Research progress of antibacterial hydrogel in treatment of infected wounds_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

ZU Xiaoran ^1,2 , HAN Yudi ¹ , ZHOU Wei ³ , HUANGFU Chaoji ³ , ZHANG Ming ² ,  HAN Yan ^1,2

1. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China;
2. Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China;
3. Institute of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

HAN Yan, Email: 13720086335@163.com

Keywords：

Antibacterial hydrogel; infected wound; antibacterial material; antibacterial agent

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202311003

Video：

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Objective To review the research progress of new antibacterial hydrogels in the treatment of infected wounds in the field of biomedicine, in order to provide new methods and ideas for clinical treatment of infected wounds. Methods The research literature on antibacterial hydrogels at home and abroad was extensively reviewed in recent years, and the antibacterial hydrogels for the treatment of infected wounds were classified and summarized. Results Antibacterial hydrogels can be divided into three categories: inherent antibacterial hydrogels, antibacterial agent release hydrogels, and environmental response antibacterial hydrogels. The advantages and disadvantages of antibacterial materials, antibacterial mechanism, antibacterial ability, and biocompatibility were discussed respectively. Inherent antibacterial hydrogels have the characteristics of wide source, low cost, and simple preparation, but their antibacterial ability is relatively weak. New antimicrobial substances are added to antibacterial agent release hydrogels, such as antimicrobial peptides, metal ions, graphene materials, etc., providing a new therapeutic strategy for alternative antibiotic therapy. On the basis of the antibacterial material, environmental promoting factors such as photothermal effect, pH value, and magnetic force are added to the environmental response antibacterial hydrogels, which synergically enhances the antibacterial ability of the hydrogel, improves the precise regulation function and bionic effect of the hydrogel. Conclusion The selection of a variety of materials, the addition of a variety of antibacterial agents, and the effect of various promoting factors make composite hydrogels show multiple characteristics. The development of antibacterial hydrogels that can effectively address practical clinical applications remains a significant challenge. In the future, expanding the application range of antibacterial hydrogels, constructing drug-loaded hydrogels, and developing intelligent hydrogels are still new areas that need to be explored and studied.

Citation： ZU Xiaoran, HAN Yudi, ZHOU Wei, HUANGFU Chaoji, ZHANG Ming, HAN Yan. Research progress of antibacterial hydrogel in treatment of infected wounds. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2024, 38(2): 249-255. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202311003 Copy

