- The Second Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P. R. China;
Citation: ZHAO Chenjie, TENG Li. Application and development of orthognathic surgery in treatment of syndromic craniosynostosis. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2023, 37(7): 879-884. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202302102 Copy
1. | Öwall L, Kreiborg S, Dunø M, et al. Phenotypic variability in Muenke syndrome-observations from five Danish families. Clin Dysmorphol, 2020, 29(1): 1-9. |
2. | Taylor JA, Bartlett SP. What’s new in syndromic craniosynostosis surgery? Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 140(1): 82e-93e. |
3. | Kutkowska-Kaźmierczak A, Gos M, Obersztyn E. Craniosynostosis as a clinical and diagnostic problem: molecular pathology and genetic counseling. J Appl Genet, 2018, 59(2): 133-147. |
4. | Akai T, Yamashita M, Shiro T, et al. Long-term outcomes of non-syndromic and syndromic craniosynostosis: analysis of demographic, morphologic, and surgical factors. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 2022, 62(2): 57-64. |
5. | Kobayashi Y, Ogura K, Hikita R, et al. Craniofacial, oral, and cervical morphological characteristics in Japanese patients with Apert syndrome or Crouzon syndrome. Eur J Orthod, 2021, 43(1): 36-44. |
6. | Ferri J, Schlund M, Touzet-Roumazeille S. Orthognathic surgery in craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg, 2021, 32(1): 141-148. |
7. | Pelc A, Mikulewicz M. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome: Case report and literature review. Dent Med Probl, 2018, 55(2): 217-225. |
8. | Pagnoni M, Fadda MT, Spalice A, et al. Surgical timing of craniosynostosis: what to do and when. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2014, 42(5): 513-519. |
9. | Posnick JC, Ruiz RL. The craniofacial dysostosis syndromes: current surgical thinking and future directions. Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2000, 37(5): 433. doi: 10.1597/1545-1569(2000)037<0433:TCDSCS>2.0.CO;2. |
10. | Joly A, Croise B, Travers N, et al. Management of isolated and complex craniosynostosis residual deformities: What are the maxillofacial tools? Neurochirurgie, 2019, 65(5): 295-301. |
11. | Silvola AS, Rusanen J, Tolvanen M, et al. Occlusal characteristics and quality of life before and after treatment of severe malocclusion. Eur J Orthod, 2012, 34(6): 704-709. |
12. | Massenburg BB, Susarla SM, Kapadia HP, et al. Subcranial midface advancement in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2022, 34(3): 467-475. |
13. | Bastidas N, Mackay DDJ, Taylor JA, et al. Analysis of the long-term outcomes of nonsyndromic bicoronal synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 130(4): 877-883. |
14. | Nout E, Koudstaal MJ, Wolvius EB, et al. Additional orthognathic surgery following Le Fort Ⅲ and monobloc advancement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2011, 40(7): 679-684. |
15. | Azoulay-Avinoam S, Bruun R, MacLaine J, et al. An overview of craniosynostosis craniofacial syndromes for combined orthodontic and surgical management. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2020, 32(2): 233-247. |
16. | Arnaud E, Paternoster G, James S, et al. Craniofacial strategy for syndromic craniosynostosis. Annales De Chirurgie Plastique Et Esthetique, 2016, 61(5): 408-419. |
17. | Yang J, Lei J, Wu Y, et al. Skeleton first in surgical treatment of facial disharmony. J Craniofac Surg, 2015, 26(2): 336-339. |
18. | Nurko C, Quinones R. Dental and orthodontic management of patients with Apert and Crouzon syndromes. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2004, 16(4): 541-553. |
19. | Sawh-Martinez R, Steinbacher DM. Syndromic craniosynostosis. Clin Plast Surg, 2019, 46(2): 141-155. |
20. | Allareddy V. Orthognathic surgeries in patients with congenital craniofacial anomalies: profile and hospitalization outcomes. Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2015, 52(6): 698-705. |
