Progress in diagnosis and hip arthroscopic treatment of borderline developmental dysplasia of hip with Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

HE Yinhao , LI Xiaosheng , CHEN Hongwen , PENG Qiang ,  CHEN Tiezhu

Department of Osteoarthritis and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital) , Changsha Hunan, 410005, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

CHEN Tiezhu, Email: ctzmz11@163.com

Keywords：

Borderline developmental dysplasia of hip; Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement; hip arthroscopy

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202301058

Video：

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Objective To summarize the biomechanical characteristics, diagnosis, and hip arthroscopic treatment of borderline developmental dysplasia of hip (BDDH) with Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (Cam FAI). Methods The literature on BDDH with Cam FAI at home and abroad in recent years was extensively reviewed and analyzed. Results In patients with BDDH and Cam FAI, the femoral neck anteversion angle and femoral neck shaft angle increase, the pelvis tilts, and the acetabulum rotates, resulting in instability of the hip joint. In order to maintain the stability of the hip joint, the direction of biomechanical action of the hip joint has changed, which further affects the anatomical structures such as the proximal femur and acetabular morphology. BDDH with Cam FAI can be diagnosed clinically by combining lateral center edge angle, anterior center edge angle, and acetabular index. BDDH with Cam FAI can be effectively treated through arthroscopic polishing of the edges of the acetabular proliferative bone, excision of Cam malformations, and minimally invasive repair of the glenoid lip and cartilage of the hip joint. Conclusion Currently, there is no unified standard for the diagnosis and treatment of BDDH with Cam FAI. Minimally invasive treatment of the hip under arthroscopy can achieve good early- and medium-term effectiveness, and has certain advantages in repairing and maintaining the integrity of the glenoid lip and suturing/compression joint capsule. However, the long-term effectiveness needs to be further followed up to determine. The timing of surgery, intraoperative bone edge depth polishing, and joint capsule suturing/compression techniques also need to be further explored.

Citation： HE Yinhao, LI Xiaosheng, CHEN Hongwen, PENG Qiang, CHEN Tiezhu. Progress in diagnosis and hip arthroscopic treatment of borderline developmental dysplasia of hip with Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2023, 37(5): 629-634. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202301058 Copy

1.	Simionescu AA, Cirstoiu MM, Cirstoiu C, et al. Current evidence about developmental dysplasia of the hip in pregnancy. Medicina (Kaunas), 2021, 57(7): 655. doi: 10.3390/medicina57070655.
2.	Aarvold A, Perry DC, Mavrotas J, et al. The management of developmental dysplasia of the hip in children aged under three months: a consensus study from the British Society for Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery. Bone Joint J, 2023, 105-B(2): 209-214.
3.	贺垠皓, 李晓声, 陈宏文, 等. 3D打印多孔钽金属治疗发育性髋关节发育不良: 现状及应用前景. 中国组织工程研究, 2023, 27(9): 1455-1461.
4.	Shimodaira H, Hatakeyama A, Suzuki H, et al. The prevalence and risk factors of pubic bone marrow edema in femoroacetabular impingement and hip dysplasia. J Hip Preserv Surg, 2021, 8(4): 318-324.
5.	Maldonado DR, Diulus SC, Shapira J, et al. Hip arthroscopic surgery in the context of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, labral tear, and acetabular overcoverage: Minimum 5-year outcomes with a subanalysis against patients without overcoverage. Am J Sports Med, 2021, 49(1): 55-65.
6.	Wells J, Nepple JJ, Crook K, et al. Femoral morphology in the dysplastic hip: Three-dimensional characterizations with CT. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2017, 475(4): 1045-1054.
7.	Ng KC, Lamontagne M, Adamczyk AP, et al. Patient-specific anatomical and functional parameters provide new insights into the pathomechanism of cam FAI. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2015, 473(4): 1289-1296.
