Research progress on mechanism of myokines regulating bone tissue cells_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

PENG Hongcheng ¹ , HUA Zhen ² , YANG Huilin ³ ,  WANG Jianwei ²

1. Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210023, P.R.China;
2. Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Wuxi Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi Jiangsu, 214071, P.R.China;
3. Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215006, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

WANG Jianwei, Email: wangjianwei1963@126.com

Keywords：

Skeletal muscle; myokines; bone tissue cells; fracture; osteoporosis

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202012062

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To review the effects and mechanisms of various myokines secreted by skeletal muscle on various bone tissue cells.Methods Literature related to myokines and their regulation of bone tissue cells was reviewed and analyzed comprehensively in recent years.Results Bone and skeletal muscle are important members of the motor system, and they are closely related in anatomy, genetics, and physiopathology. In recent years, it has been found that skeletal muscle can secrete a variety of myokines to regulate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone cells; these factors mutual crosstalk between myoskeletal unit, contact each other and influence each other, forming a complex myoskeletal micro-environment, and to some extent, it has a positive impact on bone repair and reconstruction.Conclusion Myokines are potential targets for the dynamic balance of bone tissue cells. In-depth study of its mechanism is helpful to the prevention and treatment of myoskeletal diseases.

Citation： PENG Hongcheng, HUA Zhen, YANG Huilin, WANG Jianwei. Research progress on mechanism of myokines regulating bone tissue cells. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2021, 35(7): 923-929. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202012062 Copy

1.	Avin KG, Bloomfield SA, Gross TS, et al. Biomechanical aspects of the muscle-bone interaction. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 2015, 13(1): 1-8.
2.	Cianferotti L, Brandi ML. Muscle-bone interactions: basic and clinical aspects. Endocrine, 2014, 45(2): 165-177.
3.	Elliott DS, Newman KJ, Forward DP, et al. A unified theory of bone healing and nonunion: BHN theory. Bone Joint J, 2016, 98-B(7): 884-891.
4.	Thomopoulos S, Zampiakis E, Das R, et al. The effect of muscle loading on flexor tendon-to-bone healing in a canine model. J Orthop Res, 2008, 26(12): 1611-1617.
5.	Hurtgen BJ, Ward CL, Garg K, et al. Severe muscle trauma triggers heightened and prolonged local musculoskeletal inflammation and impairs adjacent tibia fracture healing. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 2016, 16(2): 122-134.
6.	Davis KM, Griffin KS, Chu TG, et al. Muscle-bone interactions during fracture healing. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 2015, 15(1): 1-9.
7.	Edwards MH, Dennison EM, Aihie Sayer A, et al. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older age. Bone, 2015, 80: 126-130.
8.	Bettis T, Kim BJ, Hamrick MW. Impact of muscle atrophy on bone metabolism and bone strength: implications for muscle-bone crosstalk with aging and disuse. Osteoporos Int, 2018, 29(8): 1713-1720.
9.	Reiss J, Iglseder B, Alzner R, et al. Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are interrelated in geriatric inpatients. Z Gerontol Geriatr, 2019, 52(7): 688-693.
10.	中国老年学和老年医学学会骨质疏松分会肌肉、骨骼与骨质疏松学科组. 肌肉、骨骼与骨质疏松专家共识. 中国骨质疏松杂志, 2016, 22(10): 1221-1229.
11.	Kaji H. Effects of myokines on bone. Bonekey Rep, 2016, 5: 826. doi: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.48.
12.	Lara-Castillo N, Johnson ML. Bone-muscle mutual interactions. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 2020, 18(4): 408-421.
13.	Kaji H. Linkage between muscle and bone: common catabolic signals resulting in osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2013, 16(3): 272-277.
14.	Kawao N, Kaji H. Interactions between muscle tissues and bone metabolism. J Cell Biochem, 2015, 116(5): 687-695.
15.	Bonewald L. Use it or lose it to age: a review of bone and muscle communication. Bone, 2019, 120: 212-218.
16.	Karsenty G, Mera P. Molecular bases of the crosstalk between bone and muscle. Bone, 2018, 115: 43-49.
17.	Kim JM, Lin C, Stavre Z, et al. Osteoblast-osteoclast communication and bone homeostasis. Cells, 2020, 9(9): 2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092073.