21. | Chow LK, Singh B, Chiu WK, et al. Prevalence of postoperative complications after orthognathic surgery: a 15-year review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2007, 65(5): 984-992. |
22. | Hopper RA, Kapadia H, Susarla SM. Surgical-orthodontic considerations in subcranial and frontofacial distraction. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2020, 32(2): 309-320. |
23. | Yang IH, Chung JH, Lee HJ, et al. Characterization of treatment modalities for patients with syndromic craniosynostosis in relation to degree of midface hypoplasia and patient’s age using longitudinal follow-up data. J Craniofac Surg, 2022, 33(5): 1469-1473. |
24. | Raffaini M, Magri AS, Genitori L, et al. Algorithm to the treatment of Crouzon syndrome. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2022, 50(2): 124-133. |
25. | Kahnberg KE, Hagberg C. Orthognathic surgery in patients with craniofacial syndrome. Ⅰ. A 5-year overview of combined orthodontic and surgical correction. J Plast Surg Hand Surg, 2010, 44(6): 282-288. |
26. | Lakin GE, Kawamoto HK Jr. Le Fort Ⅱ osteotomy. J Craniofac Surg, 2012, 23(7 Suppl 1): 1964-1967. |
27. | Han JT, Egbert MA, Ettinger RE, et al. Orthognathic surgery in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2022, 34(3): 477-487. |
28. | Yang R, Shakoori P, Lanni MA, et al. Influence of monobloc/Le Fort Ⅲ surgery on the developing posterior maxillary dentition and its resultant effect on orthognathic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2021, 147(2): 253e-259e. |
29. | Sancar B, Tanisik BH. Treatment of the patient with Crouzon Syndrome with orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg, 2020, 31(3): 806-808. |
30. | Tessier P. The definitive plastic surgical treatment of the severe facial deformities of craniofacial dysostosis. Crouzon’s and Apert’s diseases. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1971, 48(5): 419-442. |
31. | Chin M, Toth BA. Le Fort Ⅲ advancement with gradual distraction using internal devices. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1997, 100(4): 819-830. |
32. | Tahiri Y, Taylor J. An update on midface advancement using Le Fort Ⅱ and Ⅲ distraction osteogenesis. Semin Plast Surg, 2014, 28(4): 184-192. |
33. | Min Swe NM, Kobayashi Y, Kamimoto H, et al. Aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 regulate osteoblast differentiation in the developing coronal sutures of an Apert syndrome (Fgfr2S252W/+) mouse model. Dev Dyn, 2021, 250(3): 465-476. |
34. | Hopper RA, Wang HD, Mercan E. Le Fort Ⅱ distraction with simultaneous zygomatic repositioning. Clin Plast Surg, 2021, 48(3): 487-496. |
35. | Liu MT, Kurnik NM, Mercan E, et al. Magnitude of horizontal advancement is associated with apnea hypopnea index improvement and counter-clockwise maxillary rotation after subcranial distraction for syndromic synostosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2021, 79(5): 1133.e1-1133.e16. |
36. | Hopper RA, Kapadia H, Susarla SM. Le Fort Ⅱ distraction with zygomatic repositioning: a technique for differential correction of midface hypoplasia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2018, 76(9): 2002.e1-2002.e14. |
37. | McGrath J, Gerety PA, Derderian CA, et al. Differential closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in syndromic craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 130(5): 681e-689e. |
38. | Burdi AR, Kusnetz AB, Venes JL, et al. The natural history and pathogenesis of the cranial coronal ring articulations: implications in understanding the pathogenesis of the Crouzon craniostenotic defects. Cleft Palate J, 1986, 23(1): 28-39. |
39. | Meazzini MC, Corradi F, Mazzoleni F, et al. Circummaxillary sutures in patients with Apert, Crouzon, and Pfeiffer syndromes compared to nonsyndromic children: growth, orthodontic, and surgical implications. Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2021, 58(3): 299-305. |
40. | Forte AJ, Alonso N, Persing JA, et al. Analysis of midface retrusion in Crouzon and Apert syndromes. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2014, 134(2): 285-293. |
