Treatment and progress of cutaneous neurofibroma_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

ZHU Beiyao , WEI Chengjiang , WANG Wei , GU Bin , LI Qingfeng ,  WANG Zhichao

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WANG Zhichao, Email: wangzhichao@sh9hospital.org.cn

Keywords：

Neurofibromatosis type 1; cutaneous neurofibroma; treatment; research progress

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202205072

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize current widely-used therapies for cutaneous neurofibroma (cNF) and related research progress. Methods Based on extensive investigation of domestic and foreign research, the existing treatment of cNF, including the indications, effectiveness and trials of targeted drugs were reviewed. Results cNF is a hallmark feature of neurofibromatosis type 1 and has a dramatic negative impact on patient appearance and quality of life. At present, there is no standard management of cNF. Invasive treatment is a commonly-used treatment. Surgical removal gives excellent cosmetic results, but it is difficult for multiple tumors; CO₂ laser ablation, laser photocoagulation, electro-drying, and radiofrequency ablation are effective in treating lots of cNF at one time. Although fast and effective, these therapies can lead to depigmentation, hyperpigmentation, or extensive scarring. There is no targeted drug approval for cNF, and a series of studies have been carried out on the Ras-MEK pathway, Ras-mTOR pathway, receptor tyrosine kinase, et al. Conclusion The treatment of cNF has developed rapidly in recent years and has broad prospects, but the individualization and precision of the treatment still needs further clinical research.

Citation： ZHU Beiyao, WEI Chengjiang, WANG Wei, GU Bin, LI Qingfeng, WANG Zhichao. Treatment and progress of cutaneous neurofibroma. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2022, 36(9): 1064-1071. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202205072 Copy

1.	Geschwind DH, Paulson HL, Klein C. Handbook of clinical neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2018: 799-811.
2.	Uusitalo E, Leppävirta J, Koffert A, et al. Incidence and mortality of neurofibromatosis: a total population study in Finland. J Invest Dermatol, 2015, 135(3): 904-906.
3.	Evans DG, O’Hara C, Wilding A, et al. Mortality in neurofibromatosis 1: in North West England: an assessment of actuarial survival in a region of the UK since 1989. Eur J Hum Genet, 2011, 19(11): 1187-1191.
4.	Gutmann DH, Ferner RE, Listernick RH, et al. Neurofibromatosis type 1. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2017, 3: 17004. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.4.
5.	Brosseau JP, Pichard DC, Legius EH, et al. The biology of cutaneous neurofibromas: Consensus recommendations for setting research priorities. Neurology, 2018, 91(2 Suppl 1): S14-S20.
6.	Ly KI, Blakeley JO. The diagnosis and management of neurofibromatosis type 1. Med Clin North Am, 2019, 103(6): 1035-1054.
7.	Taylor LA, Lewis VL. Neurofibromatosis type 1: review of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumor treatment on quality of life. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open, 2019, 7(1): e1982. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001982.
8.	Roy A, Roulin JL, Gras-Le Guen C, et al. Executive functions and quality of life in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2021, 16(1): 420. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-02051-5.
9.	Ortonne N, Wolkenstein P, Blakeley JO, et al. Cutaneous neurofibromas: Current clinical and pathologic issues. Neurology, 2018, 91(2 Suppl 1): S5-S13.
10.	Duong TA, Bastuji-Garin S, Valeyrie-Allanore L, et al. Evolving pattern with age of cutaneous signs in neurofibromatosis type 1: a cross-sectional study of 728 patients. Dermatology, 2011, 222(3): 269-273.
11.	Cannon A, Chen MJ, Li P, et al. Cutaneous neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis type Ⅰ: a quantitative natural history study. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2018, 13(1): 31. doi: 10.1186/s13023-018-0772-z.
12.	Chamseddin BH, Le LQ. Management of cutaneous neurofibroma: current therapy and future directions. Neurooncol Adv, 2019, 2(Suppl 1): i107-i116.
13.	Cannon A, Jarnagin K, Korf B, et al. Clinical trial design for cutaneous neurofibromas. Neurology, 2018, 91(2 Suppl 1): S31-S37.