1.	Grice EA, Segre JA. The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2011, 9(4): 244-253.
2.	Stracy M, Snitser O, Yelin I, et al. Minimizing treatment-induced emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections. Science, 2022, 375(6583): 889-894.
3.	Kalelkar PP, Riddick M, García AJ. Biomaterial-based delivery of antimicrobial therapies for the treatment of bacterial infections. Nat Rev Mater, 2022, 7(1): 39-54.
4.	Hua C, Urbina T, Bosc R, et al. Necrotising soft-tissue infections. Lancet Infect Dis, 2023, 23(3): e81-e94.
5.	Ruddaraju LK, Pammi SVN, Guntuku GS, et al. A review on anti-bacterials to combat resistance: From ancient era of plants and metals to present and future perspectives of green nano technological combinations. Asian J Pharm Sci, 2020, 15(1): 42-59.
6.	Tang N, Zhang R, Zheng Y, et al. Highly efficient self-healing multifunctional dressing with antibacterial activity for sutureless wound closure and infected wound monitoring. Adv Mater, 2022, 34(3): e2106842.
7.	Ding Q, Sun T, Su W, et al. Bioinspired multifunctional black phosphorus hydrogel with antibacterial and antioxidant properties: A stepwise countermeasure for diabetic skin wound healing. Adv Healthc Mater, 2022, 11(12): e2102791.
8.	Liu W, Gao R, Yang C, et al. ECM-mimetic immunomodulatory hydrogel for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected chronic skin wound healing. Sci Adv, 2022, 8(27): eabn7006.
9.	Shao Q, Zhang W, Qi J, et al. Laponite stabilized endogenous antibacterial hydrogel as wet-tissue adhesive. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2023, 145: 106009.
10.	Zhao C, Zhou L, Chiao M, et al. Antibacterial hydrogel coating: Strategies in surface chemistry. Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2020, 285: 102280.
11.	Chen Z, Wang H, Cao Y, et al. Bio-inspired anisotropic hydrogels and their applications in soft actuators and robots. Matter, 2023, 6(11): 3803-3837.
12.	Zhong Y, Xiao H, Seidi F, et al. Natural polymer-based antimicrobial hydrogels without synthetic antibiotics as wound dressings. Biomacromolecules, 2020, 21(8): 2983-3006.
13.	Deng L, Wang B, Li W, et al. Bacterial cellulose reinforced chitosan-based hydrogel with highly efficient self-healing and enhanced antibacterial activity for wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol, 2022, 217: 77-87.
14.	Bai Q, Gao Q, Hu F, et al. Chitosan and hyaluronic-based hydrogels could promote the infected wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol, 2023, 232: 123271.
15.	Khaleghi M, Haghi F, Gholami M, et al. A fabricated hydrogel of hyaluronic acid/curcumin shows super-activity to heal the bacterial infected wound. AMB Express, 2023, 13(1): 29.
16.	Qi J, Zheng Z, Hu L, et al. Development and characterization of cannabidiol-loaded alginate copper hydrogel for repairing open bone defects in vitro. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2022, 212: 112339.
17.	Milović NM, Wang J, Lewis K, et al. Immobilized N-alkylated polyethylenimine avidly kills bacteria by rupturing cell membranes with no resistance developed. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2005, 90(6): 715-722.
18.	Meng Q, Li Y, Shen C. Antibacterial coatings of biomedical surfaces by polydextran aldehyde/polyethylenimine nanofibers. ACS Appl Bio Mater, 2019, 2(1): 562-569.
19.	Wu Y, Yang L, Wang J, et al. Degradable supramolecular eutectogel-based ionic skin with antibacterial, adhesive, and self-healable capabilities. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023, 15(30): 36759-36770.