18.	Zhang Y, Luo G, Yu X. Cellular communication in bone homeostasis and the related anti-osteoporotic drug development. Curr Med Chem, 2020, 27(7): 1151-1169.
19.	Wu LF, Zhu DC, Wang BH, et al. Relative abundance of mature myostatin rather than total myostatin is negatively associated with bone mineral density in Chinese. J Cell Mol Med, 2018, 22(2): 1329-1336.
20.	Yaden BC, Croy JE, Wang Y, et al. Follistatin: a novel therapeutic for the improvement of muscle regeneration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2014, 349(2): 355-371.
21.	Lodberg A, van der Eerden BCJ, Boers-Sijmons B, et al. A follistatin-based molecule increases muscle and bone mass without affecting the red blood cell count in mice. FASEB J, 2019, 33(5): 6001-6010.
22.	Colaianni G, Cuscito C, Mongelli T, et al. Irisin enhances osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Int J Endocrinol, 2014, 2014: 902186. doi: 10.1155/2014/902186.
23.	Luo Y, Ma Y, Qiao X, et al. Irisin ameliorates bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Climacteric, 2020, 23(5): 496-504.
24.	Sun L, Su J, Wang M. Changes of serum IGF-1 and ET-1 levels in patients with osteoporosis and its clinical significance. Pak J Med Sci, 2019, 35(3): 691-695.
25.	Rosset EM, Bradshaw AD. SPARC/osteonectin in mineralized tissue. Matrix Biol, 2016, 52-54: 78-87.
26.	Shevroja E, Marques-Vidal P, Aubry-Rozier B, et al. Cohort profile: the osteoLaus study. Int J Epidemiol, 2019, 48(4): 1046-1047.
27.	Hamrick MW, Shi X, Zhang W, et al. Loss of myostatin (GDF8) function increases osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells but the osteogenic effect is ablated with unloading. Bone, 2007, 40(6): 1544-1553.
28.	Qin Y, Peng Y, Zhao W, et al. Myostatin inhibits osteoblastic differentiation by suppressing osteocyte-derived exosomal microRNA-218: A novel mechanism in muscle-bone communication. J Biol Chem, 2017, 292(26): 11021-11033.
29.	Tang L, Kang Y, Sun S, et al. Inhibition of MSTN signal pathway may participate in LIPUS preventing bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Metab, 2020, 38(1): 14-26.
30.	Colaianni G, Cinti S, Colucci S, et al. Irisin and musculoskeletal health. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2017, 1402(1): 5-9.
31.	Chen X, Sun K, Zhao S, et al. Irisin promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by activating autophagy via the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. Cytokine, 2020, 136: 155292. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155292.
32.	Colaianni G, Cuscito C, Mongelli T, et al. The myokine irisin increases cortical bone mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2015, 112(39): 12157-12162.
33.	Estell EG, Le PT, Vegting Y, et al. Irisin directly stimulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. Elife, 2020, 9: e58172. doi: 10.7554/eLife.58172.
34.	Ma Y, Qiao X, Zeng R, et al. Irisin promotes proliferation but inhibits differentiation in osteoclast precursor cells. FASEB J, 2018, 17: fj201700983RR. doi: 10.1096/fj.201700983RR.
35.	Zhong X, Sun X, Shan M, et al. The production, detection, and origin of irisin and its effect on bone cells. Int J Biol Macromol, 2021, 178: 316-324.
36.	Zhang J, Huang X, Yu R, et al. Circulating irisin is linked to bone mineral density in geriatric Chinese men. Open Med (Wars), 2020, 15(1): 763-768.
37.	Wu L, Zhang G, Guo C, et al. Intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling mediates IGF-1-induced osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020, 527(1): 200-206.