14.	Bromley GS, Sherman JE, Goulian D. Neurofibromatosis-distribution of lesions and surgical treatment. Ann Plast Surg, 1982, 8(4): 272-276.
15.	郭金才, 王玉荣. 神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ型的整形外科治疗. 华中医学杂志, 2004, 28(1): 51-52.
16.	Chamseddin BH, Hernandez L, Solorzano D, et al. Robust surgical approach for cutaneous neurofibroma in neurofibromatosis type 1. JCI Insight, 2019, 5(11): e128881. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.128881.
17.	Becker DW. Use of the carbon dioxide laser in treating multiple cutaneous neurofibromas. Ann Plast Surg, 1991, 26(6): 582-586.
18.	王智超, 李青峰. Ⅰ型神经纤维瘤病临床诊疗专家共识(2021版). 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2021, 35(11): 1384-1395.
19.	王建军, 曹玉华. CO₂激光治疗多发性神经纤维瘤一例. 中国激光医学杂志, 1996, 5(4): 235.
20.	顾洪潮, 范志红. CO₂激光治疗多发性神经纤维瘤二例报告. 激光杂志, 1992, 13(2): 103-104.
21.	Moreno JC, Mathoret C, Lantieri L, et al. Carbon dioxide laser for removal of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas. Br J Dermatol, 2001, 144(5): 1096-1098.
22.	Algermissen B, Müller U, Katalinic D, et al. CO₂ laser treatment of neurofibromas of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: five years experience. Medical Laser Application, 2001, 16(4): 265-274.
23.	Peltonen S, Jannic A, Wolkenstein P. Treatment of cutaneous neurofibromas with carbon dioxide laser: Technique and patient experience. Eur J Med Genet, 2022, 65(1): 104386. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104386.
24.	Chiang YZ, Al-Niaimi F, Ferguson J, et al. Carbon dioxide laser treatment of cutaneous neurofibromas. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb), 2012, 2(1): 7. doi: 10.1007/s13555-012-0007-5.
25.	Gloster HM, Roenigk RK. Carbon dioxide laser for the treatment of cutaneous lesions. Clin Dermatol, 1995, 13(1): 25-33.
26.	Méni C, Sbidian E, Moreno JC, et al. Treatment of neurofibromas with a carbon dioxide laser: a retrospective cross-sectional study of 106 patients. Dermatology, 2015, 230(3): 263-268.
27.	Ostertag JU, Theunissen CC, Neumann HA. Hypertrophic scars after therapy with CO₂ laser for treatment of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas. Dermatol Surg, 2002, 28(3): 296-298.
28.	Lodi G, Sannino M, Cannarozzo G, et al. Pulsed dye laser prior to CO₂ laser ablation to treat multiple cutaneous neurofibromas in von Recklinghausen’s disease: A case report. Dermatol Ther, 2022, 35(4): e15355. doi: 10.1111/dth.15355.
29.	吴全林. Nd∶YAG激光治疗神经纤维瘤1例报告. 中国激光医学杂志, 1994, 3(3): 190.
30.	Yuan C, Wang X, Shang Y, et al. Will repeated low-energy 1064-nm Q-switched Nd: YAG laser treatment sessions affect facial skin sensitivity? Results of a 12-month, prospective, randomized split-face study. Lasers Surg Med, 2021, 53(8): 1050-1058.
31.	Alster TS. Cutaneous resurfacing with CO₂ and erbium: YAG lasers: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1999, 103(2): 619-632.
32.	Elwakil TF, Samy NA, Elbasiouny MS. Non-excision treatment of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas by laser photocoagulation. Lasers Med Sci, 2008, 23(3): 301-306.
33.	Kim HJ, Lee KG, Yi SM, et al. Successful treatment of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas using a combination of shave excision and laser photothermocoagulation with a 1, 444-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Dermatol Surg, 2012, 38(6): 960-963.
34.	Etienne A, Waynberger É, Druon J. Interstitial laser photocoagulation for the treatment of osteoid osteoma: retrospective study on 35 cases. Diagn Interv Imaging, 2013, 94(3): 300-310.