20.	Park J, Kim TY, Kim Y, et al. A mechanically resilient and tissue-conformable hydrogel with hemostatic and antibacterial capabilities for wound care. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2023, 10(30): e2303651.
21.	Jia B, Li G, Cao E, et al. Recent progress of antibacterial hydrogels in wound dressings. Mater Today Bio, 2023, 19: 100582.
22.	Huang K, Liu W, Wei W, et al. Photothermal hydrogel encapsulating intelligently bacteria-capturing bio-MOF for infectious wound healing. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(11): 19491-19508.
23.	Fu M, Gan Y, Jiang F, et al. Interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels formed using antibiotics as a dynamic crosslinker for treatment of infected wounds. Adv Healthc Mater, 2022, 11(15): e2200902.
24.	Roy DC, Tomblyn S, Isaac KM, et al. Ciprofloxacin-loaded keratin hydrogels reduce infection and support healing in a porcine partial-thickness thermal burn. Wound Repair Regen, 2016, 24(4): 657-668.
25.	Guo J, Cao G, Wang X, et al. Coating CoCrMo alloy with graphene oxide and ε-poly-L-lysine enhances its antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Int J Nanomedicine, 2021, 16: 7249-7268.
26.	Zou YJ, He SS, Du JZ. ε-poly ( L-lysine)-based hydrogels with fast-acting and prolonged antibacterial activities. Chinese J Polym Sci, 2018, 36: 1239-1250.
27.	Kang J, Dietz MJ, Li B. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. PLoS One, 2019, 14(6): e0216676.
28.	Huang HN, Pan CY, Wu HY, et al. Antimicrobial peptide Epinecidin-1 promotes complete skin regeneration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected burn wounds in a swine model. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(13): 21067-21080.
29.	Cheng Q, Wang Z, Hu S, et al. Glycopolymer-based multifunctional antibacterial hydrogel dressings for accelerating cutaneous wound healing. J Mater Chem B, 2023, 11(30): 7228-7238.
30.	Ingle AP, Duran N, Rai M. Bioactivity, mechanism of action, and cytotoxicity of copper-based nanoparticles: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2014, 98(3): 1001-1009.
31.	Li P, Feng Z, Yu Z, et al. Preparation of chitosan-Cu²⁺/NH₃ physical hydrogel and its properties. Int J Biol Macromol, 2019, 133: 67-75.
32.	Wang S, Xiang J, Sun Y, et al. Skin-inspired nanofibrillated cellulose-reinforced hydrogels with high mechanical strength, long-term antibacterial, and self-recovery ability for wearable strain/pressure sensors. Carbohydr Polym, 2021, 261: 117894.
33.	Zhang H, Zhang X, Cao Q, et al. Facile fabrication of chitin/ZnO composite hydrogels for infected wound healing. Biomater Sci, 2022, 10(20): 5888-5899.
34.	Yao S, Chi J, Wang Y, et al. Zn-MOF encapsulated antibacterial and degradable microneedles array for promoting wound healing. Adv Healthc Mater, 2021, 10(12): e2100056.
35.	Li Q, Liu K, Jiang T, et al. Injectable and self-healing chitosan-based hydrogel with MOF-loaded α-lipoic acid promotes diabetic wound healing. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021, 131: 112519.
36.	Di Giulio M, Zappacosta R, Di Lodovico S, et al. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of graphene oxide against chronic wound microorganisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2018, 62(7): e00547-18.
37.	Yang Z, Sun C, Wang L, et al. Novel poly ( L-lactide)/graphene oxide films with improved mechanical flexibility and antibacterial activity. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2017, 507: 344-352.
38.	Hao X, Huang L, Zhao C, et al. Antibacterial activity of positively charged carbon quantum dots without detectable resistance for wound healing with mixed bacteria infection. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021, 123: 111971.