8.	Mozingo JD, Schuring LL, Mortensen AJ, et al. Effect of patient positioning on measurement of the anterior center-edge angle on false-profile radiographs and its 3-dimensional mapping to the acetabular rim. Orthop J Sports Med, 2022, 10(2): 23259671211073834. doi: 10.1177/23259671211073834.
9.	Wylie JD, Kim YJ. The natural history of femoroacetabular impingement. J Pediatr Orthop, 2019, 39(Issue 6, Supplement 1 Suppl 1): S28-S32.
10.	Kobayashi N, Inaba Y, Kubota S, et al. The distribution of impingement region in Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement and borderline dysplasia of the hip with or without Cam deformity: A computer simulation study. Arthroscopy, 2017, 33(2): 329-334.
11.	Sun J, Zhang B, Geng L, et al. Measurement of operative femoral anteversion during cementless total hip arthroplasty and influencing factors for using neck-adjustable femoral stem. J Orthop Surg Res, 2021, 16(1): 353. doi: 10.1186/s13018-021-02506-2.
12.	Bredella MA, Stoller DW. MR imaging of femoroacetabular impingement. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2005, 13(4): 653-664.
13.	Fischer CS, Kühn JP, Völzke H, et al. The neck-shaft angle: an update on reference values and associated factors. Acta Orthop, 2020, 91(1): 53-57.
14.	Welton KL, Kraeutler MJ, Garabekyan T, et al. Radiographic parameters of adult hip dysplasia. Orthop J Sports Med, 2023, 11(2): 23259671231152868. doi: 10.1177/23259671231152868.
15.	Qiu S, Lin H, Xu M, et al. Effect of acetabular morphological parameters applied in proximal femoral varus osteotomy on the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in children. Transl Pediatr, 2021, 10(5): 1361-1368.
16.	O’Connor JD, Rutherford M, Hill JC, et al. Effect of combined flexion and external rotation on measurements of the proximal femur from anteroposterior pelvic radiographs. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res, 2018, 104(4): 449-454.
17.	Zimmerer A, Schneider MM, Nietschke R, et al. Is hip arthroscopy an adequate therapy for the borderline dysplastic hip? Correlation between radiologic findings and clinical outcomes. Orthop J Sports Med, 2020, 8(5): 2325967120920851. doi: 10.1177/2325967120920851.
18.	Ng KCG, Mantovani G, Lamontagne M, et al. Cam FAI and smaller neck angles increase subchondral bone stresses during squatting: A finite element analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2019, 477(5): 1053-1063.
19.	Kitamura K, Fujii M, Utsunomiya T, et al. Effect of sagittal pelvic tilt on joint stress distribution in hip dysplasia: A finite element analysis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2020, 74: 34-41.
20.	Wiberg G. Studies on dysplastic acetabula and congenital subluxation of the hip joint with special reference to the complication of osteo-arthritis. JAMA, 1940, 115(1): 81.
21.	Kitamura K, Fujii M, Iwamoto M, et al. Effect of coronal plane acetabular correction on joint contact pressure in Periacetabular osteotomy: a finite-element analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2022, 23(1): 48. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05005-5.
22.	Lequesne M, de Seze. False profile of the pelvis. A new radiographic incidence for the study of the hip. Its use in dysplasias and different coxopathies. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic, 1961, 28(1): 643-652.
23.	Putnam SM, Clohisy JC, Nepple JJ. Do changes in pelvic rotation and tilt affect measurement of the anterior center edge angle on false profile radiographs? A cadaveric study. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2019, 477(5): 1066-1072.
24.	Suits WH. Clinical measures of pelvic tilt in physical therapy. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 2021, 16(5): 1366-1375.
25.	王昶, 罗荣城, 王立胜, 等. 髋关节骨关节炎与CCD、CE、AWZ及ACM角度的关系. 山西医科大学学报, 2011, 42(2): 169-172.