41. | Resnick CM, Kim S, Yorlets RR, et al. Evaluation of Andrews’ analysis as a predictor of ideal sagittal maxillary positioning in orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2018, 76(10): 2169-2176. |
42. | Susarla SM, Ettinger RE, Egbert MA. Transmucosal pterygomaxillary separation in the Le Fort Ⅰ osteotomy. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2020, 145(5): 1262-1265. |
43. | Hopper RA, Sandercoe G, Woo A, et al. Computed tomographic analysis of temporal maxillary stability and pterygomaxillary generate formation following pediatric Le Fort Ⅲ distraction advancement. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2010, 126(5): 1665-1674. |
44. | Susarla SM, Ettinger R, Preston K, et al. Technical modifications specific to the cleft Le Fort Ⅰ osteotomy. J Craniofac Surg, 2020, 31(5): 1459-1463. |
45. | Reitsma JH, Ongkosuwito EM, Buschang PH, et al. Facial growth in patients with apert and crouzon syndromes compared to normal children. Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2012, 49(2): 185-193. |
46. | Zhou X, Pu D, Liu R, et al. The Fgfr2(S252W/+) mutation in mice retards mandible formation and reduces bone mass as in human Apert syndrome. Am J Med Genet A, 2013, 161A(5): 983-992. |
47. | Kreiborg S. Crouzon Syndrome. A clinical and roentgencephalometric study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl, 1981, 18: 1-198. |
48. | Wink JD, Bastidas N, Bartlett SP. Analysis of the long-term growth of the mandible in Apert syndrome. J Craniofac Surg, 2013, 24(4): 1408-1410. |
49. | Costaras-Volarich M, Pruzansky S. Is the mandible intrinsically different in Apert and Crouzon syndromes? Am J Orthod, 1984, 85(6): 475-487. |
50. | Reitsma JH, Elmi P, Ongkosuwito EM, et al. A longitudinal study of dental arch morphology in children with the syndrome of Crouzon or Apert. Eur J Oral Sci, 2013, 121(4): 319-327. |
51. | Agochukwu NB, Solomon BD, Doherty ES, et al. Palatal and oral manifestations of Muenke syndrome (FGFR3-related craniosynostosis). J Craniofac Surg, 2012, 23(3): 664-668. |
52. | Posnick JC, Choi E, Liu S. Occurrence of a “bad” split and success of initial mandibular healing: a review of 524 sagittal ramus osteotomies in 262 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2016, 45(10): 1187-1194. |
53. | Susarla SM, Cho DY, Ettinger RE, et al. The low medial horizontal osteotomy in patients with atypical ramus morphology undergoing sagittal split osteotomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2020, 78(10): 1813-1819. |
54. | Wenger TL, Hopper RA, Rosen A, et al. A genotype-specific surgical approach for patients with Pfeiffer syndrome due to W290C pathogenic variant in FGFR2 is associated with improved developmental outcomes and reduced mortality. Genet Med, 2019, 21(2): 471-476. |
55. | Doerga PN, Spruijt B, Mathijssen IM, et al. Upper airway endoscopy to optimize obstructive sleep apnea treatment in Apert and Crouzon syndromes. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2016, 44(2): 191-196. |
56. | Al-Namnam NMN, Hariri F, Rahman ZAA. Distraction osteogenesis in the surgical management of syndromic craniosynostosis: a comprehensive review of published papers. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2018, 56(5): 353-366. |
57. | Kim BJ, Bae HS, Lee Y. One-stage treatment for adult patients with crouzonoid appearance by orthognathic and face contouring surgery. J Craniofac Surg, 2017, 28(5): e441-e444. |
58. | Vyas K, Gibreel W, Mardini S. Virtual surgical planning (VSP) in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am, 2022, 30(2): 239-253. |
59. | Dumas BM, Nava A, Law HZ, et al. Three-dimensional printing for craniofacial surgery: a single institution’s 5-year experience. Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2019, 56(6): 729-734. |
- 1. Öwall L, Kreiborg S, Dunø M, et al. Phenotypic variability in Muenke syndrome-observations from five Danish families. Clin Dysmorphol, 2020, 29(1): 1-9.
