Structural control and characterization of hierarchically structured fibrous scaffolds_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

LI Qiwei , LI Chaojing ,  WANG Fujun , HU Sihan , WANG Lu

Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Textile College of Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

WANG Fujun, Email: wfj@dhu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Hierarchically structured fibrous scaffold; porous surface; shish-kebab structure; cell proliferation; hemocompatibility

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.201808128

Video：

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Objective To prepare hierarchically structured fibrous scaffolds with different morphologies, and to explore the additional dimensionality for tuning the physicochemical properties of the scaffolds and the effect of their hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility.Methods Electrospinning poly (e-caprolactone) (PCL)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) bicomponent fibers (PCL∶PVP mass ratios were 8∶2 and 5∶5 respectively), and the surface porous fibrous scaffolds were prepared by extracting PVP components. The scaffolds were labeled PCL-P8 and PCL-P5 respectively according to the mass ratio of polymer. In addition, shish-kebab (SK) structured scaffolds with different kebab sizes were created by solution incubation method, which use electrospun PCL fibers as shish while PCL chains in solution crystallizes on the fiber surface. The PCL fibrous scaffolds with smooth surface was established as control group. The hierarchically structured fibrous scaffolds were characterized by field emission scanning electron microspore, water contact angle tests, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) experiments. The venous blood of New Zealand white rabbits was taken and hemolysis and coagulation tests were used to characterize the blood compatibility of the scaffolds. The proliferation of the pig iliac artery endothelial cell (PIEC) on the scaffolds was detected by cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) method, and the biocompatibility of the scaffolds was evaluated.Results Field emission scanning electron microscopy showed that porous morphology appeared on the surface of PCL/PVP bicomponent fibers after extracting PVP. In addition, SK structure with periodic arrangement was successfully prepared by solution induction, and the longer the crystallization time, the larger the lamellar size and periodic distance. The contact angle and DSC measurements showed that when compared with smooth PCL fiber scaffolds, the crystallinity of PCL surface porous fibrous scaffolds and PCL-SK fibrous scaffolds increased, while the hydrophobicity of PCL-SK fibrous scaffolds increased, but the hydrophobicity of PCL porous scaffolds did not change significantly. The hemolysis test showed that the hemolysis rate of PCL surface porous fibrous scaffolds and PCL-SK fibrous scaffolds was higher than that of PCL fibrous scaffolds. According to American Society of Materials and Tests (ASTM) F756-08 standard, all scaffolds were non-hemolytic materials and were suitable for blood contact materials. Coagulation test showed that the coagulation index of PCL surface porous fibrous scaffolds and PCL-SK fibrous scaffolds was higher than that of PCL fibrous scaffolds at 5 and 10 minutes of culture. CCK-8 assay showed that both hierarchically structured fibrous scaffolds were more conducive to PIEC proliferation than PCL fibrous scaffold.Conclusion Based on electrospinning technology, solution-induced and blend phase separation methods can be used to construct multi-scale fiber scaffolds with different morphologies, which can not only regulate the surface physicochemical properties of the scaffolds, but also have good blood compatibility and biocompatibility. The hierarchically structured fibrous scaffolds have high application potential in the field of tissue engineering.

Citation： LI Qiwei, LI Chaojing, WANG Fujun, HU Sihan, WANG Lu. Structural control and characterization of hierarchically structured fibrous scaffolds. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2019, 33(4): 479-485. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201808128 Copy