38.	Partadiredja G, Karima N, Utami KP, et al. The effects of light and moderate intensity exercise on the femoral bone and cerebellum of d-galactose-exposed rats. Rejuvenation Res, 2019, 22(1): 20-30.
39.	Pereira LJ, Macari S, Coimbra CC, et al. Aerobic and resistance training improve alveolar bone quality and interferes with bone-remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement in mice. Bone, 2020, 138: 115496. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115496.
40.	Adhikary S, Choudhary D, Tripathi AK, et al. FGF-2 targets sclerostin in bone and myostatin in skeletal muscle to mitigate the deleterious effects of glucocorticoid on musculoskeletal degradation. Life Sci, 2019, 229: 261-276.
41.	Nosho S, Tosa I, Ono M, et al. Distinct osteogenic potentials of BMP-2 and FGF-2 in extramedullary and medullary microenvironments. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(21): 7967. doi: 10.3390/ijms21217967.
42.	Wakabayashi H, Miyamura G, Nagao N, et al. Functional block of interleukin-6 reduces a bone pain marker but not bone loss in hindlimb-unloaded mice. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(10): 3521. doi: 10.3390/ijms21103521.
43.	Rose-John S. Interleukin-6 family cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2018, 10(2): a028415. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028415.
44.	Du J, Yang J, He Z, et al. Osteoblast and osteoclast activity affect bone remodeling upon regulation by mechanical loading-induced leukemia inhibitory factor expression in osteocytes. Front Mol Biosci, 2020, 7: 585056. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.585056.
45.	Zhao JJ, Wu ZF, Yu YH, et al. Effects of interleukin-7/interleukin-7 receptor on RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation and ovariectomy-induced bone loss by regulating c-Fos/c-Jun pathway. J Cell Physiol, 2018, 233(9): 7182-7194.
46.	Kim JH, Sim JH, Lee S, et al. Interleukin-7 induces osteoclast formation via STAT5, independent of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand. Front Immunol, 2017, 8: 1376. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01376.
47.	Yeoh G, Barton S, Kaestner K. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology. Preface. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2011, 43(2): 172. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.09.004.
48.	Loro E, Ramaswamy G, Chandra A, et al. IL15RA is required for osteoblast function and bone mineralization. Bone, 2017, 103: 20-30.
49.	Feng S, Madsen SH, Viller NN, et al. Interleukin-15-activated natural killer cells kill autologous osteoclasts via LFA-1, DNAM-1 and TRAIL, and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone erosion in vitro. Immunology, 2015, 145(3): 367-379.
50.	Xu L, Zheng L, Wang Z, et al. TNF-α-induced SOX5 upregulation is involved in the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through KLF4 signal pathway. Mol Cells, 2018, 41(6): 575-581.
51.	Metozzi A, Bonamassa L, Brandi G, et al. Endocrinology of bone/brain crosstalk. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab, 2015, 10(2): 153-167.
52.	Gong W, Liu Y, Wu Z, et al. Meteorin-like shows unique expression pattern in bone and its overexpression inhibits osteoblast differentiation. PLoS One, 2016, 11(10): e0164446. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164446.
53.	Chen X, Chen J, Xu D, et al. Effects of osteoglycin (OGN) on treating senile osteoporosis by regulating MSCs. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2017, 18(1): 423. doi: 10.1186/s12891-017-1779-7.
54.	Tanaka K, Matsuomoto E, Higashimaki Y, et al. Role of osteoglycin in the linkage between muscle and bone. J Biol Chem, 2012, 287(15): 11616-11628.
55.	Zhu XW, Ding K, Dai XY, et al. β-aminoisobutyric acid accelerates the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells via moderate activation of ROS signaling. J Chin Med Assoc, 2018, 81(7): 611-618.
56.	Kitase Y, Vallejo JA, Gutheil W, et al. β-aminoisobutyric acid, l-BAIBA, is a muscle-derived osteocyte survival factor. Cell Rep, 2018, 22(6): 1531-1544.