35.	Døssing H, Bennedbæk FN, Hegedüs L. Interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) of benign cystic thyroid nodules-a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2013, 98(7): E1213-E1217.
36.	Algermissen B, Philipp CM, Müller U, et al. Interstitial thermotherapy (ITT) using Nd∶YAG laser as a new option for the treatment of neuroma. Medical Laser Application, 2001, 16(2): 129-134.
37.	Lippert BM, Teymoortash A, Folz BJ, et al. Coagulation and temperature distribution in Nd∶YAG interstitial laser thermotherapy: an in vitro animal study. Lasers Med Sci, 2003, 18(1): 19-24.
38.	De Filippis A, Perfetto B, Guerrera LP, et al. Q-switched 1064 nm Nd-Yag nanosecond laser effects on skin barrier function and on molecular rejuvenation markers in keratinocyte-fibroblasts interaction. Lasers Med Sci, 2019, 34(3): 595-605.
39.	Kriechbaumer LK, Susani M, Kircher SG, et al. Comparative study of CO₂- and Er∶YAG laser ablation of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas in von Recklinghausen’s disease. Lasers Med Sci, 2014, 29(3): 1083-1091.
40.	Levine SM, Levine E, Taub PJ, et al. Electrosurgical excision technique for the treatment of multiple cutaneous lesions in neurofibromatosis type Ⅰ. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2008, 61(8): 958-962.
41.	Lutterodt CG, Mohan A, Kirkpatrick N. The use of electrodessication in the treatment of cutaneous neurofibromatosis: A retrospective patient satisfaction outcome assessment. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2016, 69(6): 765-769.
42.	Kim DH, Hyun DJ, Piquette R, et al. 27.12 MHz radiofrequency ablation for benign cutaneous lesions. Biomed Res Int, 2016, 2016: 6016943.
43.	Kim SH, Roh SG, Lee NH, et al. Radiofrequency ablation and excision of multiple cutaneous lesions in neurofibromatosis type 1. Arch Plast Surg, 2013, 40(1): 57-61.
44.	Roenigk RK, Ratz JL. CO₂ laser treatment of cutaneous neurofibromas. J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 1987, 13(2): 187-190.
45.	Dombi E, Baldwin A, Marcus LJ, et al. Activity of selumetinib in neurofibromatosis type 1-related plexiform neurofibromas. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(26): 2550-2560.
46.	Gross AM, Wolters PL, Dombi E, et al. Selumetinib in children with inoperable plexiform neurofibromas. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(15): 1430-1442.
47.	Malhotra N, Levy JMS, Fiorillo L. Topical sirolimus as an effective treatment for a deep neurofibroma in a patient with neurofibromatosis type Ⅰ. Pediatr Dermatol, 2019, 36(3): 360-361.
48.	Slopis JM, Arevalo O, Bell CS, et al. Treatment of disfiguring cutaneous lesions in neurofibromatosis-1 with everolimus: A phase Ⅱ, open-label, single-arm trial. Drugs R D, 2018, 18(4): 295-302.
49.	Kawachi Y, Xu X, Ichikawa E, et al. Expression of angiogenic factors in neurofibromas. Exp Dermatol, 2003, 12(4): 412-417.
50.	Khelifa I, Saurat JH, Prins C. Use of imatinib in a patient with cutaneous vasculopathy in the context of von Recklinghausen disease/neurofibromatosis. Br J Dermatol, 2015, 172(1): 253-256.
51.	Yasuda KI, Nobeyama Y, Ishiji T, et al. Effects of imatinib mesylate on cutaneous neurofibromas associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Clin Case Rep, 2020, 8(11): 2125-2128.
52.	Riccardi VM. Mast-cell stabilization to decrease neurofibroma growth. Preliminary experience with ketotifen. Arch Dermatol, 1987, 123(8): 1011-1016.
53.	Riccardi VM. A controlled multiphase trial of ketotifen to minimize neurofibroma-associated pain and itching. Arch Dermatol, 1993, 129(5): 577-581.
