Progress of treatments for old calcaneal fractures_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

LI Bohua , HUANG Fuguo ,  LIU Lei

Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

LIU Lei, Email: liuinsistence@163.com

Keywords：

Old calcaneal fracture; malunion of fracture; nonunion of fracture; progress of treatment

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.201703108

Video：

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Objective To review the progress of treatments for old calcaneal fractures. Methods The related literature of treatments for old calcaneal fractures were reviewed and analyzed from the aspects such as the pathoanatomy, classifications, and surgical treatments. Results Old calcaneal fractures are common in clinical, the anatomical changes are very complicated. In addition to classical open reduction and internal fixation, arthrodesis, and osteotomy, techniques of minimally invasive operation, external fixator, and three-dimensional printing are more and more widely applied, treatments for old calcaneal fractures nonunion have also received increasing attention. Conclusion Although the perfect strategy for treating old calcaneal fractures has not yet been developed, great progress has been achieved recently, the personalized therapy need to be further studied, and therapies for the early stage old calcaneal fractures and old calcaneal fractures nonunion need to be further explored.

Citation： LI Bohua, HUANG Fuguo, LIU Lei. Progress of treatments for old calcaneal fractures. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2017, 31(10): 1273-1277. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201703108 Copy

1.	Bajammal S, Tornetta P 3rd, Sanders D, et al. Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma, 2005, 19(5): 360-364.
2.	Jackson JB 3rd, Jacobson L, Banerjee R, et al. Distraction subtalar arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Clin, 2015, 20(2): 335-351.
3.	Banerjee R, Saltzman C, Anderson RB, et al. Management of calcaneal malunion. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2011, 19(1): 27-36.
4.	Reddy V, Fukuda T, Ptaszek AJ. Calcaneus malunion and nonunion. Foot Ankle Clin, 2007, 12(1): 125-135.
5.	Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Fractures of the calcaneus: current treatment strategies. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech, 2014, 81(3): 177-196.
6.	Sanders R, Vaupel ZM, Erdogan M, et al. Operative treatment of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures: long-term (10-20 years) results in 108 fractures using a prognostic CT classification. J Orthop Truama, 2014, 28(10): 551-563.
7.	Clare MP, Lee WE 3rd, Sanders RW. Intermediate to long-term results of a treatment protocol for calcaneal fracture malunions. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2005, 87(5): 963-973.
8.	Lui TH, Chan KB. Arthroscopic management of late complications of calcaneal fractures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2013, 21(6): 1293-1299.
9.	Kumar N. Non-union of calcaneum-A rare complication of calcaneal fracture-A case report with brief review of literature. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 2015, 6(3): 187-189.
10.	Lui TH. Posterior ankle impingement syndrome caused by malunion of joint depressed type calcaneal fracture. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2008, 16(7): 687-689.
11.	Silhanek AD, Ramdass R, Lombardi CM. The effect of primary fracture line location on the pattern and severity of intraarticular calcaneal fractures: a retrospective radiographic study. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2006, 45(4): 211-219.
12.	陈雁西, 俞光荣, 王明鑫, 等. 跟骨骨折畸形愈合的足底压力分析及其临床意义. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2007, 9(8): 756-759.0.
13.	Molloy AP, Myerson MS, Yoon P. Symptomatic nonunion after fracture of the calcaneum. Demographics and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2007, 89(9): 1218-1224.
14.	Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Calcaneus fractures: facts, controversies and recent developments. Injury, 2004, 35(5): 443-461.