57.	Hamrick MW, McGee-Lawrence ME. Blocking bone loss with l-BAIBA. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 29(5): 284-286.
58.	Yang F, Jia Y, Sun Q, et al. Raloxifene improves TNF-α-induced osteogenic differentiation inhibition of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and alleviates osteoporosis. Exp Ther Med, 2020, 20(1): 309-314.
59.	Shao BY, Wang L, Yu Y, et al. Effects of CD4⁺ T lymphocytes from ovariectomized mice on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Exp Ther Med, 2020, 20(5): 84. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.9212.
60.	Du D, Zhou Z, Zhu L, et al. TNF-α suppresses osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by accelerating P2Y2 receptor in estrogen-deficiency induced osteoporosis. Bone, 2018, 117: 161-170.
61.	Qiao XY, Nie Y, Ma Y, et al. Irisin promotes osteoblast proliferation and differentiation via activating the MAP kinase signaling pathways. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 18732. doi: 10.1038/srep18732.
62.	Colaianni G, Errede M, Sanesi L, et al. Irisin correlates positively with BMD in a cohort of older adult patients and downregulates the senescent Marker p21 in osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res, 2021, 36(2): 305-314.
63.	Wu Y, Jiang Y, Liu Q, et al. lncRNA H19 promotes matrix mineralization through up-regulating IGF1 by sponging miR-185-5p in osteoblasts. BMC Mol Cell Biol, 2019, 20(1): 48. doi: 10.1186/s12860-019-0230-3.
64.	Zeng Q, Wang Y, Gao J, et al. miR-29b-3p regulated osteoblast differentiation via regulating IGF-1 secretion of mechanically stimulated osteocytes. Cell Mol Biol Lett, 2019, 24: 11. doi: 10.1186/s11658-019-0136-2.
65.	Koide M, Kobayashi Y, Yamashita T, et al. Bone formation is coupled to resorption via suppression of sclerostin expression by osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res, 2017, 32(10): 2074-2086.
66.	Feng P, Zhang H, Zhang Z, et al. The interaction of MMP-2/B7-H3 in human osteoporosis. Clin Immunol, 2016, 162: 118-124.
67.	Tanaka K, Matsumoto E, Higashimaki Y, et al. FAM5C is a soluble osteoblast differentiation factor linking muscle to bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2012, 418(1): 134-139.
68.	Chen YS, Guo Q, Guo LJ, et al. GDF8 inhibits bone formation and promotes bone resorption in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2017, 44(4): 500-508.
69.	Sabokbar A, Mahoney DJ, Hemingway F, et al. Non-canonical (RANKL-Independent) pathways of osteoclast differentiation and their role in musculoskeletal diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 2016, 51(1): 16-26.
70.	Amarasekara DS, Yun H, Kim S, et al. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by cytokine networks. Immune Netw, 2018, 18(1): e8. doi: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e8.
71.	Fischer J, Hans D, Lamy O, et al. “Inflammaging” and bone in the OsteoLaus cohort. Immun Ageing, 2020, 17: 5. doi: 10.1186/s12979-020-00177-x.
72.	Yang XW, Wang XS, Cheng FB, et al. Elevated CCL2/MCP-1 levels are related to disease severity in postmenopausal osteoporotic Patients. Clin Lab, 2016, 62(11): 2173-2181.
73.	Zheng X, Zhang Y, Guo S, et al. Dynamic expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2, 9 and 13 in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rats. Exp Ther Med, 2018, 16(3): 1807-1813.
74.	Kim H, Wrann CD, Jedrychowski M, et al. Irisin mediates effects on bone and fat via αV integrin receptors. Cell, 2019, 178(2): 507-508.
75.	Colaianni G, Sanesi L, Storlino G, et al. Irisin and bone: from preclinical studies to the evaluation of its circulating levels in different populations of human subjects. Cells, 2019, 8(5): 451. doi: 10.3390/cells8050451.
76.	Bakker AD, Kulkarni RN, Klein-Nulend J, et al. IL-6 alters osteocyte signaling toward osteoblasts but not osteoclasts. J Dent Res, 2014, 93(4): 394-399.
