement of myocardium after skeletal myoblast grafting into the heart.Too much of a good thing.Cardiovas Pathol,2000,9(6):337-344.
15. Reinecke H,MacDonald GH,Hauschka SD,et al.Electromechanical coupling between skeletal and cardiac muscle.Implications for infarct repair.J Cell Biol,2000,149(3):731-740.
16. 庄炜,李莉,林国强,等.自体成肌细胞移植改善兔心肌梗死后心功能的实验研究.中南大学学报:医学版,2011,36(4):286-293.
17. Tatsumi R,Hattori A,Ikeuchi Y,et al.Release of hepatocyte growth factor from mechanically stretched skeletal muscle satellite cells and role of pH and nitric oxide.Mol Biol Cell,2002,13(8):2909-2918.
18. Pouzet B,Ghostine S,Vilquin JT,et al.Is skeletal myoblast transplantation clinically relevant in the era of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.Circulation,2001,104(12 Suppl 1):I223-228.
19. Suzuki K,Murtuza B,Smolenski RT,et al.Cell transplantation for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction using vascular endothelial growth factor-expressing skeletal myoblasts.Circulation,2001,104(12 Suppl 1):I207-212.
20. Murtuza B,Suzuki K,Bou-Gharios G,et al.Transplantation of skeletal myoblasts secreting an IL-1 inhibitor modulates adverse remodeling in infarcted murine myocardium.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2004,101(12):4216-4221.
21. Elmadbouh I,Haider HKh,Jiang S,et al.Ex vivo delivered stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha promotes stem cell homing and induces angiomyogenesis in the infarcted myocardium.J Mol Cell Cardiol,2007,42(4):792-803.
22. Aharinejad S,Abraham D,Paulus P,et al.Colony-stimulating factor-1 transfection of myoblasts improves the repair of failing myocardium following autologous myoblast transplantation.Cardiovasc Res,2008,79(3):395-404.
23. Uchinaka A,Kawaguchi N,Hamada Y,et al.Transplantation of elastin-secreting myoblast sheets improves cardiac function in infarcted rat heart.Mol Cell Biochem,2012,368(1-2):203-214.
24. Toh R,Kawashima S,Kawai M,et al.Transplantation of cardiotrophin-1-expressing myoblasts to the left ventricular wall alleviates the transition from compensatory hypertrophy to congestive heart failure in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats.J Am Coll Cardiol,2004,43(12):2337-2347.
25. Formigli L,Francini F,Nistri S,et al.Skeletal myoblasts overexpressing relaxinimprove differentiation and communication of primary murine cardiomyocyte cell cultures.J Mol Cell Cardiol,2009,47(2):335-345.
26. Kim CK,Haider HKh,Lim SJ.Gene medicine:a new field of molecular medicine.Arch Pharm Res,2001,24(1):1-15.
27. Ye L,Haider HKh,Esa WB,et al.Liposome-based vascular endothelial growth factor-165 transfection with skeletal myoblast for treatment of ischaemic limb disease.J Cell Mol Med,2010,14(1-2):323-336.
28. Ye L,Haider HKh,Tan R,et al.Transplantation of nanoparticle transfected skeletal myoblasts overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor-165 for cardiac repair.Circulation,2007,116(11 Suppl):I113-120.
29. Chanseaume S,Azarnoush K,Maurel A,et al.Can erythropoietin improve skeletal myoblast engraftment in infarcted myocardium.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2007,6(3):293-297.
30. Lafreniere JF,Mills P,Tremblay JP,et al.Growth factors improve the in vivo migration of human skeletal myoblasts by modulating their endogenous proteolytic activity.Transplantation,2004,77(11):1741-1747.
31. Kim HW,Haider HK,Jiang S,et al.Ischemic preconditioning augments survival of stem cells via miR-210 expression by targeting caspase-8-associated protein 2.J Biol Chem,2009,284(48):33161-33168.
32. Niagara MI,Haider HKh,Jiang S,et al.Pharmacologically preconditioned skeletal myoblasts are resistant to oxidative stress and promote angiomyogenesis via release of paracrine factors in the infarcted heart.Circ Res,2007,100(4):545-555.
33. Ott HC,Kroess R,Bonaros N,et al.Intramyocardial microdepot injection increases the efficacy of skeletal myoblast transplantation.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2005,27(6):1017-1021.
34. Menasché P,Hagège AA,Scorsin M,et al.Myoblast transplantation for heart failure.Lancet,2001,357(9252):279-280.
35. Menasche P,Hagege AA,Vilquin JT,et al.Autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation for severe postinfarction left ventricular dysfunction.J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,41(7):1078-1083.
36. Pagani FD,DerSimonian H,Zawadzka A,et al.Autologous skeletal myoblasts transplanted to ischemia-damaged myocardium in humans.Histological analysis of cell survival and differentiation.J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,41(5):879-888.