1.	Tuzlakoglu K, Bolgen N, Salgado AJ, et al. Nano- and micro-fiber combined scaffolds: a new architecture for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2005, 16(12): 1099-1104.
2.	Sun B, Jiang XJ, Zhang SC, et al. Electrospun anisotropic architectures and porous structures for tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B, 2015, 3(27): 5389-5410.
3.	Zhang YZ, Su B, Venugopal J, et al. Biomimetic and bioactive nanofibrous scaffolds from electrospun composite nanofibers. Int J Nanomedicine, 2007, 2(4): 623-638.
4.	Agarwal S, Wendorff JH, Greiner A. Use of electrospinning technique for biomedical applications. Polymer, 2008, 49(26): 5603-5621.
5.	Fu W, Liu Z, Feng B, et al. Electrospun gelatin/PCL and collagen/PLCL scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine, 2014, 9: 2335-2344.
6.	Xu T, Yang H, Yang D, et al. Polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold decorated with chitosan islandlike topography for bone tissue engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9(25): 21094-21104.
7.	Im SH, Jung Y, Jang Y, et al. Poly (L-lactic acid) scaffold with oriented micro-valley surface and superior properties fabricated by solid-state drawing for blood-contact biomaterials. Biofabrication, 2016, 8(4): 045010.
8.	Rosales-Leal JI, Rodríguez-Valverde MA, Mazzaglia G, et al. Effect of roughness, wettability and morphology of engineered titanium surfaces on osteoblast-like cell adhesion. Colloids & Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2010, 365(1): 222-229.
9.	储成艳, 朱亮, 王苏平, 等. 胶原凝胶构建神经组织工程支架的实验研究. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2017, 31(3): 363-368.
10.	Yang A, Huang Z, Yin G, et al. Fabrication of aligned, porous and conductive fibers and their effects on cell adhesion and guidance. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2015, 134: 469-474.
11.	Podufaly Bauer AJ, Grim ZB, Li B. Hierarchical polymer blend fibers of high structural regularity prepared by facile solvent vapor annealing treatment. Macromol Mater Eng, 2018, 303(1): 1-7.
12.	Chen H, Huang X, Zhang M, et al. Tailoring surface nanoroughness of electrospun scaffolds for skeletal tissue engineering. Acta Biomater, 2017, 59: 82-93.
13.	Wang X, Gao Y, Xu Y, et al. A prerequisite of the poly (epsilon-caprolactone) self-induced nanohybrid shish-kebab structure formation: an ordered crystal lamellae orientation morphology of fibers. Macromol Chem Phys, 2017, 218(24): 1-6.
14.	Dias JR, Granja PL, Bártolo PJ. Advances in electrospun skin substitutes. Progress in Materials Science, 2016, 84: 314-334.
15.	蔡江瑜, 蒋佳, 莫秀梅, 等. 丝素蛋白/聚乳酸-聚己内酯纳米纤维支架对兔腱-骨愈合影响的实验研究. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2017, 31(8): 957-962.
16.	Liu J, Bauer AJ, Li B. Solvent vapor annealing: an efficient approach for inscribing secondary nanostructures onto electrospun fibers. Macromol Rapid Commun, 2014, 35(17): 1503-1508.
17.	Zhou Q, Xie J, Bao M, et al. Engineering aligned electrospun PLLA microfibers with nano-porous surface nanotopography for modulating responses of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Mater Chem B, 2015, 3(3): 4439-4450.
18.	Chen X, Gleeson SE, Yu T, et al. Hierarchically ordered polymer nanofiber shish kebabs as a bone scaffold material. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2017, 105(6): 1786-1798.
19.	Mao W, Yoo HS. Pluronic-Induced Surface Etching of Biodegradable Nanofibers for Enhanced Adsorption of Serum Protein. Macromol Biosci, 2017, 17(8).
20.	Jing X, Mi HY, Cordie TM, et al. Fabrication of shish-kebab structured poly (epsilon-caprolactone) electrospun nanofibers that mimic collagen fibrils: Effect of solvents and matrigel functionalization. Polymer, 2014, 55(21): 5396-5406.
21.	Katsogiannis KAG, Vladisavljević GT, Georgiadou S. Porous electrospun polycaprolactone fibers: effect of process parameters. J Polym Sci Part B, 2016, 54(18): 1878-1888.
22.	Zamani F, Amani-Tehran M, Latifi M, et al. The influence of surface nanoroughness of electrospun PLGA nanofibrous scaffold on nerve cell adhesion and proliferation. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2013, 24(6): 1551-1560.