77.	Kitaura H, Marahleh A, Ohori F, et al. Osteocyte-related cytokines regulate osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(14): 5169. doi: 10.3390/ijms21145169.
78.	Ohori F, Kitaura H, Marahleh A, et al. Effect of TNF-α-induced sclerostin on osteocytes during orthodontic tooth movement. J Immunol Res, 2019, 2019: 9716758. doi: 10.1155/2019/9716758.
79.	Chiu HC, Chiu CY, Yang RS, et al. Preventing muscle wasting by osteoporosis drug alendronate in vitro and in myopathy models via sirtuin-3 down-regulation. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2018, 9(3): 585-602.

1. Avin KG, Bloomfield SA, Gross TS, et al. Biomechanical aspects of the muscle-bone interaction. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 2015, 13(1): 1-8.
2. Cianferotti L, Brandi ML. Muscle-bone interactions: basic and clinical aspects. Endocrine, 2014, 45(2): 165-177.
3. Elliott DS, Newman KJ, Forward DP, et al. A unified theory of bone healing and nonunion: BHN theory. Bone Joint J, 2016, 98-B(7): 884-891.
4. Thomopoulos S, Zampiakis E, Das R, et al. The effect of muscle loading on flexor tendon-to-bone healing in a canine model. J Orthop Res, 2008, 26(12): 1611-1617.
5. Hurtgen BJ, Ward CL, Garg K, et al. Severe muscle trauma triggers heightened and prolonged local musculoskeletal inflammation and impairs adjacent tibia fracture healing. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 2016, 16(2): 122-134.
6. Davis KM, Griffin KS, Chu TG, et al. Muscle-bone interactions during fracture healing. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 2015, 15(1): 1-9.
7. Edwards MH, Dennison EM, Aihie Sayer A, et al. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older age. Bone, 2015, 80: 126-130.
8. Bettis T, Kim BJ, Hamrick MW. Impact of muscle atrophy on bone metabolism and bone strength: implications for muscle-bone crosstalk with aging and disuse. Osteoporos Int, 2018, 29(8): 1713-1720.
9. Reiss J, Iglseder B, Alzner R, et al. Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are interrelated in geriatric inpatients. Z Gerontol Geriatr, 2019, 52(7): 688-693.
10. 中国老年学和老年医学学会骨质疏松分会肌肉、骨骼与骨质疏松学科组. 肌肉、骨骼与骨质疏松专家共识. 中国骨质疏松杂志, 2016, 22(10): 1221-1229.
11. Kaji H. Effects of myokines on bone. Bonekey Rep, 2016, 5: 826. doi: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.48.
12. Lara-Castillo N, Johnson ML. Bone-muscle mutual interactions. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 2020, 18(4): 408-421.
13. Kaji H. Linkage between muscle and bone: common catabolic signals resulting in osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2013, 16(3): 272-277.
14. Kawao N, Kaji H. Interactions between muscle tissues and bone metabolism. J Cell Biochem, 2015, 116(5): 687-695.
15. Bonewald L. Use it or lose it to age: a review of bone and muscle communication. Bone, 2019, 120: 212-218.
16. Karsenty G, Mera P. Molecular bases of the crosstalk between bone and muscle. Bone, 2018, 115: 43-49.
17. Kim JM, Lin C, Stavre Z, et al. Osteoblast-osteoclast communication and bone homeostasis. Cells, 2020, 9(9): 2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092073.
18. Zhang Y, Luo G, Yu X. Cellular communication in bone homeostasis and the related anti-osteoporotic drug development. Curr Med Chem, 2020, 27(7): 1151-1169.
19. Wu LF, Zhu DC, Wang BH, et al. Relative abundance of mature myostatin rather than total myostatin is negatively associated with bone mineral density in Chinese. J Cell Mol Med, 2018, 22(2): 1329-1336.
20. Yaden BC, Croy JE, Wang Y, et al. Follistatin: a novel therapeutic for the improvement of muscle regeneration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2014, 349(2): 355-371.
