Biomechanical research progress of common acetabular reconstruction techniques for Crowe type <b>Ⅱ</b> and <b>Ⅲ</b> developmental dysplasia of the hip_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

LIU Yuchen , WANG Fuyang , YING Jiawei ,  CHENG Liangliang ,  ZHAO Dewei

Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian Liaoning, 116001, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

CHENG Liangliang, Email: liangliang30766@163.com; ZHAO Dewei, Email: zhaodewei2016@163.com

Keywords：

Developmental dysplasia of the hip; total hip arthroplasty; acetabular reconstruction; biomechanics

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202211052

Video：

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Objective To summarize the characteristics and biomechanical research progress of common acetabular reconstruction techniques in patients with Crowe type Ⅱ and Ⅲ developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA), and provide references for selecting appropriate acetabular reconstruction techniques for clinical treatment of Crowe type Ⅱ and Ⅲ DDH. Methods The domestic and foreign relevant literature on biomechanics of acetabular reconstruction with Crowe type Ⅱ and Ⅲ DDH was reviewed, and the research progress was summarized.Results At present, there are many acetabular reconstruction techniques in Crowe type Ⅱ and Ⅲ DDH patients undergoing THA, with their own characteristics due to structural and biomechanical differences. The acetabular roof reconstruction technique enables the acetabular cup prosthesis to obtain satisfactory initial stability, increases the acetabular bone reserve, and provides a bone mass basis for the possible secondary revision. The medial protrusio technique (MPT) reduces the stress in the weight-bearing area of the hip joint and the wear of the prosthesis, and increases the service life of the prosthesis. Small acetabulum cup technique enables shallow small acetabulum to match suitable acetabulum cup to obtain ideal cup coverage, but small acetabulum cup also increases the stress per unit area of acetabulum cup, which is not conducive to the long-term effectiveness. The rotation center up-shifting technique increases the initial stability of the cup. Conclusion Currently, there is no detailed standard guidance for the selection of acetabular reconstruction in THA with Crowe type Ⅱ and Ⅲ DDH, and the appropriate acetabular reconstruction technique should be selected according to the different types of DDH.

Citation： LIU Yuchen, WANG Fuyang, YING Jiawei, CHENG Liangliang, ZHAO Dewei. Biomechanical research progress of common acetabular reconstruction techniques for Crowe type Ⅱ and Ⅲ developmental dysplasia of the hip. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2023, 37(3): 353-359. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202211052 Copy

