DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES OF ANNULUS FIBROSUS TISSUE ENGINEERING_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

LIXiaolong ,  KONGQingquan

Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, PRChina;

Corresponding author：

KONGQingquan, Email: kongspine@126.com

Keywords：

Annulus fibrosus tissue engineering; Intervertebral disc degeneration; Annulus fibrosus rupture; Biomaterial scaffold; Annulus fibrosus regeneration

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.20150106

Video：

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Objective To review the biomaterial and clinical prospects of annulus fibrosus tissue engineering. Methods The recent literature concerning annulus fibrosus tissue engineering, including cell source, bioactive molecules, and biomaterial was extensively reviewed and summarized. Results Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is an ideal seed cells. When annulus fibrosus cells and MSCs in the ratio of 2:1 are cultured, it shows the closest mRNA expression levels of annulus fibrosus-related markers. Bioactive molecules can be divided into 4 types:growth factors, morphogens, catabolic enzyme inhibitors, and intracellular regulators. They play an active role in promoting the synthesis of extracellular matrix, and maintaining intervertebral disc homeostasis and a balance between anabolic- and catabolic process in the disc. Based on the source, biological materials can be divided into natural materials, synthetic materials, and composite materials. The mechanical properties of the annulus fibrosus is an important basis for material design. Up to now, none of these scaffold materials is accepted as the most suitable one. The selection of scaffold materials is still to be further studied. The development of novel composite biomaterials is a trend. Conclusion The annulus fibrosus tissue engineering for the anulus fibrosus regeneration and repair will bring very broad prospects for clinical application in future.

Citation： LIXiaolong, KONGQingquan. DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES OF ANNULUS FIBROSUS TISSUE ENGINEERING. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2015, 29(4): 498-502. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.20150106 Copy