21. Lodberg A, van der Eerden BCJ, Boers-Sijmons B, et al. A follistatin-based molecule increases muscle and bone mass without affecting the red blood cell count in mice. FASEB J, 2019, 33(5): 6001-6010.
22. Colaianni G, Cuscito C, Mongelli T, et al. Irisin enhances osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Int J Endocrinol, 2014, 2014: 902186. doi: 10.1155/2014/902186.
23. Luo Y, Ma Y, Qiao X, et al. Irisin ameliorates bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Climacteric, 2020, 23(5): 496-504.
24. Sun L, Su J, Wang M. Changes of serum IGF-1 and ET-1 levels in patients with osteoporosis and its clinical significance. Pak J Med Sci, 2019, 35(3): 691-695.
25. Rosset EM, Bradshaw AD. SPARC/osteonectin in mineralized tissue. Matrix Biol, 2016, 52-54: 78-87.
26. Shevroja E, Marques-Vidal P, Aubry-Rozier B, et al. Cohort profile: the osteoLaus study. Int J Epidemiol, 2019, 48(4): 1046-1047.
27. Hamrick MW, Shi X, Zhang W, et al. Loss of myostatin (GDF8) function increases osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells but the osteogenic effect is ablated with unloading. Bone, 2007, 40(6): 1544-1553.
28. Qin Y, Peng Y, Zhao W, et al. Myostatin inhibits osteoblastic differentiation by suppressing osteocyte-derived exosomal microRNA-218: A novel mechanism in muscle-bone communication. J Biol Chem, 2017, 292(26): 11021-11033.
29. Tang L, Kang Y, Sun S, et al. Inhibition of MSTN signal pathway may participate in LIPUS preventing bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Metab, 2020, 38(1): 14-26.
30. Colaianni G, Cinti S, Colucci S, et al. Irisin and musculoskeletal health. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2017, 1402(1): 5-9.
31. Chen X, Sun K, Zhao S, et al. Irisin promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by activating autophagy via the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. Cytokine, 2020, 136: 155292. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155292.
32. Colaianni G, Cuscito C, Mongelli T, et al. The myokine irisin increases cortical bone mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2015, 112(39): 12157-12162.
33. Estell EG, Le PT, Vegting Y, et al. Irisin directly stimulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. Elife, 2020, 9: e58172. doi: 10.7554/eLife.58172.
34. Ma Y, Qiao X, Zeng R, et al. Irisin promotes proliferation but inhibits differentiation in osteoclast precursor cells. FASEB J, 2018, 17: fj201700983RR. doi: 10.1096/fj.201700983RR.
35. Zhong X, Sun X, Shan M, et al. The production, detection, and origin of irisin and its effect on bone cells. Int J Biol Macromol, 2021, 178: 316-324.
36. Zhang J, Huang X, Yu R, et al. Circulating irisin is linked to bone mineral density in geriatric Chinese men. Open Med (Wars), 2020, 15(1): 763-768.
37. Wu L, Zhang G, Guo C, et al. Intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling mediates IGF-1-induced osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020, 527(1): 200-206.
38. Partadiredja G, Karima N, Utami KP, et al. The effects of light and moderate intensity exercise on the femoral bone and cerebellum of d-galactose-exposed rats. Rejuvenation Res, 2019, 22(1): 20-30.
39. Pereira LJ, Macari S, Coimbra CC, et al. Aerobic and resistance training improve alveolar bone quality and interferes with bone-remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement in mice. Bone, 2020, 138: 115496. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115496.
40. Adhikary S, Choudhary D, Tripathi AK, et al. FGF-2 targets sclerostin in bone and myostatin in skeletal muscle to mitigate the deleterious effects of glucocorticoid on musculoskeletal degradation. Life Sci, 2019, 229: 261-276.
41. Nosho S, Tosa I, Ono M, et al. Distinct osteogenic potentials of BMP-2 and FGF-2 in extramedullary and medullary microenvironments. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(21): 7967. doi: 10.3390/ijms21217967.