1.	Gala L, Clohisy JC, Beaulé PE. Hip dysplasia in the young adult. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2016, 98(1): 63-73.
2.	Wang C, Xiao H, Yang W, et al. Accuracy and practicability of a patient-specific guide using acetabular superolateral rim during THA in Crowe Ⅱ/Ⅲ DDH patients: a retrospective study. J Orthop Surg Res, 2019, 14(1): 19. doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-1029-1.
3.	Wen X, Zuo J, Liu T, et al. Bone defect map of the true acetabulum in hip dysplasia (Crowe type Ⅱ and Ⅲ) based on three-dimensional image reconstruction analysis. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 22955. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02448-z.
4.	Crowe JF, Mani VJ, Ranawat CS. Total hip replacement in congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 1979, 61(1): 15-23.
5.	Zhang H, Guan JZ, Zhang Z, et al. Restoring rotation center in total hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip with the assistance of three dimensional printing technology: A pilot study. Orthop Surg, 2022, 14(1): 119-128.
6.	Li H, Mao Y, Oni J K, et al. Total hip replacement for developmental dysplasia of the hip with more than 30% lateral uncoverage of uncemented acetabular components. Bone Joint J, 2013, 95-B(9): 1178-1183.
7.	Polkowski GG, Clohisy JC. Hip biomechanics. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev, 2010, 18(2): 56-62.
8.	Tsutsumi M, Nimura A, Akita K. Clinical anatomy of the musculoskeletal system in the hip region. Anat Sci Int, 2022, 97(2): 157-164.
9.	Song K, Gaffney BMM, Shelburne KB, et al. Dysplastic hip anatomy alters muscle moment arm lengths, lines of action, and contributions to joint reaction forces during gait. J Biomech, 2020, 110: 109968. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109968.
10.	Galbusera F, Innocenti B. Chapter 12-Biomechanics of the hip joint//Innocenti B, Galbusera F. Human orthopaedic biomechanics. Fundamentals, devices and applications. Cambridge: Academic Press, 2022: 221-237.
11.	Büchler L, Tannast M, Siebenrock K A, et al. Biomechanics of the hip//Egol KA, Leucht P. Proximal femur fractures: An evidence-based approach to evaluation and management. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018: 9-15.
12.	Song K, Anderson AE, Weiss JA, et al. Musculoskeletal models with generic and subject-specific geometry estimate different joint biomechanics in dysplastic hips. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 2019, 22(3): 259-270.
13.	Breidel KE, Coobs BR. Evaluating and managing acetabular dysplasia in adolescents and young adults. JAAPA, 2019, 32(8): 32-37.
14.	Harris MD, Shepherd MC, Song K, et al. The biomechanical disadvantage of dysplastic hips. J Orthop Res, 2022, 40(6): 1387-1396.
15.	Scorcelletti M, Reeves ND, Rittweger J, et al. Femoral anteversion: significance and measurement. J Anat, 2020, 237(5): 811-826.
16.	De Pieri E, Friesenbichler B, List R, et al. Subject-specific modeling of femoral torsion influences the prediction of hip loading during gait in asymptomatic adults. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2021, 9: 679360. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.679360.
17.	Alexander N, Brunner R, Cip J, et al. Increased femoral anteversion does not lead to increased joint forces during gait in a cohort of adolescent patients. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10: 914990. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.914990.
18.	Song JH, Ahn TS, Yoon PW, et al. Reliability of the acetabular reconstruction technique using autogenous bone graft from resected femoral head in hip dysplasia: Influence of the change of hip joint center on clinical outcome. J Orthop, 2017, 14(4): 438-444.
19.	Wang Y, Wang M, Li C, et al. Biomechanical effect of metal augment and bone graft on cup stability for acetabular reconstruction of total hip arthroplasty in hip dysplasia: a finite element analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2022, 23(1): 277. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05168-1.
20.	Güneş Z, Bekmez Ş, Çağlar Ö, et al. Anatomic acetabular reconstruction with femoral head autograft for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) with a minimum follow-up of 10 years. Hip Int, 2022. doi: 10.1177/11207000221099580.
21.	Mozafari J K, Pisoudeh K, Gharanizadeh K, et al. Impaction grafting is sufficient to address acetabular deficiency during total hip arthroplasty of most dysplastic hips with over 30% bone defect. J Arthroplasty, 2022, 37(7): 1302-1307.
22.	Du Y, Fu J, Sun J, et al. Acetabular bone defect in total hip arthroplasty for Crowe Ⅱ or Ⅲ developmental dysplasia of the hip: A finite element study. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 4809013. doi: 10.1155/2020/4809013.
23.	Kilicarslan K, Yalcin N, Bicici V, et al. Determination of structural femoral head allograft viability and integrity with a novel diagnostic tool: SPECT/CT. A preliminary study. Hip Int, 2017, 27(6): 558-563.
24.	Krishnan KM, Longstaff L, Partington P. Acetabular reconstruction using morcellised bone with ring support-medium-term results at three to nine years. Acta Orthop Belg, 2011, 77(1): 61-67.
25.	Totoribe K, Chosa E, Yamako G, et al. Acetabular reinforcement ring with additional hook improves stability in three-dimensional finite element analyses of dysplastic hip arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res, 2018, 13(1): 313. doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-1023-7.
26.	Ertilav D, Cavit A, Bilbaşar H, et al. Stepped osteotomy of femoral head autograft for acetabular reconstruction in total hip arthroplasty for dysplasia of the hip: 3 to 12 years’ results. Jt Dis Relat Surg, 2020, 31(2): 353-359.
27.	Zhang L, Lu X. Acetabular cup positioning during total hip replacement in osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip-a review of the literature. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech, 2019, 86(2): 93-100.
