- 1. Department of Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510120, P. R. China;
- 2. Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510120, P. R. China;
Citation: LIU Dianqi, WEN Xiaohui, LU Weijie. Research progress on analgesic effect of adductor canal block after knee arthroplasty. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2023, 37(1): 106-114. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202210066 Copy
1. | Lakra A, Murtaugh T, Shah RP, et al. Early postoperative pain predicts 2-year functional outcomes following knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg, 2020, 33(11): 1132-1139. |
2. | 郑晓静, 疏树华. 多模式镇痛在术后快速康复中的临床研究进展. 医学综述, 2019, 25(4): 800-804. |
3. | Choy WS, Lee SK, Kim KJ, et al. Two continuous femoral nerve block strategies after TKA. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2011, 19(11): 1901-1908. |
4. | 牟童, 刘丹彦. 收肌管阻滞在全膝关节置换术术后镇痛中的应用研究进展. 山东医药, 2021, 61(21): 91-95. |
5. | 王波, 董补怀. 全膝关节置换术后镇痛应用外周神经阻滞的进展. 中华关节外科杂志 (电子版), 2020, 14(4): 486-490. |
6. | Vora MU, Nicholas TA, Kassel CA, et al. Adductor canal block for knee surgical procedures: review article. J Clin Anesth, 2016, 35: 295-303. |
7. | Ilfeld BM. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks: An update of the published evidence and comparison with novel, alternative analgesic modalities. Anesth Analg, 2017, 124(1): 308-335. |
8. | Hanson NA, Allen CJ, Hostetter LS, et al. Continuous ultrasound-guided adductor canal block for total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind trial. Anesth Analg, 2014, 118(6): 1370-1377. |
9. | Jæger P, Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Schrøder HM, et al. Adductor canal block for postoperative pain treatment after revision knee arthroplasty: a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study. PLoS One, 2014, 9(11): e111951. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111951. |
10. | Jaeger P, Nielsen ZJ, Henningsen MH, et al. Adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block and quadriceps strength: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology, 2013, 118(2): 409-415. |
11. | Thiayagarajan MK, Kumar SV, Venkatesh S. An exact localization of adductor canal and its clinical significance: A cadaveric study. Anesth Essays Res, 2019, 13(2): 284-286. |
12. | Burckett-St Laurant D, Peng P, Girón Arango L, et al. The nerves of the adductor canal and the innervation of the knee: An anatomic study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2016, 41(3): 321-327. |
13. | Kerver AL, Leliveld MS, den Hartog D, et al. The surgical anatomy of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve in relation to incisions for anteromedial knee surgery. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2013, 95(23): 2119-2125. |
14. | Tran J, Chan VWS, Peng PWH, et al. Evaluation of the proximal adductor canal block injectate spread: a cadaveric study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2019. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2019-101091. |
15. | Kennedy JC, Alexander IJ, Hayes KC. Nerve supply of the human knee and its functional importance. Am J Sports Med, 1982, 10(6): 329-335. |
16. | Bendtsen TF, Moriggl B, Chan V, et al. Defining adductor canal block. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(3): 253-254. |
17. | Kendir S, Torun Bİ, Akkaya T, et al. Re-defining the anatomical structures for blocking the nerves in adductor canal and sciatic nerve through the same injection site: an anatomical study. Surg Radiol Anat, 2018, 40(11): 1267-1274. |
18. | Wong WY, Bjørn S, Strid JM, et al. Defining the location of the adductor canal using ultrasound. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2017, 42(2): 241-245. |
19. | Grevstad U, Mathiesen O, Valentiner LS, et al. Effect of adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block on quadriceps strength, mobilization, and pain after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, blinded study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2015, 40(1): 3-10. |
20. | Chen J, Lesser JB, Hadzic A, et al. Adductor canal block can result in motor block of the quadriceps muscle. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(2): 170-171. |
