Research progress of peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

WANG Kunliang ,  QIN Bengang

Department of Microsurgery, Orthopaedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510080, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

QIN Bengang, Email: qinbeng@mail.sysu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Peripheral nerve; mismatch regeneration; nerve injury; recovery of nerve function

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202008085

Video：

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Objective To review the research progress of peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration, and to provide reference for its related basic research and clinical treatment.Methods The pathophysiology of peripheral nerve after injury, several main factors affecting the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerve, and the fate of axon after mismatch regeneration were summarized by referring to the relevant literature at home and abroad in recent years.Results Distal pathways and target organs can selectively affect the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves; different phenotypes of Schwann cells have different effects on the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves; studying the mechanism of action of exosomes from different Schwann cells on different types of axons can provide a new direction for solving the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves.Conclusion Peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration is affected by various factors. However, the specific mechanism and characteristics of these factors remain to be further studied.

Citation： WANG Kunliang, QIN Bengang. Research progress of peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2021, 35(3): 387-391. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202008085 Copy

1.	de Ruiter GC, Spinner RJ, Verhaagen J, et al. Misdirection and guidance of regenerating axons after experimental nerve injury and repair. J Neurosurg, 2014, 120(2): 493-501.
2.	顾立强, 裴国献. 周围神经损伤基础与临床. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 2001: 70-85.
3.	Grafstein B. The nerve cell body response to axotomy. Exp Neurol, 1975, 48(3 pt. 2): 32-51.
4.	Jessen KR, Mirsky R. The repair Schwann cell and its function in regenerating nerves. J Physiol, 2016, 594(13): 3521-3531.
5.	Aguayo AJ, Epps J, Charron L, et al. Multipotentiality of Schwann cells in cross-anastomosed and grafted myelinated and unmyelinated nerves: quantitative microscopy and radioautography. Brain Res, 1976, 104(1): 1-20.
6.	Kim HA, Mindos T, Parkinson DB. Plastic fantastic: Schwann cells and repair of the peripheral nervous system. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2013, 2(8): 553-557.
7.	Sanders FK, Young JZ. The influence of peripheral connexion on the diameter of regenerating nerve fibres. J Exp Biol, 1946, 22: 203-212.
8.	佟晓杰, 王振宇. 周围神经损伤和再生. 解剖科学进展, 1998, 4(1): 23-26.
9.	彭徐云, 陶冶. 周围神经损伤修复的研究进展. 沈阳医学院学报, 2020, 22(2): 174-178.
10.	Robinson GA, Madison RD. Motor neurons can preferentially reinnervate cutaneous pathways. Exp Neurol, 2004, 190(2): 407-413.
11.	Martini R, Xin Y, Schmitz B, et al. The L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope is involved in the preferential outgrowth of motor neurons on ventral roots and motor nerves. Eur J Neurosci, 1992, 4(7): 628-639.
12.	Franz CK, Rutishauser U, Rafuse VF. Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule is necessary for selective targeting of regenerating motor neurons. J Neurosci, 2005, 25(8): 2081-2091.
13.	Robinson GA, Madison RD. Developmentally regulated changes in femoral nerve regeneration in the mouse and rat. Exp Neurol, 2006, 197(2): 341-346.
14.	Madison RD, Robinson GA, Chadaram SR. The specificity of motor neurone regeneration (preferential reinnervation). Acta Physiol (Oxf), 2007, 189(2): 201-206.
15.	Maki Y, Yoshizu T, Tsubokawa N. Selective regeneration of motor and sensory axons in an experimental peripheral nerve model without endorgans. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg, 2005, 39(5): 257-260.