- 2. Taylor JA, Bartlett SP. What’s new in syndromic craniosynostosis surgery? Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 140(1): 82e-93e.
- 3. Kutkowska-Kaźmierczak A, Gos M, Obersztyn E. Craniosynostosis as a clinical and diagnostic problem: molecular pathology and genetic counseling. J Appl Genet, 2018, 59(2): 133-147.
- 4. Akai T, Yamashita M, Shiro T, et al. Long-term outcomes of non-syndromic and syndromic craniosynostosis: analysis of demographic, morphologic, and surgical factors. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 2022, 62(2): 57-64.
- 5. Kobayashi Y, Ogura K, Hikita R, et al. Craniofacial, oral, and cervical morphological characteristics in Japanese patients with Apert syndrome or Crouzon syndrome. Eur J Orthod, 2021, 43(1): 36-44.
- 6. Ferri J, Schlund M, Touzet-Roumazeille S. Orthognathic surgery in craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg, 2021, 32(1): 141-148.
- 7. Pelc A, Mikulewicz M. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome: Case report and literature review. Dent Med Probl, 2018, 55(2): 217-225.
- 8. Pagnoni M, Fadda MT, Spalice A, et al. Surgical timing of craniosynostosis: what to do and when. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2014, 42(5): 513-519.
- 9. Posnick JC, Ruiz RL. The craniofacial dysostosis syndromes: current surgical thinking and future directions. Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2000, 37(5): 433. doi: 10.1597/1545-1569(2000)037<0433:TCDSCS>2.0.CO;2.
- 10. Joly A, Croise B, Travers N, et al. Management of isolated and complex craniosynostosis residual deformities: What are the maxillofacial tools? Neurochirurgie, 2019, 65(5): 295-301.
- 11. Silvola AS, Rusanen J, Tolvanen M, et al. Occlusal characteristics and quality of life before and after treatment of severe malocclusion. Eur J Orthod, 2012, 34(6): 704-709.
- 12. Massenburg BB, Susarla SM, Kapadia HP, et al. Subcranial midface advancement in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2022, 34(3): 467-475.
- 13. Bastidas N, Mackay DDJ, Taylor JA, et al. Analysis of the long-term outcomes of nonsyndromic bicoronal synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 130(4): 877-883.
- 14. Nout E, Koudstaal MJ, Wolvius EB, et al. Additional orthognathic surgery following Le Fort Ⅲ and monobloc advancement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2011, 40(7): 679-684.
- 15. Azoulay-Avinoam S, Bruun R, MacLaine J, et al. An overview of craniosynostosis craniofacial syndromes for combined orthodontic and surgical management. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2020, 32(2): 233-247.
- 16. Arnaud E, Paternoster G, James S, et al. Craniofacial strategy for syndromic craniosynostosis. Annales De Chirurgie Plastique Et Esthetique, 2016, 61(5): 408-419.
- 17. Yang J, Lei J, Wu Y, et al. Skeleton first in surgical treatment of facial disharmony. J Craniofac Surg, 2015, 26(2): 336-339.
- 18. Nurko C, Quinones R. Dental and orthodontic management of patients with Apert and Crouzon syndromes. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2004, 16(4): 541-553.
- 19. Sawh-Martinez R, Steinbacher DM. Syndromic craniosynostosis. Clin Plast Surg, 2019, 46(2): 141-155.
- 20. Allareddy V. Orthognathic surgeries in patients with congenital craniofacial anomalies: profile and hospitalization outcomes. Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2015, 52(6): 698-705.
- 21. Chow LK, Singh B, Chiu WK, et al. Prevalence of postoperative complications after orthognathic surgery: a 15-year review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2007, 65(5): 984-992.