26.	Bagwell JJ, Powers CM. The influence of squat kinematics and Cam morphology on acetabular stress. Arthroscopy, 2017, 33(10): 1797-1803.
27.	Batailler C, Weidner J, Wyatt M, et al. Is the Femoro-Epiphyseal Acetabular Roof (FEAR) index on MRI a relevant predictive factor of instability in a borderline dysplastic hip? Bone Joint J, 2019, 101-B(12): 1578-1584.
28.	McClincy MP, Wylie JD, Yen YM, et al. Mild or borderline hip dysplasia: Are we characterizing hips with a lateral center-edge angle between 18° and 25° appropriately? Am J Sports Med, 2019, 47(1): 112-122.
29.	Bixby SD, Millis MB. The borderline dysplastic hip: when and how is it abnormal? Pediatr Radiol, 2019, 49(12): 1669-1677.
30.	Lequesne MG, Laredo JD. The faux profil (oblique view) of the hip in the standing position. Contribution to the evaluation of osteoarthritis of the adult hip. Ann Rheum Dis, 1998, 57(11): 676-681.
31.	Zhang D, Pan X, Zhang H, et al. The lateral center-edge angle as radiographic selection criteria for periacetabular osteotomy for developmental dysplasia of the hip in patients aged above 13 years. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2020, 21(1): 493. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03515-8.
32.	Yin QF, Zhang J, Liang T, et al. The evaluation of sagittal pelvic-femoral kinematics in patients with Cam-type femoracetabular impingement. Orthop Surg, 2021, 13(6): 1748-1754.
33.	Vaudreuil NJ, McClincy MP. Evaluation and treatment of borderline dysplasia: Moving beyond the lateral center edge angle. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med, 2020, 13(1): 28-37.
34.	Li RT, Hu E, Gould H, et al. Does pelvic rotation alter radiologic measurement of anterior and lateral acetabular coverage? Arthroscopy, 2019, 35(4): 1111-1116.
35.	Aoki SK, Mozingo JD, Schuring LL, et al. Using sourcil vs bone margin as anatomic landmark on false-profile radiographs yields different ACEA values: Response. Orthop J Sports Med, 2022, 10(7): 23259671221112438. doi: 10.1177/23259671221112438.
36.	Needell S. Using sourcil vs bone margin as anatomic landmark on false-profile radiographs yields different ACEA values: Letter to the editor. Orthop J Sports Med, 2022, 10(7): 23259671221112435. doi: 10.1177/23259671221112435.
37.	Stetzelberger VM, Leibold CS, Steppacher SD, et al. The acetabular wall index is associated with long-term conversion to THA after PAO. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2021, 479(5): 1052-1065.
38.	Nazaroff J, Mark B, Learned J, et al. Measurement of acetabular wall indices: comparison between CT and plain radiography. J Hip Preserv Surg, 2021, 8(1): 51-57.
39.	Leide R, Bohman A, Wenger D, et al. Hip dysplasia is not uncommon but frequently overlooked: a cross-sectional study based on radiographic examination of 1, 870 adults. Acta Orthop, 2021, 92(5): 575-580.
40.	Kitamura K, Fujii M, Iwamoto M, et al. Is anterior rotation of the acetabulum necessary to normalize joint contact pressure in periacetabular osteotomy? A finite-element analysis study. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2022, 480(1): 67-78.
41.	Anderson LA, Anderson MB, Erickson JA, et al. Acetabular wall indices help to distinguish acetabular coverage in asymptomatic adults with varying morphologies. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2017, 475(4): 1027-1033.
42.	Heimer CYW, Wu CH, Perka C, et al. The impact of hip dysplasia on CAM impingement. J Pers Med, 2022, 12(7): 1129. doi: 10.3390/jpm12071129.
43.	Håberg Ø, Bremnes T, Foss OA, et al. Children treated for developmental dysplasia of the hip at birth and with normal acetabular index at 1 year: How many had residual dysplasia at5 years? J Child Orthop, 2022, 16(3): 183-190.