21. | Veal C, Auyong DB, Hanson NA, et al. Delayed quadriceps weakness after continuous adductor canal block for total knee arthroplasty: a case report. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2014, 58(3): 362-364. |
22. | Gautier PE, Lecoq JP, Vandepitte C, et al. Impairment of sciatic nerve function during adductor canal block. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2015, 40(1): 85-89. |
23. | Goffin P, Lecoq JP, Ninane V, et al. Interfascial spread of injectate after adductor canal injection in fresh human cadavers. Anesth Analg, 2016, 123(2): 501-503. |
24. | Nair A, Dolan J, Tanner KE, et al. Ultrasound-guided adductor canal block: a cadaver study investigating the effect of a thigh tourniquet. Br J Anaesth, 2018, 121(4): 890-898. |
25. | Raddaoui K, Radhouani M, Bargaoui A, et al. Adductor canal block: Effect of volume of injectate on sciatic extension. Saudi J Anaesth, 2020, 14(1): 33-37. |
26. | Johnston DF, Sondekoppam RV, Giffin R, et al. Determination of ED50 and ED95 of 0.5% ropivacaine in adductor canal block to produce quadriceps weakness: A dose-finding study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2017, 42(6): 731-736. |
27. | Yee EJ, Gapinski ZA, Ziemba-Davis M, et al. Quadriceps weakness after single-shot adductor canal block: A multivariate analysis of 1, 083 primary total knee arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2021, 103(1): 30-36. |
28. | Jaeger P, Jenstrup MT, Lund J, et al. Optimal volume of local anaesthetic for adductor canal block: using the continual reassessment method to estimate ED95. Br J Anaesth, 2015, 115(6): 920-926. |
29. | Grevstad U, Jæger P, Sørensen JK, et al. The effect of local anesthetic volume within the adductor canal on quadriceps femoris function evaluated by electromyography: A randomized, observer- and subject-blinded, placebo-controlled study in volunteers. Anesth Analg, 2016, 123(2): 493-500. |
30. | Kwofie MK, Shastri UD, Gadsden JC, et al. The effects of ultrasound-guided adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block on quadriceps strength and fall risk: a blinded, randomized trial of volunteers. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2013, 38(4): 321-325. |
31. | Taboada Muñiz M, Rodríguez J, Bermúdez M, et al. Low volume and high concentration of local anesthetic is more efficacious than high volume and low concentration in Labat’s sciatic nerve block: a prospective, randomized comparison. Anesth Analg, 2008, 107(6): 2085-2088. |
32. | Casati A, Fanelli G, Borghi B, et al. Ropivacaine or 2% mepivacaine for lower limb peripheral nerve blocks. Study Group on Orthopedic Anesthesia of the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care. Anesthesiology, 1999, 90(4): 1047-1052. |
33. | Elkassabany NM, Antosh S, Ahmed M, et al. The risk of falls after total knee arthroplasty with the use of a femoral nerve block versus an adductor canal block: A double-blinded randomized controlled study. Anesth Analg, 2016, 122(5): 1696-1703. |
34. | Shah NA, Jain NP. Is continuous adductor canal block better than continuous femoral nerve block after total knee arthroplasty? Effect on ambulation ability, early functional recovery and pain control: a randomized controlled trial. J Arthroplasty, 2014, 29(11): 2224-2229. |
35. | 赵旻暐, 王宁, 曾琳, 等. 膝关节置换术后连续收肌管阻滞与股神经阻滞的疗效比较. 北京大学学报 (医学版), 2017, 49(1): 142-147. |
36. | Mudumbai SC, Kim TE, Howard SK, et al. Continuous adductor canal blocks are superior to continuous femoral nerve blocks in promoting early ambulation after TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2014, 472(5): 1377-1383. |
37. | Canbek U, Akgun U, Aydogan NH, et al. Continuous adductor canal block following total knee arthroplasty provides a better analgesia compared to single shot: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2019, 53(5): 334-339. |
38. | Lee S, Rooban N, Vaghadia H, et al. A randomized non-inferiority trial of adductor canal block for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: Single injection versus catheter technique. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(4): 1045-1051. |