28.	Cassar-Gheiti AJ, Mei XY, Afenu EA, et al. Midterm outcomes after reconstruction of superolateral acetabular defects using flying buttress porous tantalum augments during revision total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2021, 36(8): 2936-2941.
29.	Kong K, Zhao C, Chang Y, et al. Use of customized 3D-printed titanium augment with tantalum trabecular cup for large acetabular bone defects in revision total hip arthroplasty: A midterm follow-up study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10: 900905. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.900905.
30.	Zha GC, Sun JY, Guo KJ, et al. Medial protrusio technique in cementless total hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip: A prospective 6- to 9-year follow-up of 43 consecutive patients. J Arthroplasty, 2016, 31(8): 1761-1766.
31.	Terrier A, Parvex V, Rüdiger HA. Impact of individual anatomy on the benefit of cup medialisation in total hip arthroplasty. Hip Int, 2016, 26(6): 537-542.
32.	Stirling P, Viamont-Guerra MR, Strom L, et al. Does cup position at the high hip center or anatomic hip center in THA for developmental dysplasia of the hip result in better Harris hip scores and revision incidence? A systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2021, 479(5): 1119-1130.
33.	Mou P, Liao K, Chen HL, et al. Controlled fracture of the medial wall versus structural autograft with bulk femoral head to increase cup coverage by host bone for total hip arthroplasty in osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip: a retrospective cohort study. J Orthop Surg Res, 2020, 15(1): 561. doi: 10.1186/s13018-020-02088-5.
34.	Watts CD, Martin JR, Fehring KA, et al. Inferomedial hip center decreases failure rates in cementless total hip arthroplasty for Crowe Ⅱ and Ⅲ hip dysplasia. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(7): 2177-2181.
35.	Kim YL, Nam KW, Yoo JJ, et al. Cotyloplasty in cementless total hip arthroplasty for an insufficient acetabulum. Clin Orthop Surg, 2010, 2(3): 148-153.
36.	Hoskins W, van Bavel D, Lorimer M, et al. Polished cemented femoral stems have a lower rate of revision than Matt finished cemented stems in total hip arthroplasty: An analysis of 96,315 cemented femoral stems. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(5): 1472-1476.
37.	García-Rey E, Fernández-Fernández R, Durán D, et al. Reconstruction of the rotation center of the hip after oblong cups in revision total hip arthroplasty. J Orthop Traumatol, 2013, 14(1): 39-49.
38.	尹诗九, 钟航, 李锐博, 等. Crowe Ⅲ型髋关节发育不良人工全髋关节置换术中自体股骨头结构植骨重建髋臼疗效分析. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2018, 32(1): 20-24.
39.	Yalcin N, Kilicarslan K, Cicek H, et al. Crowe type Ⅰ and Ⅱ DDH managed by large diameter metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. Hip Int, 2011, 21(2): 168-175.
40.	Yang Y, Zuo J, Liu T, et al. Morphological analysis of true acetabulum in hip dysplasia (Crowe Classes Ⅰ-Ⅳ) via 3-D implantation simulation. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2017, 99(17): e92. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.16.00729.
41.	Hua X, Li J, Wang L, et al. The effect of cup outer sizes on the contact mechanics and cement fixation of cemented total hip replacements. Med Eng Phys, 2015, 37(10): 1008-1014.
42.	Yang Y, Ma Y, Li Q, et al. Three-dimensional morphological analysis of true acetabulum in Crowe type Ⅳ hip dysplasia via standard-sized cup-simulated implantation. Quant Imaging Med Surg, 2022, 12(5): 2904-2916.
43.	Shen J, Sun J, Ma H, et al. High hip center technique in total hip arthroplasty for Crowe type Ⅱ-Ⅲ developmental dysplasia: Results of midterm follow-up. Orthop Surg, 2020, 12(4): 1245-1252.
44.	Bicanic G, Delimar D, Delimar M, et al. Influence of the acetabular cup position on hip load during arthroplasty in hip dysplasia. Int Orthop, 2009, 33(2): 397-402.
45.	Wu C, Shu G, Xie X, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of the anatomical center and high hip center techniques in the treatment of adult developmental dysplasia of the hip. Biomed Res Int, 2022, 2022: 7256664. doi: 10.1155/2022/7256664.
46.	Greber EM, Pelt CE, Gililland JM, et al. Challenges in total hip arthroplasty in the setting of developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Arthroplasty, 2017, 32(9S): S38-S44.
47.	Komiyama K, Fukushi JI, Motomura G, et al. Does high hip centre affect dislocation after total hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip? Int Orthop, 2019, 43(9): 2057-2063.
48.	Zhang Z, Wu P, Huang Z, et al. Cementless acetabular component with or without upward placement in dysplasia hip: Early results from a prospective, randomised study. J Orthop, 2017, 14(3): 370-376.
49.	Komiyama K, Nakashima Y, Hirata M, et al. Does high hip center decrease range of motion in total hip arthroplasty? A computer simulation study. J Arthroplasty, 2016, 31(10): 2342-2347.
50.	Ling TX, Li JL, Zhou K, et al. The use of porous tantalum augments for the reconstruction of acetabular defect in primary total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(2): 453-459.
51.	Sen C, Bilsel K, Elmadag M, et al. Acetabuloplasty at the anatomic centre for treating Crowe class Ⅲ and Ⅳ developmental hip dysplasia: a case series. Hip Int, 2016, 26(4): 360-366.
52.	Zhang H, Liu Y, Dong Q, et al. Novel 3D printed integral customized acetabular prosthesis for anatomical rotation center restoration in hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip crowe type Ⅲ: A Case Report. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(40): e22578. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022578.
53.	Wang L, Thoreson AR, Trousdale RT, et al. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional cup coverage in total hip arthroplasty with developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Biomech, 2013, 46(10): 1746-1751.