1.	Tsai TL, Nelson BC, Anderson PA, et al. Intervertebral disc and stem cells cocultured in biomimetic extracellular matrix stimulated by cyclic compression in perfusion bioreactor. Spine J, 2014, 14(9):2127-2140.
2.	Sharifi S, Bulstra SK, Grijpma DW, et al. Treatment of the degenerated intervertebral disc; closure, repair and regeneration of the annulus fibrosus. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2014.[Epub ahead of print].
3.	Yoon ST. Molecular therapy of the intervertebral disc. Spine J, 2005, 5(6 Suppl):280S-286S.
4.	Miyamoto K, Masuda K, Kim JG, et al. Intradiscal injections of osteogenic protein-1 restore the viscoelastic properties of degenerated intervertebral discs. Spine J, 2006, 6(6):692-703.
5.	Le Maitre CL, Freemont AJ, Hoyland JA. Localization of degradative enzymes and their inhibitors in the degenerate human intervertebral disc. J Pathol, 2004, 204(1):47-54.
6.	Thompson JP, Oegema TR Jr, Bradford DS. Stimulation of mature canine intervertebral disc by growth factors. Spine(Phila Pa 1976), 1991, 16(3):253-260.
7.	Pirvu TN, Schroeder JE, Peroglio M, et al. Platelet-rich plasma induces annulus fibrosus cell proliferation and matrix production. Eur Spine J, 2014, 23(4):745-753.
8.	Sharifi S. The development of novel biodegradable polymeric biomaterials for use in the repair of damaged intervertebral discs. Groningen:University Library Groningen, 2012:16-51.
9.	Bron JL. Novel regenerative strategies for the treatment of intervertebral disc herniation. ArgoSpine News & Journal, 2012, 24(3-4):147.
10.	Shao X, Hunter CJ. Developing an alginate/chitosan hybrid fiber scaffold for annulus fibrosus cells. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2007, 82(3):701-710.
11.	Turner KG, Ahmed N, Santerre JP, et al. Modulation of annulus fibrosus cell alignment and function on oriented nanofibrous polyurethane scaffolds under tension. Spine J, 2014, 14(3):424-434.
12.	Bowles RD, Gebhard HH, Dyke JP, et al. Image-based tissue engineering of a total intervertebral disc implant for restoration of function to the rat lumbar spine. NMR Biomed, 2012, 25(3):443-451.
13.	Gruber HE, Hoelscher G, Ingram JA, et al. Culture of human anulus fibrosus cells on polyamide nanofibers:extracellular matrix production. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2009, 34(1):4-9.
14.	Sato M, Asazuma T, Ishihara M, et al. An atelocollagen honeycomb-shaped scaffold with a membrane seal (ACHMS-scaffold) for the culture of annulus fibrosus cells from an intervertebral disc. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2003, 64(2):248-256.
15.	Le Visage C, Yang SH, Kadakia L, et al. Small intestinal submucosa as a potential bioscaffold for intervertebral disc regeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2006,31(21):2423-2430.
16.	Schek RM, Michalek AJ, Iatridis JC. Genipin-crosslinked fibrin hydrogels as a potential adhesive to augment intervertebral disc annulus repair. Eur Cells Mater, 2011, 21:373-383.
17.	Park SH, Gil ES, Mandal BB, et al. Annulus fibrosus tissue engineering using lamellar silk scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2012, 6 Suppl 3:s24-33.
18.	Chang G, Kim HJ, Vunjak-Novakovic G, et al. Enhancing annulus fibrosus tissue formation in porous silk scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2010, 92(1):43-51.
19.	Mizuno H, Roy AK, Zaporojan V, et al. Biomechanical and biochemical characterization of composite tissue-engineered intervertebral discs. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(3):362-370.
20.	Wan Y, Feng G, Shen FH, et al. Biphasic scaffold for annulus fibrosus tissue regeneration. Biomaterials, 2008, 29(6):643-652.
21.	Wan Y, Feng G, Shen FH,et al. Novel biodegradable poly (1, 8-octanediol malate) for annulus fibrosus regeneration. Macromol Biosci, 2007, 7(11):1217-1224.
22.	Nerurkar NL, Mauck RL, Elliott DM. Modeling interlamellar interactions in angle-ply biologiclaminates for annulus fibrosus tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol, 2011, 10(6):973-984.
23.	Mauth C, Bono E, Haas S, et al. Cell-seeded polyurethane-fibrin structures--a possible system for intervertebral disc regeneration. Eur Cell Mater, 2009, 18:29-39.
24.	Yang L, Kandel RA, Chang G, et al. Polar surface chemistry of nanofibrous polyurethane scaffold affects annulus fibrosus cell attachment and early matrix accumulation. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2009, 91(4):1089-1099.
25.	Iu J, Santerre JP, Kandel RA. Inner and outer annulus fibrosus cells exhibit differentiated phenotypes and yield changes in extracellular matrix protein composition in vitro on a polycarbonate urethane scaffold. Tissue Eng Part, 2014, 20(23-24):3261-3269.
26.	Alini M, Li W, Markovic P, et al. The potential and limitations of a cell-seeded collagen/hyaluronan scaffold to engineer an intervertebral disc-like matrix. Spine(Phila Pa 1976), 2003, 28(5):446-453.
27.	Hegewald AA, Knecht S, Baumgartner D, et al. Biomechanical testing of a polymer-based biomaterial for the restoration of spinal stability after nucleotomy. J Orthop Surg Resm, 2009, 4:25.
28.	Helen W, Gough JE. Cell viability, proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human annulus fibrosus cells cultured within PDLLA/Bioglass composite foam scaffolds in vitro. Acta Biomater, 2008, 4(2):230-243.
29.	Zhang K, Qian Y, Wang H, et al. Electrospun silk fibroin-hydroxybutyl chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds to biomimic extracellular matrix. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2011, 22(8):1069-1082.
30.	Nesti LJ, Li WJ, Shanti RM, et al. Intervertebral disc tissue engineering using a novel hyaluronic acid-nanofibrous scaffold (HANFS) amalgam. Tissue Eng Part A, 2008, 14(9):1527-1537.
31.	Vadalà G, Mozetic P, Rainer A, et al. Bioactive electrospun scaffold for annulus fibrosus repair and regeneration. Eur Spine J, 2012, 21 Suppl 1:S20-26.
32.	Grad S, Latridis JC. Cell and tissue engineering for annulus fibrosus repair. AO Foundation Collaborative Research Project, 2014.