54.	Riccardi VM. Ketotifen suppression of NF1 neurofibroma growth over 30 years. Am J Med Genet A, 2015, 167(7): 1570-1577.
55.	Rodriguez-Jimenez P, Chicharro P, Muñoz E, et al. Long-term treatment of neurofibromatosis 1 with ketotifen. A report of three cases. Am J Med Genet A, 2016, 170A(4): 1092-1094.
56.	Burks CA, Rhodes SD, Bessler WK, et al. Ketotifen modulates mast cell chemotaxis to kit-ligand, but does not impact mast cell numbers, degranulation, or tumor behavior in neurofibromas of Nf1-deficient mice. Mol Cancer Ther, 2019, 18(12): 2321-2330.
57.	Geller M, Filho AB, Oliveira L, et al. A proof-of-concept assessment of the safety and efficacy of intralesional diclofenac in the treatment of cutaneous neurofibromas. Int J Clin Med, 2015, 6(12): 975-983.
58.	Oliveira LB, Geller M, Cunha KS, et al. Clinical assessment of the use of topical liquid diclofenac following laser microporation of cutaneous neurofibromas in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1. Heliyon, 2021, 7(3): e06518. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06518.
59.	Quirk B, Olasz E, Kumar S, et al. Photodynamic therapy for benign cutaneous neurofibromas using aminolevulinic acid topical application and 633 nm red light illumination. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg, 2021, 39(6): 411-417.
60.	Babilas P, Schreml S, Landthaler M, et al. Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: state-of-the-art. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 2010, 26(3): 118-132.
61.	Shen SC, Lee WR, Fang YP, et al. In vitro percutaneous absorption and in vivo protoporphyrin Ⅸ accumulation in skin and tumors after topical 5-aminolevulinic acid application with enhancement using an erbium: YAG laser. J Pharm Sci, 2006, 95(4): 929-938.
62.	Champeau M, Vignoud S, Mortier L, et al. Photodynamic therapy for skin cancer: How to enhance drug penetration? J Photochem Photobiol B, 2019, 197: 111544. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111544.
63.	Ayatollahi A, Gholami J, Saberi M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of safety and efficacy of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for face and neck rejuvenation. Lasers Med Sci, 2020, 35(5): 1007-1024.
64.	Siedek F, Yeo SY, Heijman E, et al. Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MR-HIFU): Technical background and overview of current clinical applications (Part 1). Rofo, 2019, 191(6): 522-530.
65.	Chen Z, Mo J, Brosseau JP, et al. Spatiotemporal loss of NF1 in Schwann cell lineage leads to different types of cutaneous neurofibroma susceptible to modification by the hippo pathway. Cancer Discov, 2019, 9(1): 114-129.
66.	Roth TM, Petty EM, Barald KF. The role of steroid hormones in the NF1 phenotype: focus on pregnancy. Am J Med Genet A, 2008, 146A(12): 1624-1633.

1. Geschwind DH, Paulson HL, Klein C. Handbook of clinical neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2018: 799-811.
2. Uusitalo E, Leppävirta J, Koffert A, et al. Incidence and mortality of neurofibromatosis: a total population study in Finland. J Invest Dermatol, 2015, 135(3): 904-906.
3. Evans DG, O’Hara C, Wilding A, et al. Mortality in neurofibromatosis 1: in North West England: an assessment of actuarial survival in a region of the UK since 1989. Eur J Hum Genet, 2011, 19(11): 1187-1191.
4. Gutmann DH, Ferner RE, Listernick RH, et al. Neurofibromatosis type 1. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2017, 3: 17004. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.4.
5. Brosseau JP, Pichard DC, Legius EH, et al. The biology of cutaneous neurofibromas: Consensus recommendations for setting research priorities. Neurology, 2018, 91(2 Suppl 1): S14-S20.
6. Ly KI, Blakeley JO. The diagnosis and management of neurofibromatosis type 1. Med Clin North Am, 2019, 103(6): 1035-1054.