44.	Chandrasekaran S, Darwish N, Martin TJ, et al. Arthroscopic capsular plication and labral seal restoration in borderline hip dysplasia: 2-year clinical outcomes in 55 cases. Arthroscopy, 2017, 33(7): 1332-1340.
45.	Kraeutler MJ, Safran MR, Scillia AJ, et al. A contemporary look at the evaluation and treatment of adult borderline and frank hip dysplasia. Am J Sports Med, 2020, 48(9): 2314-2323.
46.	Hatakeyama A, Utsunomiya H, Nishikino S, et al. Predictors of poor clinical outcome after arthroscopic labral preservation, capsular plication, and Cam osteoplasty in the setting of borderline hip dysplasia. Am J Sports Med, 2018, 46(1): 135-143.
47.	Maldonado DR, Perets I, Mu BH, et al. Arthroscopic capsular plication in patients with labral tears and borderline dysplasia of the hip: Analysis of risk factors for failure. Am J Sports Med, 2018, 46(14): 3446-3453.
48.	张建平, 张佳, 吴毅东, 等. 髋关节镜治疗股骨髋臼撞击合并临界髋发育不良. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2022, 30(5): 416-420.
49.	罗杨, 张佳, 张建平, 等. 关节镜治疗临界发育性髋关节发育不良合并凸轮型股骨髋臼撞击综合征. 中华骨科杂志, 2022, 42(21): 1416-1422.
50.	Feghhi D, Shearin J, Bharam S. Arthroscopic management of subspinous impingement in borderline hip dysplasia and outcomes compared with a matched cohort with nondysplastic femoroacetabular impingement. Am J Sports Med, 2020, 48(12): 2919-2926.
51.	Mercier M, Dangin A, Ollier E, et al. Does acetabular dysplasia affect outcome in arthroscopic treatment of cam femoroacetabular impingement? Case-control study with and without acetabular dysplasia. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res, 2019, 105(1): 7-10.
52.	Meier MK, Reche J, Schmaranzer F, et al. How frequent is absolute femoral retroversion in symptomatic patients with Cam- and pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement? Bone Jt Open, 2022, 3(7): 557-565.
53.	Beck EC, Nwachukwu BU, Chahla J, et al. Patients with borderline hip dysplasia achieve clinically significant outcome after arthroscopic femoroacetabular impingement surgery: A case-control study with minimum 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med, 2019, 47(11): 2636-2645.
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55.	Philippon MJ, Wolff AB, Briggs KK, et al. Acetabular rim reduction for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement correlates with preoperative and postoperative center-edge angle. Arthroscopy, 2010, 26(6): 757-761.
56.	Murata Y, Fukase N, Dornan G, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement in patients with and without borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med, 2021, 9(8): 23259671211015973. doi: 10.11138/mltj/2016.6.3.397.
57.	Mansor Y, Perets I, Close MR, et al. In search of the spherical femoroplasty: Cam overresection leads to inferior functional scores before and after revision hip arthroscopic surgery. Am J Sports Med, 2018, 46(9): 2061-2071.
58.	Arner JW, Ruzbarsky JJ, Soares R, et al. Salvage revision hip arthroscopy including remplissage improves patient-reported outcomes after Cam over-resection. Arthroscopy, 2021, 37(9): 2809-2816.
59.	Nwachukwu BU, Rebolledo BJ, McCormick F, et al. Arthroscopic versus open treatment of femoroacetabular impingement: A systematic review of medium- to long-term outcomes. Am J Sports Med, 2016, 44(4): 1062-1068.
60.	Beck EC, Drager J, Nwachukwu BU, et al. Patients with borderline hip dysplasia achieve clinically significant improvement after arthroscopic femoroacetabular impingement surgery: A case-control study with a minimum 5-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med, 2020, 48(7): 1616-1624.