15.	Stephens HM, Sanders R. Calcaneal malunions: results of a prognostic computed tomography classification system. Foot Ankle Int, 1996, 17(7): 395-401.
16.	陈歌海, 郑建河, 江钦文, 等.切开复位内固定治疗 SandersI Ⅲ型陈旧性跟骨骨折的临床疗效分析. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志, 2015, 30(6): 663-665.0.
17.	余文君, 徐静, 林春博. 陈旧性跟骨骨折 46 例治疗体会. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志, 2014, 29(2): 197-198.0.
18.	黄雄飞. 早期陈旧性波及关节面跟骨骨折的手术治疗. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志, 2010, 25(6): 545-546.0.
19.	宋涛, 潘文杰, 梁晓军, 等. 保留距下关节的切开复位内固定手术治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志, 2012, 27(8): 763-764.0.
20.	Trnka HJ, Easley ME, Lam PW, et al. Subtalar distraction bone block arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2001, 83(6): 849-854.
21.	Flemister AJ, Infante AF, Sanders RW, et al. Subtalar arthrodesis for complications of intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int, 2000, 21(5): 392-399.
22.	Al-Ashhab ME. Treatment for calcaneal malunion. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2013, 23(8): 961-966.
23.	Chung HJ, Bae SY, Choo JW. Mid-term follow up results of subtalar distraction arthrodesis using a double bone-block for calcaneal malunion. Yonsei Med J, 2014, 55(4): 1087-1094.
24.	Chiang CC, Tzeng YH, Lin CF,et al. Subtalar distraction arthrodesis using fresh-frozen allogeneic femoral head augmented with local autograft. Foot Ankle Int, 2013, 34(4): 550-556.
25.	潘文杰, 雷文淼, 肖琳, 等.经后外侧入路距下关节撑开植骨融合治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志, 2014, 29(4): 366-368.0.
26.	李逸群, 包杭生, 吴峰, 等. 跟骨骨折畸形愈合治疗现状与展望. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2011, 19(8): 643-645.0.
27.	Romash MM. Reconstructive osteotomy of the calcaneus woth subtalat arthrodesis for malunited calcaneal fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1993, (290): 157-167.
28.	Rammelt S, Grass R, Zwipp H. Joint-preserving osteotomy for malunited intra-articular calcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma, 2013, 27(10): e234-238.
29.	Rammelt S, Schneiders W, Zwipp H. Joint-preserving osteotomy for calcanean malunions. Unfallchirurg, 2014, 117(9): 776-784.
30.	Yu G, Hu SJ, Yang YF, et al. Reconstruction of calcaneal fracture malunion with osteotomy and subtalar joint salvage: technique and outcomes. Foot Ankle Int, 2013, 34(5): 726-733.
31.	孙庆鹏. 跟骨丘部重建加距下关节融合术治疗 SandersⅢ型跟骨关节内陈旧性骨折. 中国骨伤, 2013, 26(11): 897-900.0.
32.	de Groot IB, Reijman M, Luning HA, et al. Long-term results after a triple arthrodesis of the hindfoot: function and satisfaction in 36 patients. Int Orthop, 2008, 32(2): 237-241.
33.	Schepers T, Kieboom BC, Bessems GH, et al. Subtalar versus triple arthrodesis after intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2010, 5(2): 97-103.
34.	Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Corrective arthrodeses and osteotomies for post-traumatic hindfoot malalignment: indications, techniques, results. Int Orthop, 2013, 37(9): 1707-1717.
35.	Khurana A, Dhillon MS, Prabhakar S, et al. Outcome evaluation of minimally invasive surgery versus extensile lateral approach in management of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: A randomised control trial. Foot (Edinb), 2017, 31: 23-30.
36.	Godavitarne C, Fawzy E, Giancola G, et al. Cement Calcaneoplasty: An Innovative Method for Treating Nonunion in Calcaneal Insufficiency Fracture. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2016, 55(5): 1097-1099.
37.	Laporta G, Bock F, Ghate N. Posterior approach for subtalar joint distraction arthrodesis by compact external fixation: atechnique guide. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2013, 52(4): 547-552.
38.	谢鸣, 方真华, 赵晶晶, 等. Ilizarov 外固定支架治疗 StephenⅢ型陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2011, 13(2): 135-139.0.
39.	范伟力, 王子明, 赵玉峰, 等. 距下关节截骨缓慢延长治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折. 创伤外科杂志, 2011, 13(3): 219-222.0.
40.	Chung KJ, Hong DY, Kim YT, et al. Preshaping plates for minimally invasive fixation of calcaneal fractures using a real-size 3D-printed model as a preoperative and intraoperative tool. Foot Ankle Int, 2014, 35(11): 1231-1236.
41.	Schepers T, Patka P. Calcaneal nonunion: three cases and a review of the literature. Arc Orthop Trauma Surg, 2008, 128(7): 735-738.