39. | Kim MK, Moon HY, Ryu CG, et al. The analgesic efficacy of the continuous adductor canal block compared to continuous intravenous fentanyl infusion with a single-shot adductor canal block in total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Korean J Pain, 2019, 32(1): 30-38. |
40. | Li JW, Ma YS, Xiao LK. Postoperative pain management in total knee arthroplasty. Orthop Surg, 2019, 11(5): 755-761. |
41. | Turner JD, Dobson SW, Henshaw DS, et al. Single-injection adductor canal block with multiple adjuvants provides equivalent analgesia when compared with continuous adductor canal blockade for primary total knee arthroplasty: A double-blinded, randomized, controlled, equivalency trial. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(10): 3160-3166. |
42. | Elkassabany NM, Cai LF, Badiola I, et al. A prospective randomized open-label study of single injection versus continuous adductor canal block for postoperative analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Bone Joint J, 2019, 101-B(3): 340-347. |
43. | Seo SS, Kim OG, Seo JH, et al. Comparison of the effect of continuous femoral nerve block and adductor canal block after primary total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Surg, 2017, 9(3): 303-309. |
44. | Tholin M, Wilson J, Lee S, et al. Impact of leg movement on skin-adductor canal distance: a potential cause for catheter tip displacement? Can J Anaesth, 2020, 67(8): 936-941. |
45. | Cuvillon P, Ripart J, Lalourcey L, et al. The continuous femoral nerve block catheter for postoperative analgesia: bacterial colonization, infectious rate and adverse effects. Anesth Analg, 2001, 93(4): 1045-1049. |
46. | Fei Y, Cui X, Chen S, et al. Continuous block at the proximal end of the adductor canal provides better analgesia compared to that at the middle of the canal after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol, 2020, 20(1): 260. doi: 10.1186/s12871-020-01165-w. |
47. | Abdallah FW, Mejia J, Prasad GA, et al. Opioid- and motor-sparing with proximal, mid-, and distal locations for adductor canal block in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology, 2019, 131(3): 619-629. |
48. | Johnston DF, Black ND, Cowden R, et al. Spread of dye injectate in the distal femoral triangle versus the distal adductor canal: a cadaveric study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2019, 44(1): 39-45. |
49. | Romano C, Lloyd A, Nair S, et al. A randomized comparison of pain control and functional mobility between proximal and distal adductor canal blocks for total knee replacement. Anesth Essays Res, 2018, 12(2): 452-458. |
50. | Sztain JF, Khatibi B, Monahan AM, et al. Proximal versus distal continuous adductor canal blocks: Does varying perineural catheter location influence analgesia? A randomized, subject-masked, controlled clinical trial. Anesth Analg, 2018, 127(1): 240-246. |
51. | Runge C, Moriggl B, Børglum J, et al. The spread of ultrasound-guided injectate from the adductor canal to the genicular branch of the posterior obturator nerve and the popliteal plexus: A cadaveric study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2017, 42(6): 725-730. |
52. | Zhang LK, Chen C, Du WB, et al. Is the proximal adductor canal block a better choice than the distal adductor canal block for primary total knee arthroplasty?: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(43): e22667. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022667. |
53. | Morozumi K, Takahashi H, Suzuki T. Distal adductor canal block for administering postoperative analgesia in lower limb surgery. J Clin Anesth, 2018, 44: 44. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.10.022. |
54. | Desai N, Kirkham KR, Albrecht E. Local anaesthetic adjuncts for peripheral regional anaesthesia: a narrative review. Anaesthesia, 2021, 76 Suppl 1: 100-109. |
55. | Becker DE, Reed KL. Local anesthetics: review of pharmacological considerations. Anesth Prog, 2012, 59(2): 90-101. |
56. | Xiong C, Han CP, Zhao D, et al. Comparing the effects of dexmedetomidine and dexamethasone as perineural adjuvants on peripheral nerve block: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021, 100(34): e27064. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000027064. |