1. Simionescu AA, Cirstoiu MM, Cirstoiu C, et al. Current evidence about developmental dysplasia of the hip in pregnancy. Medicina (Kaunas), 2021, 57(7): 655. doi: 10.3390/medicina57070655.
2. Aarvold A, Perry DC, Mavrotas J, et al. The management of developmental dysplasia of the hip in children aged under three months: a consensus study from the British Society for Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery. Bone Joint J, 2023, 105-B(2): 209-214.
3. 贺垠皓, 李晓声, 陈宏文, 等. 3D打印多孔钽金属治疗发育性髋关节发育不良: 现状及应用前景. 中国组织工程研究, 2023, 27(9): 1455-1461.
4. Shimodaira H, Hatakeyama A, Suzuki H, et al. The prevalence and risk factors of pubic bone marrow edema in femoroacetabular impingement and hip dysplasia. J Hip Preserv Surg, 2021, 8(4): 318-324.
5. Maldonado DR, Diulus SC, Shapira J, et al. Hip arthroscopic surgery in the context of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, labral tear, and acetabular overcoverage: Minimum 5-year outcomes with a subanalysis against patients without overcoverage. Am J Sports Med, 2021, 49(1): 55-65.
6. Wells J, Nepple JJ, Crook K, et al. Femoral morphology in the dysplastic hip: Three-dimensional characterizations with CT. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2017, 475(4): 1045-1054.
7. Ng KC, Lamontagne M, Adamczyk AP, et al. Patient-specific anatomical and functional parameters provide new insights into the pathomechanism of cam FAI. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2015, 473(4): 1289-1296.
8. Mozingo JD, Schuring LL, Mortensen AJ, et al. Effect of patient positioning on measurement of the anterior center-edge angle on false-profile radiographs and its 3-dimensional mapping to the acetabular rim. Orthop J Sports Med, 2022, 10(2): 23259671211073834. doi: 10.1177/23259671211073834.
9. Wylie JD, Kim YJ. The natural history of femoroacetabular impingement. J Pediatr Orthop, 2019, 39(Issue 6, Supplement 1 Suppl 1): S28-S32.
10. Kobayashi N, Inaba Y, Kubota S, et al. The distribution of impingement region in Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement and borderline dysplasia of the hip with or without Cam deformity: A computer simulation study. Arthroscopy, 2017, 33(2): 329-334.
11. Sun J, Zhang B, Geng L, et al. Measurement of operative femoral anteversion during cementless total hip arthroplasty and influencing factors for using neck-adjustable femoral stem. J Orthop Surg Res, 2021, 16(1): 353. doi: 10.1186/s13018-021-02506-2.
12. Bredella MA, Stoller DW. MR imaging of femoroacetabular impingement. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2005, 13(4): 653-664.
13. Fischer CS, Kühn JP, Völzke H, et al. The neck-shaft angle: an update on reference values and associated factors. Acta Orthop, 2020, 91(1): 53-57.
14. Welton KL, Kraeutler MJ, Garabekyan T, et al. Radiographic parameters of adult hip dysplasia. Orthop J Sports Med, 2023, 11(2): 23259671231152868. doi: 10.1177/23259671231152868.
15. Qiu S, Lin H, Xu M, et al. Effect of acetabular morphological parameters applied in proximal femoral varus osteotomy on the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in children. Transl Pediatr, 2021, 10(5): 1361-1368.
16. O’Connor JD, Rutherford M, Hill JC, et al. Effect of combined flexion and external rotation on measurements of the proximal femur from anteroposterior pelvic radiographs. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res, 2018, 104(4): 449-454.
17. Zimmerer A, Schneider MM, Nietschke R, et al. Is hip arthroscopy an adequate therapy for the borderline dysplastic hip? Correlation between radiologic findings and clinical outcomes. Orthop J Sports Med, 2020, 8(5): 2325967120920851. doi: 10.1177/2325967120920851.