1. Bajammal S, Tornetta P 3rd, Sanders D, et al. Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma, 2005, 19(5): 360-364.
2. Jackson JB 3rd, Jacobson L, Banerjee R, et al. Distraction subtalar arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Clin, 2015, 20(2): 335-351.
3. Banerjee R, Saltzman C, Anderson RB, et al. Management of calcaneal malunion. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2011, 19(1): 27-36.
4. Reddy V, Fukuda T, Ptaszek AJ. Calcaneus malunion and nonunion. Foot Ankle Clin, 2007, 12(1): 125-135.
5. Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Fractures of the calcaneus: current treatment strategies. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech, 2014, 81(3): 177-196.
6. Sanders R, Vaupel ZM, Erdogan M, et al. Operative treatment of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures: long-term (10-20 years) results in 108 fractures using a prognostic CT classification. J Orthop Truama, 2014, 28(10): 551-563.
7. Clare MP, Lee WE 3rd, Sanders RW. Intermediate to long-term results of a treatment protocol for calcaneal fracture malunions. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2005, 87(5): 963-973.
8. Lui TH, Chan KB. Arthroscopic management of late complications of calcaneal fractures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2013, 21(6): 1293-1299.
9. Kumar N. Non-union of calcaneum-A rare complication of calcaneal fracture-A case report with brief review of literature. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 2015, 6(3): 187-189.
10. Lui TH. Posterior ankle impingement syndrome caused by malunion of joint depressed type calcaneal fracture. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2008, 16(7): 687-689.
11. Silhanek AD, Ramdass R, Lombardi CM. The effect of primary fracture line location on the pattern and severity of intraarticular calcaneal fractures: a retrospective radiographic study. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2006, 45(4): 211-219.
12. 陈雁西, 俞光荣, 王明鑫, 等. 跟骨骨折畸形愈合的足底压力分析及其临床意义. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2007, 9(8): 756-759.0.
13. Molloy AP, Myerson MS, Yoon P. Symptomatic nonunion after fracture of the calcaneum. Demographics and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2007, 89(9): 1218-1224.
14. Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Calcaneus fractures: facts, controversies and recent developments. Injury, 2004, 35(5): 443-461.
15. Stephens HM, Sanders R. Calcaneal malunions: results of a prognostic computed tomography classification system. Foot Ankle Int, 1996, 17(7): 395-401.
16. 陈歌海, 郑建河, 江钦文, 等.切开复位内固定治疗 SandersI Ⅲ型陈旧性跟骨骨折的临床疗效分析. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志, 2015, 30(6): 663-665.0.
17. 余文君, 徐静, 林春博. 陈旧性跟骨骨折 46 例治疗体会. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志, 2014, 29(2): 197-198.0.
18. 黄雄飞. 早期陈旧性波及关节面跟骨骨折的手术治疗. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志, 2010, 25(6): 545-546.0.
19. 宋涛, 潘文杰, 梁晓军, 等. 保留距下关节的切开复位内固定手术治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志, 2012, 27(8): 763-764.0.
20. Trnka HJ, Easley ME, Lam PW, et al. Subtalar distraction bone block arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2001, 83(6): 849-854.
21. Flemister AJ, Infante AF, Sanders RW, et al. Subtalar arthrodesis for complications of intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int, 2000, 21(5): 392-399.
22. Al-Ashhab ME. Treatment for calcaneal malunion. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2013, 23(8): 961-966.
23. Chung HJ, Bae SY, Choo JW. Mid-term follow up results of subtalar distraction arthrodesis using a double bone-block for calcaneal malunion. Yonsei Med J, 2014, 55(4): 1087-1094.
24. Chiang CC, Tzeng YH, Lin CF,et al. Subtalar distraction arthrodesis using fresh-frozen allogeneic femoral head augmented with local autograft. Foot Ankle Int, 2013, 34(4): 550-556.
25. 潘文杰, 雷文淼, 肖琳, 等.经后外侧入路距下关节撑开植骨融合治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志, 2014, 29(4): 366-368.0.
26. 李逸群, 包杭生, 吴峰, 等. 跟骨骨折畸形愈合治疗现状与展望. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2011, 19(8): 643-645.0.
27. Romash MM. Reconstructive osteotomy of the calcaneus woth subtalat arthrodesis for malunited calcaneal fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1993, (290): 157-167.
28. Rammelt S, Grass R, Zwipp H. Joint-preserving osteotomy for malunited intra-articular calcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma, 2013, 27(10): e234-238.
29. Rammelt S, Schneiders W, Zwipp H. Joint-preserving osteotomy for calcanean malunions. Unfallchirurg, 2014, 117(9): 776-784.
30. Yu G, Hu SJ, Yang YF, et al. Reconstruction of calcaneal fracture malunion with osteotomy and subtalar joint salvage: technique and outcomes. Foot Ankle Int, 2013, 34(5): 726-733.
31. 孙庆鹏. 跟骨丘部重建加距下关节融合术治疗 SandersⅢ型跟骨关节内陈旧性骨折. 中国骨伤, 2013, 26(11): 897-900.0.
32. de Groot IB, Reijman M, Luning HA, et al. Long-term results after a triple arthrodesis of the hindfoot: function and satisfaction in 36 patients. Int Orthop, 2008, 32(2): 237-241.
33. Schepers T, Kieboom BC, Bessems GH, et al. Subtalar versus triple arthrodesis after intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2010, 5(2): 97-103.
34. Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Corrective arthrodeses and osteotomies for post-traumatic hindfoot malalignment: indications, techniques, results. Int Orthop, 2013, 37(9): 1707-1717.
35. Khurana A, Dhillon MS, Prabhakar S, et al. Outcome evaluation of minimally invasive surgery versus extensile lateral approach in management of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: A randomised control trial. Foot (Edinb), 2017, 31: 23-30.
36. Godavitarne C, Fawzy E, Giancola G, et al. Cement Calcaneoplasty: An Innovative Method for Treating Nonunion in Calcaneal Insufficiency Fracture. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2016, 55(5): 1097-1099.
37. Laporta G, Bock F, Ghate N. Posterior approach for subtalar joint distraction arthrodesis by compact external fixation: atechnique guide. J Foot Ankle Surg, 2013, 52(4): 547-552.
38. 谢鸣, 方真华, 赵晶晶, 等. Ilizarov 外固定支架治疗 StephenⅢ型陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2011, 13(2): 135-139.0.
39. 范伟力, 王子明, 赵玉峰, 等. 距下关节截骨缓慢延长治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折. 创伤外科杂志, 2011, 13(3): 219-222.0.
40. Chung KJ, Hong DY, Kim YT, et al. Preshaping plates for minimally invasive fixation of calcaneal fractures using a real-size 3D-printed model as a preoperative and intraoperative tool. Foot Ankle Int, 2014, 35(11): 1231-1236.
41. Schepers T, Patka P. Calcaneal nonunion: three cases and a review of the literature. Arc Orthop Trauma Surg, 2008, 128(7): 735-738.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Progress of treatments for old calcaneal fractures

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