57. | 郑伟, 万先文. 周围神经阻滞中应用地塞米松的研究进展. 实用临床医药杂志, 2022, 26(14): 135-138. |
58. | Ahuja V, Thapa D, Chander A, et al. Role of dexmedetomidine as adjuvant in postoperative sciatic popliteal and adductor canal analgesia in trauma patients: a randomized controlled trial. Korean J Pain, 2020, 33(2): 166-175. |
59. | Andersen JH, Grevstad U, Siegel H, et al. Does dexmedetomidine have a perineural mechanism of action when used as an adjuvant to ropivacaine?: A paired, blinded, randomized trial in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology, 2017, 126(1): 66-73. |
60. | Wang C, Zhang Z, Ma W, et al. Perineural dexmedetomidine reduces the median effective concentration of ropivacaine for adductor canal block. Med Sci Monit, 2021, 27: e929857. doi: 10.12659/MSM.929857. |
61. | Turner JD, Henshaw DS, Weller RS, et al. Perineural dexamethasone successfully prolongs adductor canal block when assessed by objective pinprick sensory testing: A prospective, randomized, dose-dependent, placebo-controlled equivalency trial. J Clin Anesth, 2018, 48: 51-57. |
62. | Mingdeng X, Yuzhang A, Xiaoxiao X, et al. Combined application of adductor canal block and local infiltration anesthesia in primary total knee arthroplasty: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2022, 142(6): 913-926. |
63. | Tong QJ, Lim YC, Tham HM. Comparing adductor canal block with local infiltration analgesia in total knee arthroplasty: A prospective, blinded and randomized clinical trial. J Clin Anesth, 2018, 46: 39-43. |
64. | Kastelik J, Fuchs M, Krämer M, et al. Local infiltration anaesthesia versus sciatic nerve and adductor canal block for fast-track knee arthroplasty: A randomised controlled clinical trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2019, 36(4): 255-263. |
65. | 王疆, 殷积慧. 收肌管阻滞与关节腔周围注射在膝关节置换术后的镇痛效果比较. 医学信息, 2019, 32(7): 123-125. |
66. | Narayan P, Sahitya VA, Chandrashekaraiah MM, et al. Comparison between local infiltration analgesia and ultrasound guided single shot adductor canal block post total knee replacement surgery-A randomized controlled trial. Anesth Essays Res, 2021, 15(1): 32-37. |
67. | Schaver AL, Glass NA, Duchman KR, et al. Periarticular local infiltrative anesthesia and regional adductor canal block provide equivalent pain relief after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 2022, 38(4): 1217-1223. |
68. | 刘宇权, 陈燕中, 曾志文, 等. 超声引导下收肌管联合IPACK阻滞对TKA手术患者麻醉效果及预后的影响观察. 中国医学创新, 2020, 17(24): 66-70. |
69. | 王秋入, 王保卫, 杨静, 等. 收肌管阻滞联合腘动脉与膝关节后囊间局麻阻滞在全膝关节置换术后镇痛效果的随机对照试验. 中国骨与关节杂志, 2020, 9(10): 730-736. |
70. | 程思, 董春山, 马祥, 等. 超声引导下收肌管联合IPACK阻滞用于全膝关节置换术中的临床效果. 安徽医学, 2021, 42(2): 174-178. |
71. | 李敏, 陈鹭, 吴黄辉, 等. 收肌管联合IPACK阻滞用于全膝关节置换术后多模式镇痛的效果. 中华麻醉学杂志, 2019, (5): 574-577. |
72. | 刘蕊, 杨明玉, 杨洋, 等. 腘动脉与膝关节囊后间隙阻滞联合收肌管阻滞用于全膝关节置换术后的镇痛效果观察. 北京医学, 2022, 44(1): 81-83, 86. |
73. | Munk S, Dalsgaard J, Bjerggaard K, et al. Early recovery after fast-track Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. 35 patients with minimal invasive surgery. Acta Orthop, 2012, 83(1): 41-45. |
74. | Henshaw DS, Jaffe JD, Reynolds JW, et al. An evaluation of ultrasound-guided adductor canal blockade for postoperative analgesia after medial unicondylar knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg, 2016, 122(4): 1192-1201. |
75. | 陈畅. 不同术后镇痛方式对膝关节单髁置换的临床疗效对比分析: 随机对照试验. 泸州: 西南医科大学, 2021. |
76. | Lan F, Shen Y, Ma Y, et al. Continuous adductor canal block used for postoperative pain relief after medial unicondylar knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol, 2019, 19(1): 114. doi: 10.1186/s12871-019-0787-6. |
77. | Jenkins C, Jackson W, Bottomley N, et al. Introduction of an innovative day surgery pathway for unicompartmental knee replacement: no need for early knee flexion. Physiotherapy, 2019, 105(1): 46-52. |
78. | Jensen CB, Troelsen A, Nielsen CS, et al. Why are patients still in hospital after fast-track, unilateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Acta Orthop, 2020, 91(4): 433-438. |
- 1. Lakra A, Murtaugh T, Shah RP, et al. Early postoperative pain predicts 2-year functional outcomes following knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg, 2020, 33(11): 1132-1139.