18. Ng KCG, Mantovani G, Lamontagne M, et al. Cam FAI and smaller neck angles increase subchondral bone stresses during squatting: A finite element analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2019, 477(5): 1053-1063.
19. Kitamura K, Fujii M, Utsunomiya T, et al. Effect of sagittal pelvic tilt on joint stress distribution in hip dysplasia: A finite element analysis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2020, 74: 34-41.
20. Wiberg G. Studies on dysplastic acetabula and congenital subluxation of the hip joint with special reference to the complication of osteo-arthritis. JAMA, 1940, 115(1): 81.
21. Kitamura K, Fujii M, Iwamoto M, et al. Effect of coronal plane acetabular correction on joint contact pressure in Periacetabular osteotomy: a finite-element analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2022, 23(1): 48. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05005-5.
22. Lequesne M, de Seze. False profile of the pelvis. A new radiographic incidence for the study of the hip. Its use in dysplasias and different coxopathies. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic, 1961, 28(1): 643-652.
23. Putnam SM, Clohisy JC, Nepple JJ. Do changes in pelvic rotation and tilt affect measurement of the anterior center edge angle on false profile radiographs? A cadaveric study. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2019, 477(5): 1066-1072.
24. Suits WH. Clinical measures of pelvic tilt in physical therapy. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 2021, 16(5): 1366-1375.
25. 王昶, 罗荣城, 王立胜, 等. 髋关节骨关节炎与CCD、CE、AWZ及ACM角度的关系. 山西医科大学学报, 2011, 42(2): 169-172.
26. Bagwell JJ, Powers CM. The influence of squat kinematics and Cam morphology on acetabular stress. Arthroscopy, 2017, 33(10): 1797-1803.
27. Batailler C, Weidner J, Wyatt M, et al. Is the Femoro-Epiphyseal Acetabular Roof (FEAR) index on MRI a relevant predictive factor of instability in a borderline dysplastic hip? Bone Joint J, 2019, 101-B(12): 1578-1584.
28. McClincy MP, Wylie JD, Yen YM, et al. Mild or borderline hip dysplasia: Are we characterizing hips with a lateral center-edge angle between 18° and 25° appropriately? Am J Sports Med, 2019, 47(1): 112-122.
29. Bixby SD, Millis MB. The borderline dysplastic hip: when and how is it abnormal? Pediatr Radiol, 2019, 49(12): 1669-1677.
30. Lequesne MG, Laredo JD. The faux profil (oblique view) of the hip in the standing position. Contribution to the evaluation of osteoarthritis of the adult hip. Ann Rheum Dis, 1998, 57(11): 676-681.
31. Zhang D, Pan X, Zhang H, et al. The lateral center-edge angle as radiographic selection criteria for periacetabular osteotomy for developmental dysplasia of the hip in patients aged above 13 years. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2020, 21(1): 493. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03515-8.
32. Yin QF, Zhang J, Liang T, et al. The evaluation of sagittal pelvic-femoral kinematics in patients with Cam-type femoracetabular impingement. Orthop Surg, 2021, 13(6): 1748-1754.
33. Vaudreuil NJ, McClincy MP. Evaluation and treatment of borderline dysplasia: Moving beyond the lateral center edge angle. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med, 2020, 13(1): 28-37.
34. Li RT, Hu E, Gould H, et al. Does pelvic rotation alter radiologic measurement of anterior and lateral acetabular coverage? Arthroscopy, 2019, 35(4): 1111-1116.
35. Aoki SK, Mozingo JD, Schuring LL, et al. Using sourcil vs bone margin as anatomic landmark on false-profile radiographs yields different ACEA values: Response. Orthop J Sports Med, 2022, 10(7): 23259671221112438. doi: 10.1177/23259671221112438.