1. Gala L, Clohisy JC, Beaulé PE. Hip dysplasia in the young adult. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2016, 98(1): 63-73.
2. Wang C, Xiao H, Yang W, et al. Accuracy and practicability of a patient-specific guide using acetabular superolateral rim during THA in Crowe Ⅱ/Ⅲ DDH patients: a retrospective study. J Orthop Surg Res, 2019, 14(1): 19. doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-1029-1.
3. Wen X, Zuo J, Liu T, et al. Bone defect map of the true acetabulum in hip dysplasia (Crowe type Ⅱ and Ⅲ) based on three-dimensional image reconstruction analysis. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 22955. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02448-z.
4. Crowe JF, Mani VJ, Ranawat CS. Total hip replacement in congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 1979, 61(1): 15-23.
5. Zhang H, Guan JZ, Zhang Z, et al. Restoring rotation center in total hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip with the assistance of three dimensional printing technology: A pilot study. Orthop Surg, 2022, 14(1): 119-128.
6. Li H, Mao Y, Oni J K, et al. Total hip replacement for developmental dysplasia of the hip with more than 30% lateral uncoverage of uncemented acetabular components. Bone Joint J, 2013, 95-B(9): 1178-1183.
7. Polkowski GG, Clohisy JC. Hip biomechanics. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev, 2010, 18(2): 56-62.
8. Tsutsumi M, Nimura A, Akita K. Clinical anatomy of the musculoskeletal system in the hip region. Anat Sci Int, 2022, 97(2): 157-164.
9. Song K, Gaffney BMM, Shelburne KB, et al. Dysplastic hip anatomy alters muscle moment arm lengths, lines of action, and contributions to joint reaction forces during gait. J Biomech, 2020, 110: 109968. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109968.
10. Galbusera F, Innocenti B. Chapter 12-Biomechanics of the hip joint//Innocenti B, Galbusera F. Human orthopaedic biomechanics. Fundamentals, devices and applications. Cambridge: Academic Press, 2022: 221-237.
11. Büchler L, Tannast M, Siebenrock K A, et al. Biomechanics of the hip//Egol KA, Leucht P. Proximal femur fractures: An evidence-based approach to evaluation and management. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018: 9-15.
12. Song K, Anderson AE, Weiss JA, et al. Musculoskeletal models with generic and subject-specific geometry estimate different joint biomechanics in dysplastic hips. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 2019, 22(3): 259-270.
13. Breidel KE, Coobs BR. Evaluating and managing acetabular dysplasia in adolescents and young adults. JAAPA, 2019, 32(8): 32-37.
14. Harris MD, Shepherd MC, Song K, et al. The biomechanical disadvantage of dysplastic hips. J Orthop Res, 2022, 40(6): 1387-1396.
15. Scorcelletti M, Reeves ND, Rittweger J, et al. Femoral anteversion: significance and measurement. J Anat, 2020, 237(5): 811-826.
16. De Pieri E, Friesenbichler B, List R, et al. Subject-specific modeling of femoral torsion influences the prediction of hip loading during gait in asymptomatic adults. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2021, 9: 679360. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.679360.
17. Alexander N, Brunner R, Cip J, et al. Increased femoral anteversion does not lead to increased joint forces during gait in a cohort of adolescent patients. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10: 914990. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.914990.
18. Song JH, Ahn TS, Yoon PW, et al. Reliability of the acetabular reconstruction technique using autogenous bone graft from resected femoral head in hip dysplasia: Influence of the change of hip joint center on clinical outcome. J Orthop, 2017, 14(4): 438-444.
19. Wang Y, Wang M, Li C, et al. Biomechanical effect of metal augment and bone graft on cup stability for acetabular reconstruction of total hip arthroplasty in hip dysplasia: a finite element analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2022, 23(1): 277. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05168-1.