16.	Maki Y, Yoshizu T, Tajima T, et al. The selectivity of regenerating motor and sensory axons. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1996, 12(8): 547-551.
17.	Jeppesen DK, Fenix AM, Franklin JL, et al. Reassessment of exosome composition. Cell, 2019, 177(2): 428-445.
18.	Shah R, Patel T, Freedman JE. Circulating extracellular vesicles in human disease. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379(10): 958-966.
19.	Acheson A, Lindsay RM. Non target-derived roles of the neurotrophins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1996, 351(1338): 417-422.
20.	Buchman VL, Davies AM. Different neurotrophins are expressed and act in a developmental sequence to promote the survival of embryonic sensory neurons. Development, 1993, 118(3): 989-1001.
21.	LeMaster AM, Krimm RF, Davis BM, et al. Overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances sensory innervation and selectively increases neuron number. J Neurosci, 1999, 19(14): 5919-5931.
22.	Henderson CE, Camu W, Mettling C, et al. Neurotrophins promote motor neuron survival and are present in embryonic limb bud. Nature, 1993, 363(6426): 266-270.
23.	Santos D, González-Pérez F, Giudetti G, et al. Preferential enhancement of sensory and motor axon regeneration by combining extracellular matrix components with neurotrophic factors. Int J Mol Sci, 2016, 18(1): 65.
24.	Jesuraj NJ, Nguyen PK, Wood MD, et al. Differential gene expression in motor and sensory Schwann cells in the rat femoral nerve. J Neurosci Res, 2012, 90(1): 96-104.
25.	Höke A, Redett R, Hameed H, et al. Schwann cells express motor and sensory phenotypes that regulate axon regeneration. J Neurosci, 2006, 26(38): 9646-9655.
26.	Jesuraj NJ, Santosa KB, Macewan MR, et al. Schwann cells seeded in acellular nerve grafts improve functional recovery. Muscle Nerve, 2014, 49(2): 267-276.
27.	Tsubokawa N, Maki Y, Yoshizu T, et al. Comparison of the neurotropic effects of motor and sensory Schwann cells during regeneration of peripheral nerves. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg, 1999, 33(4): 379-385.
28.	Kalluri R, LeBleu VS. The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science, 2020, 367(6478): eaau6977.
29.	Lopez-Verrilli MA, Picou F, Court FA. Schwann cell-derived exosomes enhance axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Glia, 2013, 61(11): 1795-1806.
30.	Simeoli R, Montague K, Jones HR, et al. Exosomal cargo including microRNA regulates sensory neuron to macrophage communication after nerve trauma. Nat Commun, 2017, 8(1): 1778.
31.	Brushart TM. Preferential motor reinnervation: a sequential double-labeling study. Restor Neurol Neurosci, 1990, 1(3): 281-287.
32.	Brushart TM, Gerber J, Kessens P, et al. Contributions of pathway and neuron to preferential motor reinnervation. J Neurosci, 1998, 18(21): 8674-8681.
33.	Weiss P, Edds MV. Sensory-motor nerve crosses in the rat. J Neurophysiol, 1945, 30: 173-193.
34.	Chiono V, Tonda-Turo C. Trends in the design of nerve guidance channels in peripheral nerve tissue engineering. Prog Neurobiol, 2015, 131: 87-104.
35.	Fields RD, Le Beau JM, Longo FM, et al. Nerve regeneration through artificial tubular implants. Prog Neurobiol, 1989, 33(2): 87-134.
36.	Liu D, Mi DG, Zhang TJ, et al. Tubulation repair mitigates misdirection of regenerating motor axons across a sciatic nerve gap in rats. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 3443.
37.	Brushart TM, Mathur V, Sood R, et al. Dispersion of regenerating axons across enclosed neural gaps. J Hand Surg (Am), 1995, 20(4): 557-564.
38.	Hu X, Cai J, Yang J, et al. Sensory axon targeting is increased by NGF gene therapy within the lesioned adult femoral nerve. Exp Neurol, 2010, 223(1): 153-165.
39.	Al-Majed AA, Neumann CM, Brushart TM, et al. Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration. J Neurosci, 2000, 20(7): 2602-2608.
40.	Bolívar S, Navarro X, Udina E. Schwann cell role in selectivity of nerve regeneration. Cells, 2020, 9(9): 2131.
41.	Wang SF, Li PC, Xue YH, et al. Contralateral C7 nerve transfer with direct coaptation to restore lower trunk function after traumatic brachial plexus avulsion. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2013, 95(9): 821-827.