- 22. Hopper RA, Kapadia H, Susarla SM. Surgical-orthodontic considerations in subcranial and frontofacial distraction. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2020, 32(2): 309-320.
- 23. Yang IH, Chung JH, Lee HJ, et al. Characterization of treatment modalities for patients with syndromic craniosynostosis in relation to degree of midface hypoplasia and patient’s age using longitudinal follow-up data. J Craniofac Surg, 2022, 33(5): 1469-1473.
- 24. Raffaini M, Magri AS, Genitori L, et al. Algorithm to the treatment of Crouzon syndrome. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2022, 50(2): 124-133.
- 25. Kahnberg KE, Hagberg C. Orthognathic surgery in patients with craniofacial syndrome. Ⅰ. A 5-year overview of combined orthodontic and surgical correction. J Plast Surg Hand Surg, 2010, 44(6): 282-288.
- 26. Lakin GE, Kawamoto HK Jr. Le Fort Ⅱ osteotomy. J Craniofac Surg, 2012, 23(7 Suppl 1): 1964-1967.
- 27. Han JT, Egbert MA, Ettinger RE, et al. Orthognathic surgery in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am, 2022, 34(3): 477-487.
- 28. Yang R, Shakoori P, Lanni MA, et al. Influence of monobloc/Le Fort Ⅲ surgery on the developing posterior maxillary dentition and its resultant effect on orthognathic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2021, 147(2): 253e-259e.
- 29. Sancar B, Tanisik BH. Treatment of the patient with Crouzon Syndrome with orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg, 2020, 31(3): 806-808.
- 30. Tessier P. The definitive plastic surgical treatment of the severe facial deformities of craniofacial dysostosis. Crouzon’s and Apert’s diseases. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1971, 48(5): 419-442.
- 31. Chin M, Toth BA. Le Fort Ⅲ advancement with gradual distraction using internal devices. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1997, 100(4): 819-830.
- 32. Tahiri Y, Taylor J. An update on midface advancement using Le Fort Ⅱ and Ⅲ distraction osteogenesis. Semin Plast Surg, 2014, 28(4): 184-192.
- 33. Min Swe NM, Kobayashi Y, Kamimoto H, et al. Aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 regulate osteoblast differentiation in the developing coronal sutures of an Apert syndrome (Fgfr2S252W/+) mouse model. Dev Dyn, 2021, 250(3): 465-476.
- 34. Hopper RA, Wang HD, Mercan E. Le Fort Ⅱ distraction with simultaneous zygomatic repositioning. Clin Plast Surg, 2021, 48(3): 487-496.
- 35. Liu MT, Kurnik NM, Mercan E, et al. Magnitude of horizontal advancement is associated with apnea hypopnea index improvement and counter-clockwise maxillary rotation after subcranial distraction for syndromic synostosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2021, 79(5): 1133.e1-1133.e16.
- 36. Hopper RA, Kapadia H, Susarla SM. Le Fort Ⅱ distraction with zygomatic repositioning: a technique for differential correction of midface hypoplasia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2018, 76(9): 2002.e1-2002.e14.
- 37. McGrath J, Gerety PA, Derderian CA, et al. Differential closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in syndromic craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 130(5): 681e-689e.
- 38. Burdi AR, Kusnetz AB, Venes JL, et al. The natural history and pathogenesis of the cranial coronal ring articulations: implications in understanding the pathogenesis of the Crouzon craniostenotic defects. Cleft Palate J, 1986, 23(1): 28-39.
- 39. Meazzini MC, Corradi F, Mazzoleni F, et al. Circummaxillary sutures in patients with Apert, Crouzon, and Pfeiffer syndromes compared to nonsyndromic children: growth, orthodontic, and surgical implications. Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2021, 58(3): 299-305.
- 40. Forte AJ, Alonso N, Persing JA, et al. Analysis of midface retrusion in Crouzon and Apert syndromes. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2014, 134(2): 285-293.