42. Wakabayashi H, Miyamura G, Nagao N, et al. Functional block of interleukin-6 reduces a bone pain marker but not bone loss in hindlimb-unloaded mice. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(10): 3521. doi: 10.3390/ijms21103521.
43. Rose-John S. Interleukin-6 family cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2018, 10(2): a028415. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028415.
44. Du J, Yang J, He Z, et al. Osteoblast and osteoclast activity affect bone remodeling upon regulation by mechanical loading-induced leukemia inhibitory factor expression in osteocytes. Front Mol Biosci, 2020, 7: 585056. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.585056.
45. Zhao JJ, Wu ZF, Yu YH, et al. Effects of interleukin-7/interleukin-7 receptor on RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation and ovariectomy-induced bone loss by regulating c-Fos/c-Jun pathway. J Cell Physiol, 2018, 233(9): 7182-7194.
46. Kim JH, Sim JH, Lee S, et al. Interleukin-7 induces osteoclast formation via STAT5, independent of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand. Front Immunol, 2017, 8: 1376. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01376.
47. Yeoh G, Barton S, Kaestner K. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology. Preface. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2011, 43(2): 172. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.09.004.
48. Loro E, Ramaswamy G, Chandra A, et al. IL15RA is required for osteoblast function and bone mineralization. Bone, 2017, 103: 20-30.
49. Feng S, Madsen SH, Viller NN, et al. Interleukin-15-activated natural killer cells kill autologous osteoclasts via LFA-1, DNAM-1 and TRAIL, and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone erosion in vitro. Immunology, 2015, 145(3): 367-379.
50. Xu L, Zheng L, Wang Z, et al. TNF-α-induced SOX5 upregulation is involved in the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through KLF4 signal pathway. Mol Cells, 2018, 41(6): 575-581.
51. Metozzi A, Bonamassa L, Brandi G, et al. Endocrinology of bone/brain crosstalk. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab, 2015, 10(2): 153-167.
52. Gong W, Liu Y, Wu Z, et al. Meteorin-like shows unique expression pattern in bone and its overexpression inhibits osteoblast differentiation. PLoS One, 2016, 11(10): e0164446. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164446.
53. Chen X, Chen J, Xu D, et al. Effects of osteoglycin (OGN) on treating senile osteoporosis by regulating MSCs. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2017, 18(1): 423. doi: 10.1186/s12891-017-1779-7.
54. Tanaka K, Matsuomoto E, Higashimaki Y, et al. Role of osteoglycin in the linkage between muscle and bone. J Biol Chem, 2012, 287(15): 11616-11628.
55. Zhu XW, Ding K, Dai XY, et al. β-aminoisobutyric acid accelerates the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells via moderate activation of ROS signaling. J Chin Med Assoc, 2018, 81(7): 611-618.
56. Kitase Y, Vallejo JA, Gutheil W, et al. β-aminoisobutyric acid, l-BAIBA, is a muscle-derived osteocyte survival factor. Cell Rep, 2018, 22(6): 1531-1544.
57. Hamrick MW, McGee-Lawrence ME. Blocking bone loss with l-BAIBA. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 29(5): 284-286.
58. Yang F, Jia Y, Sun Q, et al. Raloxifene improves TNF-α-induced osteogenic differentiation inhibition of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and alleviates osteoporosis. Exp Ther Med, 2020, 20(1): 309-314.
59. Shao BY, Wang L, Yu Y, et al. Effects of CD4⁺ T lymphocytes from ovariectomized mice on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Exp Ther Med, 2020, 20(5): 84. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.9212.
60. Du D, Zhou Z, Zhu L, et al. TNF-α suppresses osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by accelerating P2Y2 receptor in estrogen-deficiency induced osteoporosis. Bone, 2018, 117: 161-170.
61. Qiao XY, Nie Y, Ma Y, et al. Irisin promotes osteoblast proliferation and differentiation via activating the MAP kinase signaling pathways. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 18732. doi: 10.1038/srep18732.