37. Dib N,McCarthy P,Campbell A,et al.Feasibility and safety of autologous myoblast transplantation in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.Cell Transplant,2005,14(1):11-19.
38. Herreros J,Prosper F,Perez A,et al.Autologous intramyocardial injection of cultured skeletal muscle-derived stem cells in patients with non-acute myocardial infarction.Eur Heart J,2003,24(22):2012-2020.
39. Siminiak T,Kalawski R,Fiszer D,et al.Autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation for the treatment of postinfarction myocardial injury:phase I clinical study with 12 months of follow-up.Am Heart J,2004,148(3):531-537.
40. Dib N,Campbell A,Jacoby DB,et al.Safety and feasibility of percutaneous autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation in the coil-infarcted swine myocardium.J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,2006,54(1):71-77.
41. Larose E,Proulx G,Voisine P,et al.Percutaneous versus surgical delivery of autologous myoblasts after chronic myocardial infarction:an in vivo cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.Catheter Cardiovas Interv,2010,75(1):120-127.
42. Siminiak T,Fiszer D,Jerzykowska O,et al.Percutaneous trans-coronary-venous transplantation of autologous skeletal myoblasts in the treatment of post-infarction myocardial contractility impairment:the POZNAN trial.Eur Heart J,2005,26(12):1188-1195.
43. Dib N,Dinsmore J,Lababidi Z,et al.One-year follow-up of feasibility and safety of the first U.S.,randomized,controlled study using 3-dimensional guided catheter-based delivery of autologous skeletal myoblasts for ischemic cardiomyopathy (CAuSMIC study).JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2009,2(1):9-16.
44. Smits PC,van Geuns RJ,Poldermans D,et al.Catheter-based intramyocardial injection of autologous skeletal myoblasts as a primary treatment of ischemic heart failure:clinical experience with six-month follow-up.J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,42(12):2063-2069.
45. Menasché P,Alfieri O,Janssens S,et al.The Myoblast Autologous Grafting in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (MAGIC) trial:first randomized placebo-controlled study of myoblast transplantation.Circulation,2008,117(9):1189-1200.
46. Povsic TJ,O'Connor CM,Henry T,et al.A double-blind,randomized,controlled,multicenter study to assess the safety and cardiovascular effects of skeletal myoblast implantation by catheter delivery in patients with chronic heart failure after myocardial infarction.Am Heart J,2011,162(4):654-662.e1.
47. Ferreira-Cornwell MC,Luo Y,Narula N,et al.Remodeling the intercalated disc leads to cardiomyopathy in mice misexpressing cadherins in the heart.J Cell Sci,2002,115(Pt 8):1623-1634.
48. Roell W,Lewalter T,Sasse P,et al.Engraftment of connexin 43-expressing cells prevents post-infarct arrhythmia.Nature,2007,450(7171):819-824.
49. Fernandes S,van Rijen HV,Forest V,et al.Cardiac cell therapy:overexpression of connexin43 in skeletal myoblasts and prevention of ventricular arrhythmias.J Cell Mol Med,2009,13(9B):3703-3712.
50. Suzuki K,Murtuza B,Beauchamp JR,et al.Dynamics and mediators of acute graft attrition after myoblast transplantation to the heart.FASEB J,2004,18(10):1153-1155.
51. Pasha Z,Wang Y,Sheikh R,et al.Preconditioning enhances cell survival and differentiation of stem cells during transplantation in infarcted myocardium.Cardiovasc Res,2008,77(1):134-142.
52. Liu R,Guo C,Yang C,et al.VEGF165 attenuates the Th17/Treg imbalance that exists when transplanting allogeneic skeletal myoblasts to treat acute myocardial infarction.Inflamm Res,2013,62(1):69-79.
53. Kan CD,Li SH,Weisel RD,et al.Recipient age determines the cardiac functional improvement achieved by skeletal myoblast transplantation.J Am Coll Cardiol,2007,50(11):1086-1092.
54. Gavira JJ,Nasarre E,Abizanda G,et al.Repeated implantation of skeletal myoblast in a swine model of chronic myocardial infarction.Eur Heart J,2010,31(8):1013-1021.
55. Sekiya N,Tobita K,Beckman S,et al.Muscle-derived stem cell sheets support pump function and prevent cardiac arrhythmias in a model of chronic myocardial infarction.Mol Ther,2013,21(3):662-669.
56. Ye L,Haider HKh,Sim EK.Adult stem cells for cardiac repair:a choice between skeletal myoblasts and bone marrow stem cells.Exp Biol Med (Maywood),2006,231(1):8-19.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

RESEARCH PROGRESS OF SKELETAL MYOBLASTS FOR CARDIAC REPAIR

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