- 41. Resnick CM, Kim S, Yorlets RR, et al. Evaluation of Andrews’ analysis as a predictor of ideal sagittal maxillary positioning in orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2018, 76(10): 2169-2176.
- 42. Susarla SM, Ettinger RE, Egbert MA. Transmucosal pterygomaxillary separation in the Le Fort Ⅰ osteotomy. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2020, 145(5): 1262-1265.
- 43. Hopper RA, Sandercoe G, Woo A, et al. Computed tomographic analysis of temporal maxillary stability and pterygomaxillary generate formation following pediatric Le Fort Ⅲ distraction advancement. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2010, 126(5): 1665-1674.
- 44. Susarla SM, Ettinger R, Preston K, et al. Technical modifications specific to the cleft Le Fort Ⅰ osteotomy. J Craniofac Surg, 2020, 31(5): 1459-1463.
- 45. Reitsma JH, Ongkosuwito EM, Buschang PH, et al. Facial growth in patients with apert and crouzon syndromes compared to normal children. Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2012, 49(2): 185-193.
- 46. Zhou X, Pu D, Liu R, et al. The Fgfr2(S252W/+) mutation in mice retards mandible formation and reduces bone mass as in human Apert syndrome. Am J Med Genet A, 2013, 161A(5): 983-992.
- 47. Kreiborg S. Crouzon Syndrome. A clinical and roentgencephalometric study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl, 1981, 18: 1-198.
- 48. Wink JD, Bastidas N, Bartlett SP. Analysis of the long-term growth of the mandible in Apert syndrome. J Craniofac Surg, 2013, 24(4): 1408-1410.
- 49. Costaras-Volarich M, Pruzansky S. Is the mandible intrinsically different in Apert and Crouzon syndromes? Am J Orthod, 1984, 85(6): 475-487.
- 50. Reitsma JH, Elmi P, Ongkosuwito EM, et al. A longitudinal study of dental arch morphology in children with the syndrome of Crouzon or Apert. Eur J Oral Sci, 2013, 121(4): 319-327.
- 51. Agochukwu NB, Solomon BD, Doherty ES, et al. Palatal and oral manifestations of Muenke syndrome (FGFR3-related craniosynostosis). J Craniofac Surg, 2012, 23(3): 664-668.
- 52. Posnick JC, Choi E, Liu S. Occurrence of a “bad” split and success of initial mandibular healing: a review of 524 sagittal ramus osteotomies in 262 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2016, 45(10): 1187-1194.
- 53. Susarla SM, Cho DY, Ettinger RE, et al. The low medial horizontal osteotomy in patients with atypical ramus morphology undergoing sagittal split osteotomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2020, 78(10): 1813-1819.
- 54. Wenger TL, Hopper RA, Rosen A, et al. A genotype-specific surgical approach for patients with Pfeiffer syndrome due to W290C pathogenic variant in FGFR2 is associated with improved developmental outcomes and reduced mortality. Genet Med, 2019, 21(2): 471-476.
- 55. Doerga PN, Spruijt B, Mathijssen IM, et al. Upper airway endoscopy to optimize obstructive sleep apnea treatment in Apert and Crouzon syndromes. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2016, 44(2): 191-196.
- 56. Al-Namnam NMN, Hariri F, Rahman ZAA. Distraction osteogenesis in the surgical management of syndromic craniosynostosis: a comprehensive review of published papers. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2018, 56(5): 353-366.
- 57. Kim BJ, Bae HS, Lee Y. One-stage treatment for adult patients with crouzonoid appearance by orthognathic and face contouring surgery. J Craniofac Surg, 2017, 28(5): e441-e444.
- 58. Vyas K, Gibreel W, Mardini S. Virtual surgical planning (VSP) in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am, 2022, 30(2): 239-253.
- 59. Dumas BM, Nava A, Law HZ, et al. Three-dimensional printing for craniofacial surgery: a single institution’s 5-year experience. Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 2019, 56(6): 729-734.