- 2. 郑晓静, 疏树华. 多模式镇痛在术后快速康复中的临床研究进展. 医学综述, 2019, 25(4): 800-804.
- 3. Choy WS, Lee SK, Kim KJ, et al. Two continuous femoral nerve block strategies after TKA. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2011, 19(11): 1901-1908.
- 4. 牟童, 刘丹彦. 收肌管阻滞在全膝关节置换术术后镇痛中的应用研究进展. 山东医药, 2021, 61(21): 91-95.
- 5. 王波, 董补怀. 全膝关节置换术后镇痛应用外周神经阻滞的进展. 中华关节外科杂志 (电子版), 2020, 14(4): 486-490.
- 6. Vora MU, Nicholas TA, Kassel CA, et al. Adductor canal block for knee surgical procedures: review article. J Clin Anesth, 2016, 35: 295-303.
- 7. Ilfeld BM. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks: An update of the published evidence and comparison with novel, alternative analgesic modalities. Anesth Analg, 2017, 124(1): 308-335.
- 8. Hanson NA, Allen CJ, Hostetter LS, et al. Continuous ultrasound-guided adductor canal block for total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind trial. Anesth Analg, 2014, 118(6): 1370-1377.
- 9. Jæger P, Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Schrøder HM, et al. Adductor canal block for postoperative pain treatment after revision knee arthroplasty: a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study. PLoS One, 2014, 9(11): e111951. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111951.
- 10. Jaeger P, Nielsen ZJ, Henningsen MH, et al. Adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block and quadriceps strength: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology, 2013, 118(2): 409-415.
- 11. Thiayagarajan MK, Kumar SV, Venkatesh S. An exact localization of adductor canal and its clinical significance: A cadaveric study. Anesth Essays Res, 2019, 13(2): 284-286.
- 12. Burckett-St Laurant D, Peng P, Girón Arango L, et al. The nerves of the adductor canal and the innervation of the knee: An anatomic study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2016, 41(3): 321-327.
- 13. Kerver AL, Leliveld MS, den Hartog D, et al. The surgical anatomy of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve in relation to incisions for anteromedial knee surgery. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2013, 95(23): 2119-2125.
- 14. Tran J, Chan VWS, Peng PWH, et al. Evaluation of the proximal adductor canal block injectate spread: a cadaveric study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2019. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2019-101091.
- 15. Kennedy JC, Alexander IJ, Hayes KC. Nerve supply of the human knee and its functional importance. Am J Sports Med, 1982, 10(6): 329-335.
- 16. Bendtsen TF, Moriggl B, Chan V, et al. Defining adductor canal block. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(3): 253-254.
- 17. Kendir S, Torun Bİ, Akkaya T, et al. Re-defining the anatomical structures for blocking the nerves in adductor canal and sciatic nerve through the same injection site: an anatomical study. Surg Radiol Anat, 2018, 40(11): 1267-1274.
- 18. Wong WY, Bjørn S, Strid JM, et al. Defining the location of the adductor canal using ultrasound. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2017, 42(2): 241-245.
- 19. Grevstad U, Mathiesen O, Valentiner LS, et al. Effect of adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block on quadriceps strength, mobilization, and pain after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, blinded study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2015, 40(1): 3-10.
- 20. Chen J, Lesser JB, Hadzic A, et al. Adductor canal block can result in motor block of the quadriceps muscle. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(2): 170-171.
- 21. Veal C, Auyong DB, Hanson NA, et al. Delayed quadriceps weakness after continuous adductor canal block for total knee arthroplasty: a case report. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2014, 58(3): 362-364.