1. de Ruiter GC, Spinner RJ, Verhaagen J, et al. Misdirection and guidance of regenerating axons after experimental nerve injury and repair. J Neurosurg, 2014, 120(2): 493-501.
2. 顾立强, 裴国献. 周围神经损伤基础与临床. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 2001: 70-85.
3. Grafstein B. The nerve cell body response to axotomy. Exp Neurol, 1975, 48(3 pt. 2): 32-51.
4. Jessen KR, Mirsky R. The repair Schwann cell and its function in regenerating nerves. J Physiol, 2016, 594(13): 3521-3531.
5. Aguayo AJ, Epps J, Charron L, et al. Multipotentiality of Schwann cells in cross-anastomosed and grafted myelinated and unmyelinated nerves: quantitative microscopy and radioautography. Brain Res, 1976, 104(1): 1-20.
6. Kim HA, Mindos T, Parkinson DB. Plastic fantastic: Schwann cells and repair of the peripheral nervous system. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2013, 2(8): 553-557.
7. Sanders FK, Young JZ. The influence of peripheral connexion on the diameter of regenerating nerve fibres. J Exp Biol, 1946, 22: 203-212.
8. 佟晓杰, 王振宇. 周围神经损伤和再生. 解剖科学进展, 1998, 4(1): 23-26.
9. 彭徐云, 陶冶. 周围神经损伤修复的研究进展. 沈阳医学院学报, 2020, 22(2): 174-178.
10. Robinson GA, Madison RD. Motor neurons can preferentially reinnervate cutaneous pathways. Exp Neurol, 2004, 190(2): 407-413.
11. Martini R, Xin Y, Schmitz B, et al. The L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope is involved in the preferential outgrowth of motor neurons on ventral roots and motor nerves. Eur J Neurosci, 1992, 4(7): 628-639.
12. Franz CK, Rutishauser U, Rafuse VF. Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule is necessary for selective targeting of regenerating motor neurons. J Neurosci, 2005, 25(8): 2081-2091.
13. Robinson GA, Madison RD. Developmentally regulated changes in femoral nerve regeneration in the mouse and rat. Exp Neurol, 2006, 197(2): 341-346.
14. Madison RD, Robinson GA, Chadaram SR. The specificity of motor neurone regeneration (preferential reinnervation). Acta Physiol (Oxf), 2007, 189(2): 201-206.
15. Maki Y, Yoshizu T, Tsubokawa N. Selective regeneration of motor and sensory axons in an experimental peripheral nerve model without endorgans. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg, 2005, 39(5): 257-260.
16. Maki Y, Yoshizu T, Tajima T, et al. The selectivity of regenerating motor and sensory axons. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1996, 12(8): 547-551.
17. Jeppesen DK, Fenix AM, Franklin JL, et al. Reassessment of exosome composition. Cell, 2019, 177(2): 428-445.
18. Shah R, Patel T, Freedman JE. Circulating extracellular vesicles in human disease. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379(10): 958-966.
19. Acheson A, Lindsay RM. Non target-derived roles of the neurotrophins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1996, 351(1338): 417-422.
20. Buchman VL, Davies AM. Different neurotrophins are expressed and act in a developmental sequence to promote the survival of embryonic sensory neurons. Development, 1993, 118(3): 989-1001.
21. LeMaster AM, Krimm RF, Davis BM, et al. Overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances sensory innervation and selectively increases neuron number. J Neurosci, 1999, 19(14): 5919-5931.
22. Henderson CE, Camu W, Mettling C, et al. Neurotrophins promote motor neuron survival and are present in embryonic limb bud. Nature, 1993, 363(6426): 266-270.
23. Santos D, González-Pérez F, Giudetti G, et al. Preferential enhancement of sensory and motor axon regeneration by combining extracellular matrix components with neurotrophic factors. Int J Mol Sci, 2016, 18(1): 65.
24. Jesuraj NJ, Nguyen PK, Wood MD, et al. Differential gene expression in motor and sensory Schwann cells in the rat femoral nerve. J Neurosci Res, 2012, 90(1): 96-104.
25. Höke A, Redett R, Hameed H, et al. Schwann cells express motor and sensory phenotypes that regulate axon regeneration. J Neurosci, 2006, 26(38): 9646-9655.
26. Jesuraj NJ, Santosa KB, Macewan MR, et al. Schwann cells seeded in acellular nerve grafts improve functional recovery. Muscle Nerve, 2014, 49(2): 267-276.
27. Tsubokawa N, Maki Y, Yoshizu T, et al. Comparison of the neurotropic effects of motor and sensory Schwann cells during regeneration of peripheral nerves. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg, 1999, 33(4): 379-385.
28. Kalluri R, LeBleu VS. The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science, 2020, 367(6478): eaau6977.
29. Lopez-Verrilli MA, Picou F, Court FA. Schwann cell-derived exosomes enhance axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Glia, 2013, 61(11): 1795-1806.
30. Simeoli R, Montague K, Jones HR, et al. Exosomal cargo including microRNA regulates sensory neuron to macrophage communication after nerve trauma. Nat Commun, 2017, 8(1): 1778.
31. Brushart TM. Preferential motor reinnervation: a sequential double-labeling study. Restor Neurol Neurosci, 1990, 1(3): 281-287.
32. Brushart TM, Gerber J, Kessens P, et al. Contributions of pathway and neuron to preferential motor reinnervation. J Neurosci, 1998, 18(21): 8674-8681.
33. Weiss P, Edds MV. Sensory-motor nerve crosses in the rat. J Neurophysiol, 1945, 30: 173-193.
34. Chiono V, Tonda-Turo C. Trends in the design of nerve guidance channels in peripheral nerve tissue engineering. Prog Neurobiol, 2015, 131: 87-104.
35. Fields RD, Le Beau JM, Longo FM, et al. Nerve regeneration through artificial tubular implants. Prog Neurobiol, 1989, 33(2): 87-134.
36. Liu D, Mi DG, Zhang TJ, et al. Tubulation repair mitigates misdirection of regenerating motor axons across a sciatic nerve gap in rats. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 3443.
37. Brushart TM, Mathur V, Sood R, et al. Dispersion of regenerating axons across enclosed neural gaps. J Hand Surg (Am), 1995, 20(4): 557-564.
38. Hu X, Cai J, Yang J, et al. Sensory axon targeting is increased by NGF gene therapy within the lesioned adult femoral nerve. Exp Neurol, 2010, 223(1): 153-165.
39. Al-Majed AA, Neumann CM, Brushart TM, et al. Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration. J Neurosci, 2000, 20(7): 2602-2608.
40. Bolívar S, Navarro X, Udina E. Schwann cell role in selectivity of nerve regeneration. Cells, 2020, 9(9): 2131.
41. Wang SF, Li PC, Xue YH, et al. Contralateral C7 nerve transfer with direct coaptation to restore lower trunk function after traumatic brachial plexus avulsion. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2013, 95(9): 821-827.

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