36. Needell S. Using sourcil vs bone margin as anatomic landmark on false-profile radiographs yields different ACEA values: Letter to the editor. Orthop J Sports Med, 2022, 10(7): 23259671221112435. doi: 10.1177/23259671221112435.
37. Stetzelberger VM, Leibold CS, Steppacher SD, et al. The acetabular wall index is associated with long-term conversion to THA after PAO. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2021, 479(5): 1052-1065.
38. Nazaroff J, Mark B, Learned J, et al. Measurement of acetabular wall indices: comparison between CT and plain radiography. J Hip Preserv Surg, 2021, 8(1): 51-57.
39. Leide R, Bohman A, Wenger D, et al. Hip dysplasia is not uncommon but frequently overlooked: a cross-sectional study based on radiographic examination of 1, 870 adults. Acta Orthop, 2021, 92(5): 575-580.
40. Kitamura K, Fujii M, Iwamoto M, et al. Is anterior rotation of the acetabulum necessary to normalize joint contact pressure in periacetabular osteotomy? A finite-element analysis study. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2022, 480(1): 67-78.
41. Anderson LA, Anderson MB, Erickson JA, et al. Acetabular wall indices help to distinguish acetabular coverage in asymptomatic adults with varying morphologies. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2017, 475(4): 1027-1033.
42. Heimer CYW, Wu CH, Perka C, et al. The impact of hip dysplasia on CAM impingement. J Pers Med, 2022, 12(7): 1129. doi: 10.3390/jpm12071129.
43. Håberg Ø, Bremnes T, Foss OA, et al. Children treated for developmental dysplasia of the hip at birth and with normal acetabular index at 1 year: How many had residual dysplasia at5 years? J Child Orthop, 2022, 16(3): 183-190.
44. Chandrasekaran S, Darwish N, Martin TJ, et al. Arthroscopic capsular plication and labral seal restoration in borderline hip dysplasia: 2-year clinical outcomes in 55 cases. Arthroscopy, 2017, 33(7): 1332-1340.
45. Kraeutler MJ, Safran MR, Scillia AJ, et al. A contemporary look at the evaluation and treatment of adult borderline and frank hip dysplasia. Am J Sports Med, 2020, 48(9): 2314-2323.
46. Hatakeyama A, Utsunomiya H, Nishikino S, et al. Predictors of poor clinical outcome after arthroscopic labral preservation, capsular plication, and Cam osteoplasty in the setting of borderline hip dysplasia. Am J Sports Med, 2018, 46(1): 135-143.
47. Maldonado DR, Perets I, Mu BH, et al. Arthroscopic capsular plication in patients with labral tears and borderline dysplasia of the hip: Analysis of risk factors for failure. Am J Sports Med, 2018, 46(14): 3446-3453.
48. 张建平, 张佳, 吴毅东, 等. 髋关节镜治疗股骨髋臼撞击合并临界髋发育不良. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2022, 30(5): 416-420.
49. 罗杨, 张佳, 张建平, 等. 关节镜治疗临界发育性髋关节发育不良合并凸轮型股骨髋臼撞击综合征. 中华骨科杂志, 2022, 42(21): 1416-1422.
50. Feghhi D, Shearin J, Bharam S. Arthroscopic management of subspinous impingement in borderline hip dysplasia and outcomes compared with a matched cohort with nondysplastic femoroacetabular impingement. Am J Sports Med, 2020, 48(12): 2919-2926.
51. Mercier M, Dangin A, Ollier E, et al. Does acetabular dysplasia affect outcome in arthroscopic treatment of cam femoroacetabular impingement? Case-control study with and without acetabular dysplasia. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res, 2019, 105(1): 7-10.
52. Meier MK, Reche J, Schmaranzer F, et al. How frequent is absolute femoral retroversion in symptomatic patients with Cam- and pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement? Bone Jt Open, 2022, 3(7): 557-565.
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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Progress in diagnosis and hip arthroscopic treatment of borderline developmental dysplasia of hip with Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement

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