1. Tsai TL, Nelson BC, Anderson PA, et al. Intervertebral disc and stem cells cocultured in biomimetic extracellular matrix stimulated by cyclic compression in perfusion bioreactor. Spine J, 2014, 14(9):2127-2140.
2. Sharifi S, Bulstra SK, Grijpma DW, et al. Treatment of the degenerated intervertebral disc; closure, repair and regeneration of the annulus fibrosus. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2014.[Epub ahead of print].
3. Yoon ST. Molecular therapy of the intervertebral disc. Spine J, 2005, 5(6 Suppl):280S-286S.
4. Miyamoto K, Masuda K, Kim JG, et al. Intradiscal injections of osteogenic protein-1 restore the viscoelastic properties of degenerated intervertebral discs. Spine J, 2006, 6(6):692-703.
5. Le Maitre CL, Freemont AJ, Hoyland JA. Localization of degradative enzymes and their inhibitors in the degenerate human intervertebral disc. J Pathol, 2004, 204(1):47-54.
6. Thompson JP, Oegema TR Jr, Bradford DS. Stimulation of mature canine intervertebral disc by growth factors. Spine(Phila Pa 1976), 1991, 16(3):253-260.
7. Pirvu TN, Schroeder JE, Peroglio M, et al. Platelet-rich plasma induces annulus fibrosus cell proliferation and matrix production. Eur Spine J, 2014, 23(4):745-753.
8. Sharifi S. The development of novel biodegradable polymeric biomaterials for use in the repair of damaged intervertebral discs. Groningen:University Library Groningen, 2012:16-51.
9. Bron JL. Novel regenerative strategies for the treatment of intervertebral disc herniation. ArgoSpine News & Journal, 2012, 24(3-4):147.
10. Shao X, Hunter CJ. Developing an alginate/chitosan hybrid fiber scaffold for annulus fibrosus cells. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2007, 82(3):701-710.
11. Turner KG, Ahmed N, Santerre JP, et al. Modulation of annulus fibrosus cell alignment and function on oriented nanofibrous polyurethane scaffolds under tension. Spine J, 2014, 14(3):424-434.
12. Bowles RD, Gebhard HH, Dyke JP, et al. Image-based tissue engineering of a total intervertebral disc implant for restoration of function to the rat lumbar spine. NMR Biomed, 2012, 25(3):443-451.
13. Gruber HE, Hoelscher G, Ingram JA, et al. Culture of human anulus fibrosus cells on polyamide nanofibers:extracellular matrix production. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2009, 34(1):4-9.
14. Sato M, Asazuma T, Ishihara M, et al. An atelocollagen honeycomb-shaped scaffold with a membrane seal (ACHMS-scaffold) for the culture of annulus fibrosus cells from an intervertebral disc. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2003, 64(2):248-256.
15. Le Visage C, Yang SH, Kadakia L, et al. Small intestinal submucosa as a potential bioscaffold for intervertebral disc regeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2006,31(21):2423-2430.
16. Schek RM, Michalek AJ, Iatridis JC. Genipin-crosslinked fibrin hydrogels as a potential adhesive to augment intervertebral disc annulus repair. Eur Cells Mater, 2011, 21:373-383.
17. Park SH, Gil ES, Mandal BB, et al. Annulus fibrosus tissue engineering using lamellar silk scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2012, 6 Suppl 3:s24-33.
18. Chang G, Kim HJ, Vunjak-Novakovic G, et al. Enhancing annulus fibrosus tissue formation in porous silk scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2010, 92(1):43-51.
19. Mizuno H, Roy AK, Zaporojan V, et al. Biomechanical and biochemical characterization of composite tissue-engineered intervertebral discs. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(3):362-370.
20. Wan Y, Feng G, Shen FH, et al. Biphasic scaffold for annulus fibrosus tissue regeneration. Biomaterials, 2008, 29(6):643-652.
21. Wan Y, Feng G, Shen FH,et al. Novel biodegradable poly (1, 8-octanediol malate) for annulus fibrosus regeneration. Macromol Biosci, 2007, 7(11):1217-1224.
22. Nerurkar NL, Mauck RL, Elliott DM. Modeling interlamellar interactions in angle-ply biologiclaminates for annulus fibrosus tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol, 2011, 10(6):973-984.
23. Mauth C, Bono E, Haas S, et al. Cell-seeded polyurethane-fibrin structures--a possible system for intervertebral disc regeneration. Eur Cell Mater, 2009, 18:29-39.
24. Yang L, Kandel RA, Chang G, et al. Polar surface chemistry of nanofibrous polyurethane scaffold affects annulus fibrosus cell attachment and early matrix accumulation. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2009, 91(4):1089-1099.
25. Iu J, Santerre JP, Kandel RA. Inner and outer annulus fibrosus cells exhibit differentiated phenotypes and yield changes in extracellular matrix protein composition in vitro on a polycarbonate urethane scaffold. Tissue Eng Part, 2014, 20(23-24):3261-3269.
26. Alini M, Li W, Markovic P, et al. The potential and limitations of a cell-seeded collagen/hyaluronan scaffold to engineer an intervertebral disc-like matrix. Spine(Phila Pa 1976), 2003, 28(5):446-453.
27. Hegewald AA, Knecht S, Baumgartner D, et al. Biomechanical testing of a polymer-based biomaterial for the restoration of spinal stability after nucleotomy. J Orthop Surg Resm, 2009, 4:25.
28. Helen W, Gough JE. Cell viability, proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human annulus fibrosus cells cultured within PDLLA/Bioglass composite foam scaffolds in vitro. Acta Biomater, 2008, 4(2):230-243.
29. Zhang K, Qian Y, Wang H, et al. Electrospun silk fibroin-hydroxybutyl chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds to biomimic extracellular matrix. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2011, 22(8):1069-1082.
30. Nesti LJ, Li WJ, Shanti RM, et al. Intervertebral disc tissue engineering using a novel hyaluronic acid-nanofibrous scaffold (HANFS) amalgam. Tissue Eng Part A, 2008, 14(9):1527-1537.
31. Vadalà G, Mozetic P, Rainer A, et al. Bioactive electrospun scaffold for annulus fibrosus repair and regeneration. Eur Spine J, 2012, 21 Suppl 1:S20-26.
32. Grad S, Latridis JC. Cell and tissue engineering for annulus fibrosus repair. AO Foundation Collaborative Research Project, 2014.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES OF ANNULUS FIBROSUS TISSUE ENGINEERING

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