20. Güneş Z, Bekmez Ş, Çağlar Ö, et al. Anatomic acetabular reconstruction with femoral head autograft for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) with a minimum follow-up of 10 years. Hip Int, 2022. doi: 10.1177/11207000221099580.
21. Mozafari J K, Pisoudeh K, Gharanizadeh K, et al. Impaction grafting is sufficient to address acetabular deficiency during total hip arthroplasty of most dysplastic hips with over 30% bone defect. J Arthroplasty, 2022, 37(7): 1302-1307.
22. Du Y, Fu J, Sun J, et al. Acetabular bone defect in total hip arthroplasty for Crowe Ⅱ or Ⅲ developmental dysplasia of the hip: A finite element study. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 4809013. doi: 10.1155/2020/4809013.
23. Kilicarslan K, Yalcin N, Bicici V, et al. Determination of structural femoral head allograft viability and integrity with a novel diagnostic tool: SPECT/CT. A preliminary study. Hip Int, 2017, 27(6): 558-563.
24. Krishnan KM, Longstaff L, Partington P. Acetabular reconstruction using morcellised bone with ring support-medium-term results at three to nine years. Acta Orthop Belg, 2011, 77(1): 61-67.
25. Totoribe K, Chosa E, Yamako G, et al. Acetabular reinforcement ring with additional hook improves stability in three-dimensional finite element analyses of dysplastic hip arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res, 2018, 13(1): 313. doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-1023-7.
26. Ertilav D, Cavit A, Bilbaşar H, et al. Stepped osteotomy of femoral head autograft for acetabular reconstruction in total hip arthroplasty for dysplasia of the hip: 3 to 12 years’ results. Jt Dis Relat Surg, 2020, 31(2): 353-359.
27. Zhang L, Lu X. Acetabular cup positioning during total hip replacement in osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip-a review of the literature. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech, 2019, 86(2): 93-100.
28. Cassar-Gheiti AJ, Mei XY, Afenu EA, et al. Midterm outcomes after reconstruction of superolateral acetabular defects using flying buttress porous tantalum augments during revision total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2021, 36(8): 2936-2941.
29. Kong K, Zhao C, Chang Y, et al. Use of customized 3D-printed titanium augment with tantalum trabecular cup for large acetabular bone defects in revision total hip arthroplasty: A midterm follow-up study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10: 900905. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.900905.
30. Zha GC, Sun JY, Guo KJ, et al. Medial protrusio technique in cementless total hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip: A prospective 6- to 9-year follow-up of 43 consecutive patients. J Arthroplasty, 2016, 31(8): 1761-1766.
31. Terrier A, Parvex V, Rüdiger HA. Impact of individual anatomy on the benefit of cup medialisation in total hip arthroplasty. Hip Int, 2016, 26(6): 537-542.
32. Stirling P, Viamont-Guerra MR, Strom L, et al. Does cup position at the high hip center or anatomic hip center in THA for developmental dysplasia of the hip result in better Harris hip scores and revision incidence? A systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2021, 479(5): 1119-1130.
33. Mou P, Liao K, Chen HL, et al. Controlled fracture of the medial wall versus structural autograft with bulk femoral head to increase cup coverage by host bone for total hip arthroplasty in osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip: a retrospective cohort study. J Orthop Surg Res, 2020, 15(1): 561. doi: 10.1186/s13018-020-02088-5.
34. Watts CD, Martin JR, Fehring KA, et al. Inferomedial hip center decreases failure rates in cementless total hip arthroplasty for Crowe Ⅱ and Ⅲ hip dysplasia. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(7): 2177-2181.
35. Kim YL, Nam KW, Yoo JJ, et al. Cotyloplasty in cementless total hip arthroplasty for an insufficient acetabulum. Clin Orthop Surg, 2010, 2(3): 148-153.
36. Hoskins W, van Bavel D, Lorimer M, et al. Polished cemented femoral stems have a lower rate of revision than Matt finished cemented stems in total hip arthroplasty: An analysis of 96,315 cemented femoral stems. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(5): 1472-1476.
37. García-Rey E, Fernández-Fernández R, Durán D, et al. Reconstruction of the rotation center of the hip after oblong cups in revision total hip arthroplasty. J Orthop Traumatol, 2013, 14(1): 39-49.
38. 尹诗九, 钟航, 李锐博, 等. Crowe Ⅲ型髋关节发育不良人工全髋关节置换术中自体股骨头结构植骨重建髋臼疗效分析. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2018, 32(1): 20-24.
39. Yalcin N, Kilicarslan K, Cicek H, et al. Crowe type Ⅰ and Ⅱ DDH managed by large diameter metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. Hip Int, 2011, 21(2): 168-175.
40. Yang Y, Zuo J, Liu T, et al. Morphological analysis of true acetabulum in hip dysplasia (Crowe Classes Ⅰ-Ⅳ) via 3-D implantation simulation. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2017, 99(17): e92. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.16.00729.
41. Hua X, Li J, Wang L, et al. The effect of cup outer sizes on the contact mechanics and cement fixation of cemented total hip replacements. Med Eng Phys, 2015, 37(10): 1008-1014.
42. Yang Y, Ma Y, Li Q, et al. Three-dimensional morphological analysis of true acetabulum in Crowe type Ⅳ hip dysplasia via standard-sized cup-simulated implantation. Quant Imaging Med Surg, 2022, 12(5): 2904-2916.
43. Shen J, Sun J, Ma H, et al. High hip center technique in total hip arthroplasty for Crowe type Ⅱ-Ⅲ developmental dysplasia: Results of midterm follow-up. Orthop Surg, 2020, 12(4): 1245-1252.
44. Bicanic G, Delimar D, Delimar M, et al. Influence of the acetabular cup position on hip load during arthroplasty in hip dysplasia. Int Orthop, 2009, 33(2): 397-402.
45. Wu C, Shu G, Xie X, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of the anatomical center and high hip center techniques in the treatment of adult developmental dysplasia of the hip. Biomed Res Int, 2022, 2022: 7256664. doi: 10.1155/2022/7256664.
46. Greber EM, Pelt CE, Gililland JM, et al. Challenges in total hip arthroplasty in the setting of developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Arthroplasty, 2017, 32(9S): S38-S44.
47. Komiyama K, Fukushi JI, Motomura G, et al. Does high hip centre affect dislocation after total hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip? Int Orthop, 2019, 43(9): 2057-2063.
48. Zhang Z, Wu P, Huang Z, et al. Cementless acetabular component with or without upward placement in dysplasia hip: Early results from a prospective, randomised study. J Orthop, 2017, 14(3): 370-376.
49. Komiyama K, Nakashima Y, Hirata M, et al. Does high hip center decrease range of motion in total hip arthroplasty? A computer simulation study. J Arthroplasty, 2016, 31(10): 2342-2347.
50. Ling TX, Li JL, Zhou K, et al. The use of porous tantalum augments for the reconstruction of acetabular defect in primary total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(2): 453-459.
51. Sen C, Bilsel K, Elmadag M, et al. Acetabuloplasty at the anatomic centre for treating Crowe class Ⅲ and Ⅳ developmental hip dysplasia: a case series. Hip Int, 2016, 26(4): 360-366.
52. Zhang H, Liu Y, Dong Q, et al. Novel 3D printed integral customized acetabular prosthesis for anatomical rotation center restoration in hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip crowe type Ⅲ: A Case Report. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(40): e22578. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022578.
53. Wang L, Thoreson AR, Trousdale RT, et al. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional cup coverage in total hip arthroplasty with developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Biomech, 2013, 46(10): 1746-1751.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Biomechanical research progress of common acetabular reconstruction techniques for Crowe type Ⅱ and Ⅲ developmental dysplasia of the hip

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