39.	Wang H, Song Z, Gu J, et al. Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots for preventing biofilm formation and eradicating drug-resistant bacteria infection. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2019, 5(9): 4739-4749.
40.	Hou P, Yang T, Liu H, et al. An active structure preservation method for developing functional graphitic carbon dots as an effective antibacterial agent and a sensitive pH and Al (iii) nanosensor. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(44): 17334-17341.
41.	Nasrin A, Hassan M, Gomes VG. Two-photon active nucleus-targeting carbon dots: enhanced ROS generation and photodynamic therapy for oral cancer. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(40): 20598-20603.
42.	Baek S, Joo SH, Su C, et al. Antibacterial effects of graphene- and carbon-nanotube-based nanohybrids on Escherichia coli: Implications for treating multidrug-resistant bacteria. J Environ Manage, 2019, 247: 214-223.
43.	Cai D, Chen S, Wu B, et al. Construction of multifunctional porcine acellular dermal matrix hydrogel blended with vancomycin for hemorrhage control, antibacterial action, and tissue repair in infected trauma wounds. Mater Today Bio, 2021, 12: 100127.
44.	van Dongen JA, Getova V, Brouwer LA, et al. Adipose tissue-derived extracellular matrix hydrogels as a release platform for secreted paracrine factors. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2019, 13(6): 973-985.
45.	Vriend L, van der Lei B, Harmsen MC, et al. Adipose tissue-derived components: From cells to tissue glue to treat dermal damage. Bioengineering (Basel), 2023, 10(3): 328.
46.	Yu YL, Wu JJ, Lin CC, et al. Elimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on titanium implants via photothermally-triggered nitric oxide and immunotherapy for enhanced osseointegration. Mil Med Res, 2023, 10(1): 21.
47.	Qian R, Xu Z, Hu X, et al. Ag/Ag₂O with NIR-triggered antibacterial activities: Photocatalytic sterilization enhanced by low-temperature photothermal effect. Int J Nanomedicine, 2023, 18: 1507-1520.
48.	Li Y, Wang J, Yang Y, et al. A rose bengal/graphene oxide/PVA hybrid hydrogel with enhanced mechanical properties and light-triggered antibacterial activity for wound treatment. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021, 118: 111447.
49.	He Y, Leng J, Li K, et al. A multifunctional hydrogel coating to direct fibroblast activation and infected wound healing via simultaneously controllable photobiomodulation and photodynamic therapies. Biomaterials, 2021, 278: 121164.
50.	Wang Y, Yao H, Zu Y, et al. Biodegradable MoO x @MB incorporated hydrogel as light-activated dressing for rapid and safe bacteria eradication and wound healing. RSC Adv, 2022, 12(15): 8862-8877.
51.	Wang Z, Liu X, Duan Y, et al. Infection microenvironment-related antibacterial nanotherapeutic strategies. Biomaterials, 2022, 280: 121249.
52.	Liu B, Li J, Zhang Z, et al. pH responsive antibacterial hydrogel utilizing catechol-boronate complexation chemistry. Chem Eng J, 2022, 441: 135808.
53.	Rashidzadeh B, Shokri E, Mahdavinia GR, et al. Preparation and characterization of antibacterial magnetic-/pH-sensitive alginate/Ag/Fe₃O₄ hydrogel beads for controlled drug release. Int J Biol Macromol, 2020, 154: 134-141.
54.	Gharibi R, Shaker A, Rezapour-Lactoee A, et al. Antibacterial and biocompatible hydrogel dressing based on gelatin- and castor-oil-derived biocidal agent. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2021, 7(8): 3633-3647.
55.	Pantula A, Datta B, Shi Y, et al. Untethered unidirectionally crawling gels driven by asymmetry in contact forces. Sci Robot, 2022, 7(73): eadd2903.

1. Grice EA, Segre JA. The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2011, 9(4): 244-253.
2. Stracy M, Snitser O, Yelin I, et al. Minimizing treatment-induced emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections. Science, 2022, 375(6583): 889-894.
3. Kalelkar PP, Riddick M, García AJ. Biomaterial-based delivery of antimicrobial therapies for the treatment of bacterial infections. Nat Rev Mater, 2022, 7(1): 39-54.
4. Hua C, Urbina T, Bosc R, et al. Necrotising soft-tissue infections. Lancet Infect Dis, 2023, 23(3): e81-e94.
5. Ruddaraju LK, Pammi SVN, Guntuku GS, et al. A review on anti-bacterials to combat resistance: From ancient era of plants and metals to present and future perspectives of green nano technological combinations. Asian J Pharm Sci, 2020, 15(1): 42-59.
6. Tang N, Zhang R, Zheng Y, et al. Highly efficient self-healing multifunctional dressing with antibacterial activity for sutureless wound closure and infected wound monitoring. Adv Mater, 2022, 34(3): e2106842.
7. Ding Q, Sun T, Su W, et al. Bioinspired multifunctional black phosphorus hydrogel with antibacterial and antioxidant properties: A stepwise countermeasure for diabetic skin wound healing. Adv Healthc Mater, 2022, 11(12): e2102791.
8. Liu W, Gao R, Yang C, et al. ECM-mimetic immunomodulatory hydrogel for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected chronic skin wound healing. Sci Adv, 2022, 8(27): eabn7006.
9. Shao Q, Zhang W, Qi J, et al. Laponite stabilized endogenous antibacterial hydrogel as wet-tissue adhesive. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2023, 145: 106009.
10. Zhao C, Zhou L, Chiao M, et al. Antibacterial hydrogel coating: Strategies in surface chemistry. Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2020, 285: 102280.
11. Chen Z, Wang H, Cao Y, et al. Bio-inspired anisotropic hydrogels and their applications in soft actuators and robots. Matter, 2023, 6(11): 3803-3837.
12. Zhong Y, Xiao H, Seidi F, et al. Natural polymer-based antimicrobial hydrogels without synthetic antibiotics as wound dressings. Biomacromolecules, 2020, 21(8): 2983-3006.
13. Deng L, Wang B, Li W, et al. Bacterial cellulose reinforced chitosan-based hydrogel with highly efficient self-healing and enhanced antibacterial activity for wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol, 2022, 217: 77-87.
14. Bai Q, Gao Q, Hu F, et al. Chitosan and hyaluronic-based hydrogels could promote the infected wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol, 2023, 232: 123271.
15. Khaleghi M, Haghi F, Gholami M, et al. A fabricated hydrogel of hyaluronic acid/curcumin shows super-activity to heal the bacterial infected wound. AMB Express, 2023, 13(1): 29.
16. Qi J, Zheng Z, Hu L, et al. Development and characterization of cannabidiol-loaded alginate copper hydrogel for repairing open bone defects in vitro. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2022, 212: 112339.
17. Milović NM, Wang J, Lewis K, et al. Immobilized N-alkylated polyethylenimine avidly kills bacteria by rupturing cell membranes with no resistance developed. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2005, 90(6): 715-722.
18. Meng Q, Li Y, Shen C. Antibacterial coatings of biomedical surfaces by polydextran aldehyde/polyethylenimine nanofibers. ACS Appl Bio Mater, 2019, 2(1): 562-569.
19. Wu Y, Yang L, Wang J, et al. Degradable supramolecular eutectogel-based ionic skin with antibacterial, adhesive, and self-healable capabilities. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023, 15(30): 36759-36770.
20. Park J, Kim TY, Kim Y, et al. A mechanically resilient and tissue-conformable hydrogel with hemostatic and antibacterial capabilities for wound care. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2023, 10(30): e2303651.
21. Jia B, Li G, Cao E, et al. Recent progress of antibacterial hydrogels in wound dressings. Mater Today Bio, 2023, 19: 100582.
22. Huang K, Liu W, Wei W, et al. Photothermal hydrogel encapsulating intelligently bacteria-capturing bio-MOF for infectious wound healing. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(11): 19491-19508.
23. Fu M, Gan Y, Jiang F, et al. Interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels formed using antibiotics as a dynamic crosslinker for treatment of infected wounds. Adv Healthc Mater, 2022, 11(15): e2200902.
24. Roy DC, Tomblyn S, Isaac KM, et al. Ciprofloxacin-loaded keratin hydrogels reduce infection and support healing in a porcine partial-thickness thermal burn. Wound Repair Regen, 2016, 24(4): 657-668.
25. Guo J, Cao G, Wang X, et al. Coating CoCrMo alloy with graphene oxide and ε-poly-L-lysine enhances its antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Int J Nanomedicine, 2021, 16: 7249-7268.
26. Zou YJ, He SS, Du JZ. ε-poly ( L-lysine)-based hydrogels with fast-acting and prolonged antibacterial activities. Chinese J Polym Sci, 2018, 36: 1239-1250.
27. Kang J, Dietz MJ, Li B. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. PLoS One, 2019, 14(6): e0216676.
28. Huang HN, Pan CY, Wu HY, et al. Antimicrobial peptide Epinecidin-1 promotes complete skin regeneration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected burn wounds in a swine model. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(13): 21067-21080.
29. Cheng Q, Wang Z, Hu S, et al. Glycopolymer-based multifunctional antibacterial hydrogel dressings for accelerating cutaneous wound healing. J Mater Chem B, 2023, 11(30): 7228-7238.
30. Ingle AP, Duran N, Rai M. Bioactivity, mechanism of action, and cytotoxicity of copper-based nanoparticles: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2014, 98(3): 1001-1009.
31. Li P, Feng Z, Yu Z, et al. Preparation of chitosan-Cu²⁺/NH₃ physical hydrogel and its properties. Int J Biol Macromol, 2019, 133: 67-75.
32. Wang S, Xiang J, Sun Y, et al. Skin-inspired nanofibrillated cellulose-reinforced hydrogels with high mechanical strength, long-term antibacterial, and self-recovery ability for wearable strain/pressure sensors. Carbohydr Polym, 2021, 261: 117894.
33. Zhang H, Zhang X, Cao Q, et al. Facile fabrication of chitin/ZnO composite hydrogels for infected wound healing. Biomater Sci, 2022, 10(20): 5888-5899.
34. Yao S, Chi J, