Surgical treatment progress of acquired auricular defects_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

GUO Peipei ,  JIANG Haiyue

The Seventh Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

JIANG Haiyue, Email: jianghaiyue_psh@163.com

Keywords：

Acquired auricle defect; surgical treatment; research progress

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.201712126

Video：

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Objective To review the surgical treatment progress in repair and reconstruction of acquired auricle defects. Methods The related literature concerning the surgical methods and techniques for acquired auricle defects was reviewed and summarized. Results In order to attain an aesthetic ear with a clear structure, the location, size, and condition of surrounding skin must be taken into account when planning excision and repair. The application of tissue engineering and digital technology for acquired auricle defects can achieve a satisfactory effectiveness. Conclusion The surgical programs for acquired auricular defects have been constantly improved in recent years, and the emerging medical technologies also play a promoting role in the process, which providing a great deal of reference for obtaining structurally clear and stereoscopic auricle.

Citation： GUO Peipei, JIANG Haiyue. Surgical treatment progress of acquired auricular defects. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2018, 32(9): 1218-1222. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201712126 Copy

1.	Trufant JW, Marzolf S, Leach BC, et al. The utility of full-thickness skin grafts (FTSGs) for auricular reconstruction. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2016, 75(1): 169-176.
2.	闫一敏, 黄维平, 周聪. 全扩张法在外耳畸形患者耳廓再造术中的应用. 中国医疗美容, 2017, 7(1): 23-25.
3.	Selçuk CT, Durgun M, Bozkurt M, et al. The reconstruction of full-thickness ear defects including the helix using the superior pedicle postauricular chondrocutaneous flap. Ann Plast Surg, 2014, 72(2): 159-163.
4.	Li D, Xu F, Zhang R, et al. Surgical reconstruction of traumatic partial ear defects based on a novel classification of defect sizes and surrounding skin conditions. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2016, 138(2): 307e-316e.
5.	Orticochea M. Reconstruction of partial loss of the auricle. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1970, 46(4): 403-405.
6.	Cheney ML, Hadlock TA, Quatela VC. Reconstruction of the auricle//Baker SR. Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction. Edinburgh: Elsevier Mosby, 2007: 581-624.
7.	Kolodzynski MN, Kon M, Egger S, et al. Mechanisms of ear trauma and reconstructive techniques in 105 consecutive patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2017, 274(2): 723-728.
8.	Iljin A, Lewandowicz E, Antoszewski B, et al. Results of auricular helical rim reconstruction with post-auricular tube flap. Pol Przegl Chir, 2016, 88(1): 32-37.
9.	Tanzer RC. Total reconstruction of the external ear. Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull, 1959, 23(1): 1-15.
10.	Brent B. Technical advances in ear reconstruction with autogenous rib cartilage grafts: personal experience with 1200 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1999, 104(2): 319-334.
11.	Nagata S. A new method of total reconstruction of the auricle for microtia. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1993, 92(2): 187-201.
12.	Bos EJ, Doerga P, Breugem CC, et al. The burned ear; possibilities and challenges in framework reconstruction and coverage. Burns, 2016, 42(7): 1387-1395.
13.	Thomson HG, Kim TY, Ein SH. Residual problems in chest donor sites after microtia reconstruction: a long-term study. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1995, 95(6): 961-968.
14.	李川, 潘博, 蒋海越. 肋软骨采取术后胸廓畸形的研究进展. 中华整形外科杂志, 2017, 33(1): 76-78.
15.	郭凤凤, 于晓波, 潘博, 等. 先天性小耳畸形患者肋软骨钙化特点的临床分析. 中华整形外科杂志, 2015, 31(5): 327-331.
16.	Monroe CW. Our experiences with the silicone ear framework. A report of 17 ears in 15 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1972, 49(4): 428-432.
17.	Wellisz T. Reconstruction of the burned external ear using a Medpor porous polyethylene pivoting helix framework. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1993, 91(5): 811-818.
18.	石润杰. 多孔高密度聚乙烯支架在耳再造中的应用. 中国医学文摘-耳鼻咽喉科学, 2017, 32(1): 14-17.
19.	Fernandes JR, Driscoll DN. Burn ear reconstruction using porous polyethylene implants and tissue expansion. J Burn Care Res, 2016, 37(4): e348-e352.
20.	Zuo KJ, Wilkes GH. Clinical outcomes of osseointegrated prosthetic auricular reconstruction in patients with a compromised ipsilateral temporoparietal fascial flap. J Craniofac Surg, 2016, 27(1): 44-50.
21.	Kurabayashi T, Asato H, Suzuki Y, et al. A temporoparietal fascia pocket method in elevation of reconstructed auricle for microtia. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 139(4): 935-945.
22.	Horta R, Valença-Filipe R, Carvalho J, et al. Reconstruction of a near total ear amputation with a neurosensorial radial forearm free flap prelaminated with porous polyethylene implant and delay procedure. Microsurgery, 2018, 38(2): 203-208.
23.	Noel W, Leyder P, Quilichini J. Modified Antia-Buch flap for the reconstruction of helical rim defects. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2014, 67(12): 1659-1662.
24.	Varas-Meis E, Perez-Paredes MG, Rodríguez-Prieto MÁ. Superior Antia-Buch flap for reconstruction of helical rim defects. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2016, 74(4): e67-e68.
25.	Tay S, Nikkhah D, Teo TC. The Antia-Buch flap revisited. Clin Otolaryngol, 2017, 42(4): 951-953.
26.	Stella C, Adam MF, Edward L. Helical rim reconstruction: Antia-Buch flap. Eplasty, 2015, 15: ic55.
27.	Mowbrey K, Wilkes GH. Helical rim reconstruction using two bi-pedicled tube flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2013, 66(12): e362-e365.
28.	Taylor JM, Rajan R, Dickson JK, et al. Maintaining ear aesthetics in helical rim reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg, 2014, 72(3): 318-322.
29.	Zilinsky I, Cotofana S, Hammer N, et al. The arterial blood supply of the helical rim and the earlobe-based advancement flap (ELBAF): a new strategy for reconstructions of helical rim defects. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2015, 68(1): 56-62.
30.	展望, 宁金龙, 游文健, 等. 乳突区双叶皮瓣及Limberg皮瓣耳垂再造术. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2008, 14(1): 26-28.
31.	Bastidas N, Jacobs JM, Thorne CH. Ear lobule reconstruction using nasal septal cartilage. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2013, 131(4): 760-762.
32.	Collins J, Harvey J, Hilinski JM. Reconstructing the gauge earlobe defect. JAMA Facial Plast Surg, 2015, 17(2): 144-148.
33.	Ali E, Nasrin N, Azin E. Aesthetic reconstruction of the upper antihelix in external ear with banner pull-through flap. J Cutan Aesthet Surg, 2015, 8(4): 218-221.
34.	Heinz MB, Hölzle F, Ghassemi A. Repairing a non-marginal full-thickness auricular defect using a reversed flap from the postauricular area. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2015, 73(4): 764-768.
35.	Heinz MB, Ghanepur H, Ghassemi A. Two-step reconstruction of non-marginal auricular defects. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2016, 74(7): 1494-1498.
36.	Papadiochos I, Bourlidou E, Mangoudi D. A simplified reconstructive technique for full-thickness central defects of the auricle with the use of a post-auricular folded flap. J Cutan Aesthet Surg, 2017, 10(2): 109-112.
37.	宋春琼, 庄洪兴, 王淑杰, 等. 扩张的耳后瘢痕瓣和 Medpor 支架耳廓烧伤后再造术. 中华整形外科杂志, 2006, 22(6): 427-429.
38.	Park C, Mun HY. Use of an expanded temporoparietal fascial flap technique for total auricular reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2006, 118(2): 374-382.
39.	Lin CH, Yang IC, Tsai CH, et al. Auricular tissue engineering using osteogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells with small intestine submucosa. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 140(2): 297-305.
40.	Liao HT, Zheng R, Liu W, et al. Prefabricated, ear-shaped cartilage tissue engineering by scaffold-free porcine chondrocyte membrane. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2015, 135(2): 313e-321e.
41.	Pappa AK, Caballero M, Dennis RG, et al. Biochemical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage. J Craniofac Surg, 2014, 25(1): 111-115.
42.	Bos EJ, Scholten T, Song Y, et al. Developing a parametric ear model for auricular reconstruction: a new step towards patient-specific implants. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2015, 43(3): 390-395.
43.	Yadav S, Narayan AI, Choudhry A, et al. CAD/CAM-assisted auricular prosthesis fabrication for a quick, precise, and more retentive outcome: a clinical report. J Prosthodont, 2017, 26(7): 616-621.
44.	陈召阳, 罗春材, 尚骁, 等. 数字化技术在耳廓再造中的应用进展. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2017, 31(9): 1135-1140.
45.	宋宇鹏, 林琳, 蒋海越, 等. 三维数字化重建技术在耳缺损个性化治疗中的应用. 中国医刊, 2017, 52(8): 64-67.

1. Trufant JW, Marzolf S, Leach BC, et al. The utility of full-thickness skin grafts (FTSGs) for auricular reconstruction. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2016, 75(1): 169-176.
2. 闫一敏, 黄维平, 周聪. 全扩张法在外耳畸形患者耳廓再造术中的应用. 中国医疗美容, 2017, 7(1): 23-25.
3. Selçuk CT, Durgun M, Bozkurt M, et al. The reconstruction of full-thickness ear defects including the helix using the superior pedicle postauricular chondrocutaneous flap. Ann Plast Surg, 2014, 72(2): 159-163.
4. Li D, Xu F, Zhang R, et al. Surgical reconstruction of traumatic partial ear defects based on a novel classification of defect sizes and surrounding skin conditions. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2016, 138(2): 307e-316e.
5. Orticochea M. Reconstruction of partial loss of the auricle. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1970, 46(4): 403-405.
6. Cheney ML, Hadlock TA, Quatela VC. Reconstruction of the auricle//Baker SR. Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction. Edinburgh: Elsevier Mosby, 2007: 581-624.
7. Kolodzynski MN, Kon M, Egger S, et al. Mechanisms of ear trauma and reconstructive techniques in 105 consecutive patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2017, 274(2): 723-728.
8. Iljin A, Lewandowicz E, Antoszewski B, et al. Results of auricular helical rim reconstruction with post-auricular tube flap. Pol Przegl Chir, 2016, 88(1): 32-37.
9. Tanzer RC. Total reconstruction of the external ear. Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull, 1959, 23(1): 1-15.
10. Brent B. Technical advances in ear reconstruction with autogenous rib cartilage grafts: personal experience with 1200 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1999, 104(2): 319-334.
11. Nagata S. A new method of total reconstruction of the auricle for microtia. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1993, 92(2): 187-201.
12. Bos EJ, Doerga P, Breugem CC, et al. The burned ear; possibilities and challenges in framework reconstruction and coverage. Burns, 2016, 42(7): 1387-1395.
13. Thomson HG, Kim TY, Ein SH. Residual problems in chest donor sites after microtia reconstruction: a long-term study. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1995, 95(6): 961-968.
14. 李川, 潘博, 蒋海越. 肋软骨采取术后胸廓畸形的研究进展. 中华整形外科杂志, 2017, 33(1): 76-78.
15. 郭凤凤, 于晓波, 潘博, 等. 先天性小耳畸形患者肋软骨钙化特点的临床分析. 中华整形外科杂志, 2015, 31(5): 327-331.
16. Monroe CW. Our experiences with the silicone ear framework. A report of 17 ears in 15 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1972, 49(4): 428-432.
17. Wellisz T. Reconstruction of the burned external ear using a Medpor porous polyethylene pivoting helix framework. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1993, 91(5): 811-818.
18. 石润杰. 多孔高密度聚乙烯支架在耳再造中的应用. 中国医学文摘-耳鼻咽喉科学, 2017, 32(1): 14-17.
19. Fernandes JR, Driscoll DN. Burn ear reconstruction using porous polyethylene implants and tissue expansion. J Burn Care Res, 2016, 37(4): e348-e352.
20. Zuo KJ, Wilkes GH. Clinical outcomes of osseointegrated prosthetic auricular reconstruction in patients with a compromised ipsilateral temporoparietal fascial flap. J Craniofac Surg, 2016, 27(1): 44-50.
21. Kurabayashi T, Asato H, Suzuki Y, et al. A temporoparietal fascia pocket method in elevation of reconstructed auricle for microtia. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 139(4): 935-945.
22. Horta R, Valença-Filipe R, Carvalho J, et al. Reconstruction of a near total ear amputation with a neurosensorial radial forearm free flap prelaminated with porous polyethylene implant and delay procedure. Microsurgery, 2018, 38(2): 203-208.
23. Noel W, Leyder P, Quilichini J. Modified Antia-Buch flap for the reconstruction of helical rim defects. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2014, 67(12): 1659-1662.
24. Varas-Meis E, Perez-Paredes MG, Rodríguez-Prieto MÁ. Superior Antia-Buch flap for reconstruction of helical rim defects. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2016, 74(4): e67-e68.
25. Tay S, Nikkhah D, Teo TC. The Antia-Buch flap revisited. Clin Otolaryngol, 2017, 42(4): 951-953.
26. Stella C, Adam MF, Edward L. Helical rim reconstruction: Antia-Buch flap. Eplasty, 2015, 15: ic55.
27. Mowbrey K, Wilkes GH. Helical rim reconstruction using two bi-pedicled tube flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2013, 66(12): e362-e365.
28. Taylor JM, Rajan R, Dickson JK, et al. Maintaining ear aesthetics in helical rim reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg, 2014, 72(3): 318-322.
29. Zilinsky I, Cotofana S, Hammer N, et al. The arterial blood supply of the helical rim and the earlobe-based advancement flap (ELBAF): a new strategy for reconstructions of helical rim defects. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2015, 68(1): 56-62.
30. 展望, 宁金龙, 游文健, 等. 乳突区双叶皮瓣及Limberg皮瓣耳垂再造术. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2008, 14(1): 26-28.
31. Bastidas N, Jacobs JM, Thorne CH. Ear lobule reconstruction using nasal septal cartilage. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2013, 131(4): 760-762.
32. Collins J, Harvey J, Hilinski JM. Reconstructing the gauge earlobe defect. JAMA Facial Plast Surg, 2015, 17(2): 144-148.
33. Ali E, Nasrin N, Azin E. Aesthetic reconstruction of the upper antihelix in external ear with banner pull-through flap. J Cutan Aesthet Surg, 2015, 8(4): 218-221.
34. Heinz MB, Hölzle F, Ghassemi A. Repairing a non-marginal full-thickness auricular defect using a reversed flap from the postauricular area. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2015, 73(4): 764-768.
35. Heinz MB, Ghanepur H, Ghassemi A. Two-step reconstruction of non-marginal auricular defects. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2016, 74(7): 1494-1498.
36. Papadiochos I, Bourlidou E, Mangoudi D. A simplified reconstructive technique for full-thickness central defects of the auricle with the use of a post-auricular folded flap. J Cutan Aesthet Surg, 2017, 10(2): 109-112.
37. 宋春琼, 庄洪兴, 王淑杰, 等. 扩张的耳后瘢痕瓣和 Medpor 支架耳廓烧伤后再造术. 中华整形外科杂志, 2006, 22(6): 427-429.
38. Park C, Mun HY. Use of an expanded temporoparietal fascial flap technique for total auricular reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2006, 118(2): 374-382.
39. Lin CH, Yang IC, Tsai CH, et al. Auricular tissue engineering using osteogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells with small intestine submucosa. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 140(2): 297-305.
40. Liao HT, Zheng R, Liu W, et al. Prefabricated, ear-shaped cartilage tissue engineering by scaffold-free porcine chondrocyte membrane. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2015, 135(2): 313e-321e.
41. Pappa AK, Caballero M, Dennis RG, et al. Biochemical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage. J Craniofac Surg, 2014, 25(1): 111-115.
42. Bos EJ, Scholten T, Song Y, et al. Developing a parametric ear model for auricular reconstruction: a new step towards patient-specific implants. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2015, 43(3): 390-395.
43. Yadav S, Narayan AI, Choudhry A, et al. CAD/CAM-assisted auricular prosthesis fabrication for a quick, precise, and more retentive outcome: a clinical report. J Prosthodont, 2017, 26(7): 616-621.
44. 陈召阳, 罗春材, 尚骁, 等. 数字化技术在耳廓再造中的应用进展. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2017, 31(9): 1135-1140.
45. 宋宇鹏, 林琳, 蒋海越, 等. 三维数字化重建技术在耳缺损个性化治疗中的应用. 中国医刊, 2017, 52(8): 64-67.

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