7. Taylor LA, Lewis VL. Neurofibromatosis type 1: review of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumor treatment on quality of life. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open, 2019, 7(1): e1982. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001982.
8. Roy A, Roulin JL, Gras-Le Guen C, et al. Executive functions and quality of life in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2021, 16(1): 420. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-02051-5.
9. Ortonne N, Wolkenstein P, Blakeley JO, et al. Cutaneous neurofibromas: Current clinical and pathologic issues. Neurology, 2018, 91(2 Suppl 1): S5-S13.
10. Duong TA, Bastuji-Garin S, Valeyrie-Allanore L, et al. Evolving pattern with age of cutaneous signs in neurofibromatosis type 1: a cross-sectional study of 728 patients. Dermatology, 2011, 222(3): 269-273.
11. Cannon A, Chen MJ, Li P, et al. Cutaneous neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis type Ⅰ: a quantitative natural history study. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2018, 13(1): 31. doi: 10.1186/s13023-018-0772-z.
12. Chamseddin BH, Le LQ. Management of cutaneous neurofibroma: current therapy and future directions. Neurooncol Adv, 2019, 2(Suppl 1): i107-i116.
13. Cannon A, Jarnagin K, Korf B, et al. Clinical trial design for cutaneous neurofibromas. Neurology, 2018, 91(2 Suppl 1): S31-S37.
14. Bromley GS, Sherman JE, Goulian D. Neurofibromatosis-distribution of lesions and surgical treatment. Ann Plast Surg, 1982, 8(4): 272-276.
15. 郭金才, 王玉荣. 神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ型的整形外科治疗. 华中医学杂志, 2004, 28(1): 51-52.
16. Chamseddin BH, Hernandez L, Solorzano D, et al. Robust surgical approach for cutaneous neurofibroma in neurofibromatosis type 1. JCI Insight, 2019, 5(11): e128881. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.128881.
17. Becker DW. Use of the carbon dioxide laser in treating multiple cutaneous neurofibromas. Ann Plast Surg, 1991, 26(6): 582-586.
18. 王智超, 李青峰. Ⅰ型神经纤维瘤病临床诊疗专家共识(2021版). 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2021, 35(11): 1384-1395.
19. 王建军, 曹玉华. CO₂激光治疗多发性神经纤维瘤一例. 中国激光医学杂志, 1996, 5(4): 235.
20. 顾洪潮, 范志红. CO₂激光治疗多发性神经纤维瘤二例报告. 激光杂志, 1992, 13(2): 103-104.
21. Moreno JC, Mathoret C, Lantieri L, et al. Carbon dioxide laser for removal of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas. Br J Dermatol, 2001, 144(5): 1096-1098.
22. Algermissen B, Müller U, Katalinic D, et al. CO₂ laser treatment of neurofibromas of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: five years experience. Medical Laser Application, 2001, 16(4): 265-274.
23. Peltonen S, Jannic A, Wolkenstein P. Treatment of cutaneous neurofibromas with carbon dioxide laser: Technique and patient experience. Eur J Med Genet, 2022, 65(1): 104386. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104386.
24. Chiang YZ, Al-Niaimi F, Ferguson J, et al. Carbon dioxide laser treatment of cutaneous neurofibromas. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb), 2012, 2(1): 7. doi: 10.1007/s13555-012-0007-5.
25. Gloster HM, Roenigk RK. Carbon dioxide laser for the treatment of cutaneous lesions. Clin Dermatol, 1995, 13(1): 25-33.
26. Méni C, Sbidian E, Moreno JC, et al. Treatment of neurofibromas with a carbon dioxide laser: a retrospective cross-sectional study of 106 patients. Dermatology, 2015, 230(3): 263-268.
27. Ostertag JU, Theunissen CC, Neumann HA. Hypertrophic scars after therapy with CO₂ laser for treatment of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas. Dermatol Surg, 2002, 28(3): 296-298.
28. Lodi G, Sannino M, Cannarozzo G, et al. Pulsed dye laser prior to CO₂ laser ablation to treat multiple cutaneous neurofibromas in von Recklinghausen’s disease: A case report. Dermatol Ther, 2022, 35(4): e15355. doi: 10.1111/dth.15355.