- 22. Gautier PE, Lecoq JP, Vandepitte C, et al. Impairment of sciatic nerve function during adductor canal block. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2015, 40(1): 85-89.
- 23. Goffin P, Lecoq JP, Ninane V, et al. Interfascial spread of injectate after adductor canal injection in fresh human cadavers. Anesth Analg, 2016, 123(2): 501-503.
- 24. Nair A, Dolan J, Tanner KE, et al. Ultrasound-guided adductor canal block: a cadaver study investigating the effect of a thigh tourniquet. Br J Anaesth, 2018, 121(4): 890-898.
- 25. Raddaoui K, Radhouani M, Bargaoui A, et al. Adductor canal block: Effect of volume of injectate on sciatic extension. Saudi J Anaesth, 2020, 14(1): 33-37.
- 26. Johnston DF, Sondekoppam RV, Giffin R, et al. Determination of ED50 and ED95 of 0.5% ropivacaine in adductor canal block to produce quadriceps weakness: A dose-finding study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2017, 42(6): 731-736.
- 27. Yee EJ, Gapinski ZA, Ziemba-Davis M, et al. Quadriceps weakness after single-shot adductor canal block: A multivariate analysis of 1, 083 primary total knee arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2021, 103(1): 30-36.
- 28. Jaeger P, Jenstrup MT, Lund J, et al. Optimal volume of local anaesthetic for adductor canal block: using the continual reassessment method to estimate ED95. Br J Anaesth, 2015, 115(6): 920-926.
- 29. Grevstad U, Jæger P, Sørensen JK, et al. The effect of local anesthetic volume within the adductor canal on quadriceps femoris function evaluated by electromyography: A randomized, observer- and subject-blinded, placebo-controlled study in volunteers. Anesth Analg, 2016, 123(2): 493-500.
- 30. Kwofie MK, Shastri UD, Gadsden JC, et al. The effects of ultrasound-guided adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block on quadriceps strength and fall risk: a blinded, randomized trial of volunteers. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2013, 38(4): 321-325.
- 31. Taboada Muñiz M, Rodríguez J, Bermúdez M, et al. Low volume and high concentration of local anesthetic is more efficacious than high volume and low concentration in Labat’s sciatic nerve block: a prospective, randomized comparison. Anesth Analg, 2008, 107(6): 2085-2088.
- 32. Casati A, Fanelli G, Borghi B, et al. Ropivacaine or 2% mepivacaine for lower limb peripheral nerve blocks. Study Group on Orthopedic Anesthesia of the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care. Anesthesiology, 1999, 90(4): 1047-1052.
- 33. Elkassabany NM, Antosh S, Ahmed M, et al. The risk of falls after total knee arthroplasty with the use of a femoral nerve block versus an adductor canal block: A double-blinded randomized controlled study. Anesth Analg, 2016, 122(5): 1696-1703.
- 34. Shah NA, Jain NP. Is continuous adductor canal block better than continuous femoral nerve block after total knee arthroplasty? Effect on ambulation ability, early functional recovery and pain control: a randomized controlled trial. J Arthroplasty, 2014, 29(11): 2224-2229.
- 35. 赵旻暐, 王宁, 曾琳, 等. 膝关节置换术后连续收肌管阻滞与股神经阻滞的疗效比较. 北京大学学报 (医学版), 2017, 49(1): 142-147.
- 36. Mudumbai SC, Kim TE, Howard SK, et al. Continuous adductor canal blocks are superior to continuous femoral nerve blocks in promoting early ambulation after TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2014, 472(5): 1377-1383.
- 37. Canbek U, Akgun U, Aydogan NH, et al. Continuous adductor canal block following total knee arthroplasty provides a better analgesia compared to single shot: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2019, 53(5): 334-339.
- 38. Lee S, Rooban N, Vaghadia H, et al. A randomized non-inferiority trial of adductor canal block for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: Single injection versus catheter technique. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(4): 1045-1051.
- 39. Kim MK, Moon HY, Ryu CG, et al. The analgesic efficacy of the continuous adductor canal block compared to continuous intravenous fentanyl infusion with a single-shot adductor canal block in total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Korean J Pain, 2019, 32(1): 30-38.
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