62. Colaianni G, Errede M, Sanesi L, et al. Irisin correlates positively with BMD in a cohort of older adult patients and downregulates the senescent Marker p21 in osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res, 2021, 36(2): 305-314.
63. Wu Y, Jiang Y, Liu Q, et al. lncRNA H19 promotes matrix mineralization through up-regulating IGF1 by sponging miR-185-5p in osteoblasts. BMC Mol Cell Biol, 2019, 20(1): 48. doi: 10.1186/s12860-019-0230-3.
64. Zeng Q, Wang Y, Gao J, et al. miR-29b-3p regulated osteoblast differentiation via regulating IGF-1 secretion of mechanically stimulated osteocytes. Cell Mol Biol Lett, 2019, 24: 11. doi: 10.1186/s11658-019-0136-2.
65. Koide M, Kobayashi Y, Yamashita T, et al. Bone formation is coupled to resorption via suppression of sclerostin expression by osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res, 2017, 32(10): 2074-2086.
66. Feng P, Zhang H, Zhang Z, et al. The interaction of MMP-2/B7-H3 in human osteoporosis. Clin Immunol, 2016, 162: 118-124.
67. Tanaka K, Matsumoto E, Higashimaki Y, et al. FAM5C is a soluble osteoblast differentiation factor linking muscle to bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2012, 418(1): 134-139.
68. Chen YS, Guo Q, Guo LJ, et al. GDF8 inhibits bone formation and promotes bone resorption in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2017, 44(4): 500-508.
69. Sabokbar A, Mahoney DJ, Hemingway F, et al. Non-canonical (RANKL-Independent) pathways of osteoclast differentiation and their role in musculoskeletal diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 2016, 51(1): 16-26.
70. Amarasekara DS, Yun H, Kim S, et al. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by cytokine networks. Immune Netw, 2018, 18(1): e8. doi: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e8.
71. Fischer J, Hans D, Lamy O, et al. “Inflammaging” and bone in the OsteoLaus cohort. Immun Ageing, 2020, 17: 5. doi: 10.1186/s12979-020-00177-x.
72. Yang XW, Wang XS, Cheng FB, et al. Elevated CCL2/MCP-1 levels are related to disease severity in postmenopausal osteoporotic Patients. Clin Lab, 2016, 62(11): 2173-2181.
73. Zheng X, Zhang Y, Guo S, et al. Dynamic expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2, 9 and 13 in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rats. Exp Ther Med, 2018, 16(3): 1807-1813.
74. Kim H, Wrann CD, Jedrychowski M, et al. Irisin mediates effects on bone and fat via αV integrin receptors. Cell, 2019, 178(2): 507-508.
75. Colaianni G, Sanesi L, Storlino G, et al. Irisin and bone: from preclinical studies to the evaluation of its circulating levels in different populations of human subjects. Cells, 2019, 8(5): 451. doi: 10.3390/cells8050451.
76. Bakker AD, Kulkarni RN, Klein-Nulend J, et al. IL-6 alters osteocyte signaling toward osteoblasts but not osteoclasts. J Dent Res, 2014, 93(4): 394-399.
77. Kitaura H, Marahleh A, Ohori F, et al. Osteocyte-related cytokines regulate osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(14): 5169. doi: 10.3390/ijms21145169.
78. Ohori F, Kitaura H, Marahleh A, et al. Effect of TNF-α-induced sclerostin on osteocytes during orthodontic tooth movement. J Immunol Res, 2019, 2019: 9716758. doi: 10.1155/2019/9716758.
79. Chiu HC, Chiu CY, Yang RS, et al. Preventing muscle wasting by osteoporosis drug alendronate in vitro and in myopathy models via sirtuin-3 down-regulation. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2018, 9(3): 585-602.

Previous Article
Diagnosis and management of fat necrosis after autologous fat transplantation of breast
Next Article
游离臀下动脉股后皮支供血股后内侧皮瓣乳房再造一例

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Research progress on mechanism of myokines regulating bone tissue cells

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content