29. 吴全林. Nd∶YAG激光治疗神经纤维瘤1例报告. 中国激光医学杂志, 1994, 3(3): 190.
30. Yuan C, Wang X, Shang Y, et al. Will repeated low-energy 1064-nm Q-switched Nd: YAG laser treatment sessions affect facial skin sensitivity? Results of a 12-month, prospective, randomized split-face study. Lasers Surg Med, 2021, 53(8): 1050-1058.
31. Alster TS. Cutaneous resurfacing with CO₂ and erbium: YAG lasers: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1999, 103(2): 619-632.
32. Elwakil TF, Samy NA, Elbasiouny MS. Non-excision treatment of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas by laser photocoagulation. Lasers Med Sci, 2008, 23(3): 301-306.
33. Kim HJ, Lee KG, Yi SM, et al. Successful treatment of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas using a combination of shave excision and laser photothermocoagulation with a 1, 444-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Dermatol Surg, 2012, 38(6): 960-963.
34. Etienne A, Waynberger É, Druon J. Interstitial laser photocoagulation for the treatment of osteoid osteoma: retrospective study on 35 cases. Diagn Interv Imaging, 2013, 94(3): 300-310.
35. Døssing H, Bennedbæk FN, Hegedüs L. Interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) of benign cystic thyroid nodules-a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2013, 98(7): E1213-E1217.
36. Algermissen B, Philipp CM, Müller U, et al. Interstitial thermotherapy (ITT) using Nd∶YAG laser as a new option for the treatment of neuroma. Medical Laser Application, 2001, 16(2): 129-134.
37. Lippert BM, Teymoortash A, Folz BJ, et al. Coagulation and temperature distribution in Nd∶YAG interstitial laser thermotherapy: an in vitro animal study. Lasers Med Sci, 2003, 18(1): 19-24.
38. De Filippis A, Perfetto B, Guerrera LP, et al. Q-switched 1064 nm Nd-Yag nanosecond laser effects on skin barrier function and on molecular rejuvenation markers in keratinocyte-fibroblasts interaction. Lasers Med Sci, 2019, 34(3): 595-605.
39. Kriechbaumer LK, Susani M, Kircher SG, et al. Comparative study of CO₂- and Er∶YAG laser ablation of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas in von Recklinghausen’s disease. Lasers Med Sci, 2014, 29(3): 1083-1091.
40. Levine SM, Levine E, Taub PJ, et al. Electrosurgical excision technique for the treatment of multiple cutaneous lesions in neurofibromatosis type Ⅰ. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2008, 61(8): 958-962.
41. Lutterodt CG, Mohan A, Kirkpatrick N. The use of electrodessication in the treatment of cutaneous neurofibromatosis: A retrospective patient satisfaction outcome assessment. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2016, 69(6): 765-769.
42. Kim DH, Hyun DJ, Piquette R, et al. 27.12 MHz radiofrequency ablation for benign cutaneous lesions. Biomed Res Int, 2016, 2016: 6016943.
43. Kim SH, Roh SG, Lee NH, et al. Radiofrequency ablation and excision of multiple cutaneous lesions in neurofibromatosis type 1. Arch Plast Surg, 2013, 40(1): 57-61.
44. Roenigk RK, Ratz JL. CO₂ laser treatment of cutaneous neurofibromas. J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 1987, 13(2): 187-190.
45. Dombi E, Baldwin A, Marcus LJ, et al. Activity of selumetinib in neurofibromatosis type 1-related plexiform neurofibromas. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(26): 2550-2560.
46. Gross AM, Wolters PL, Dombi E, et al. Selumetinib in children with inoperable plexiform neurofibromas. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(15): 1430-1442.
47. Malhotra N, Levy JMS, Fiorillo L. Topical sirolimus as an effective treatment for a deep neurofibroma in a patient with neurofibromatosis type Ⅰ. Pediatr Dermatol, 2019, 36(3): 360-361.