1. Tuzlakoglu K, Bolgen N, Salgado AJ, et al. Nano- and micro-fiber combined scaffolds: a new architecture for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2005, 16(12): 1099-1104.
2. Sun B, Jiang XJ, Zhang SC, et al. Electrospun anisotropic architectures and porous structures for tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B, 2015, 3(27): 5389-5410.
3. Zhang YZ, Su B, Venugopal J, et al. Biomimetic and bioactive nanofibrous scaffolds from electrospun composite nanofibers. Int J Nanomedicine, 2007, 2(4): 623-638.
4. Agarwal S, Wendorff JH, Greiner A. Use of electrospinning technique for biomedical applications. Polymer, 2008, 49(26): 5603-5621.
5. Fu W, Liu Z, Feng B, et al. Electrospun gelatin/PCL and collagen/PLCL scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine, 2014, 9: 2335-2344.
6. Xu T, Yang H, Yang D, et al. Polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold decorated with chitosan islandlike topography for bone tissue engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9(25): 21094-21104.
7. Im SH, Jung Y, Jang Y, et al. Poly (L-lactic acid) scaffold with oriented micro-valley surface and superior properties fabricated by solid-state drawing for blood-contact biomaterials. Biofabrication, 2016, 8(4): 045010.
8. Rosales-Leal JI, Rodríguez-Valverde MA, Mazzaglia G, et al. Effect of roughness, wettability and morphology of engineered titanium surfaces on osteoblast-like cell adhesion. Colloids & Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2010, 365(1): 222-229.
9. 储成艳, 朱亮, 王苏平, 等. 胶原凝胶构建神经组织工程支架的实验研究. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2017, 31(3): 363-368.
10. Yang A, Huang Z, Yin G, et al. Fabrication of aligned, porous and conductive fibers and their effects on cell adhesion and guidance. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2015, 134: 469-474.
11. Podufaly Bauer AJ, Grim ZB, Li B. Hierarchical polymer blend fibers of high structural regularity prepared by facile solvent vapor annealing treatment. Macromol Mater Eng, 2018, 303(1): 1-7.
12. Chen H, Huang X, Zhang M, et al. Tailoring surface nanoroughness of electrospun scaffolds for skeletal tissue engineering. Acta Biomater, 2017, 59: 82-93.
13. Wang X, Gao Y, Xu Y, et al. A prerequisite of the poly (epsilon-caprolactone) self-induced nanohybrid shish-kebab structure formation: an ordered crystal lamellae orientation morphology of fibers. Macromol Chem Phys, 2017, 218(24): 1-6.
14. Dias JR, Granja PL, Bártolo PJ. Advances in electrospun skin substitutes. Progress in Materials Science, 2016, 84: 314-334.
15. 蔡江瑜, 蒋佳, 莫秀梅, 等. 丝素蛋白/聚乳酸-聚己内酯纳米纤维支架对兔腱-骨愈合影响的实验研究. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2017, 31(8): 957-962.
16. Liu J, Bauer AJ, Li B. Solvent vapor annealing: an efficient approach for inscribing secondary nanostructures onto electrospun fibers. Macromol Rapid Commun, 2014, 35(17): 1503-1508.
17. Zhou Q, Xie J, Bao M, et al. Engineering aligned electrospun PLLA microfibers with nano-porous surface nanotopography for modulating responses of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Mater Chem B, 2015, 3(3): 4439-4450.
18. Chen X, Gleeson SE, Yu T, et al. Hierarchically ordered polymer nanofiber shish kebabs as a bone scaffold material. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2017, 105(6): 1786-1798.
19. Mao W, Yoo HS. Pluronic-Induced Surface Etching of Biodegradable Nanofibers for Enhanced Adsorption of Serum Protein. Macromol Biosci, 2017, 17(8).
20. Jing X, Mi HY, Cordie TM, et al. Fabrication of shish-kebab structured poly (epsilon-caprolactone) electrospun nanofibers that mimic collagen fibrils: Effect of solvents and matrigel functionalization. Polymer, 2014, 55(21): 5396-5406.
21. Katsogiannis KAG, Vladisavljević GT, Georgiadou S. Porous electrospun polycaprolactone fibers: effect of process parameters. J Polym Sci Part B, 2016, 54(18): 1878-1888.
22. Zamani F, Amani-Tehran M, Latifi M, et al. The influence of surface nanoroughness of electrospun PLGA nanofibrous scaffold on nerve cell adhesion and proliferation. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2013, 24(6): 1551-1560.

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