48. Slopis JM, Arevalo O, Bell CS, et al. Treatment of disfiguring cutaneous lesions in neurofibromatosis-1 with everolimus: A phase Ⅱ, open-label, single-arm trial. Drugs R D, 2018, 18(4): 295-302.
49. Kawachi Y, Xu X, Ichikawa E, et al. Expression of angiogenic factors in neurofibromas. Exp Dermatol, 2003, 12(4): 412-417.
50. Khelifa I, Saurat JH, Prins C. Use of imatinib in a patient with cutaneous vasculopathy in the context of von Recklinghausen disease/neurofibromatosis. Br J Dermatol, 2015, 172(1): 253-256.
51. Yasuda KI, Nobeyama Y, Ishiji T, et al. Effects of imatinib mesylate on cutaneous neurofibromas associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Clin Case Rep, 2020, 8(11): 2125-2128.
52. Riccardi VM. Mast-cell stabilization to decrease neurofibroma growth. Preliminary experience with ketotifen. Arch Dermatol, 1987, 123(8): 1011-1016.
53. Riccardi VM. A controlled multiphase trial of ketotifen to minimize neurofibroma-associated pain and itching. Arch Dermatol, 1993, 129(5): 577-581.
54. Riccardi VM. Ketotifen suppression of NF1 neurofibroma growth over 30 years. Am J Med Genet A, 2015, 167(7): 1570-1577.
55. Rodriguez-Jimenez P, Chicharro P, Muñoz E, et al. Long-term treatment of neurofibromatosis 1 with ketotifen. A report of three cases. Am J Med Genet A, 2016, 170A(4): 1092-1094.
56. Burks CA, Rhodes SD, Bessler WK, et al. Ketotifen modulates mast cell chemotaxis to kit-ligand, but does not impact mast cell numbers, degranulation, or tumor behavior in neurofibromas of Nf1-deficient mice. Mol Cancer Ther, 2019, 18(12): 2321-2330.
57. Geller M, Filho AB, Oliveira L, et al. A proof-of-concept assessment of the safety and efficacy of intralesional diclofenac in the treatment of cutaneous neurofibromas. Int J Clin Med, 2015, 6(12): 975-983.
58. Oliveira LB, Geller M, Cunha KS, et al. Clinical assessment of the use of topical liquid diclofenac following laser microporation of cutaneous neurofibromas in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1. Heliyon, 2021, 7(3): e06518. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06518.
59. Quirk B, Olasz E, Kumar S, et al. Photodynamic therapy for benign cutaneous neurofibromas using aminolevulinic acid topical application and 633 nm red light illumination. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg, 2021, 39(6): 411-417.
60. Babilas P, Schreml S, Landthaler M, et al. Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: state-of-the-art. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 2010, 26(3): 118-132.
61. Shen SC, Lee WR, Fang YP, et al. In vitro percutaneous absorption and in vivo protoporphyrin Ⅸ accumulation in skin and tumors after topical 5-aminolevulinic acid application with enhancement using an erbium: YAG laser. J Pharm Sci, 2006, 95(4): 929-938.
62. Champeau M, Vignoud S, Mortier L, et al. Photodynamic therapy for skin cancer: How to enhance drug penetration? J Photochem Photobiol B, 2019, 197: 111544. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111544.
63. Ayatollahi A, Gholami J, Saberi M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of safety and efficacy of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for face and neck rejuvenation. Lasers Med Sci, 2020, 35(5): 1007-1024.
64. Siedek F, Yeo SY, Heijman E, et al. Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MR-HIFU): Technical background and overview of current clinical applications (Part 1). Rofo, 2019, 191(6): 522-530.
65. Chen Z, Mo J, Brosseau JP, et al. Spatiotemporal loss of NF1 in Schwann cell lineage leads to different types of cutaneous neurofibroma susceptible to modification by the hippo pathway. Cancer Discov, 2019, 9(1): 114-129.
66. Roth TM, Petty EM, Barald KF. The role of steroid hormones in the NF1 phenotype: focus on pregnancy. Am J Med Genet A, 2008, 146A(12): 1624-1633.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Treatment and progress of cutaneous neurofibroma

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content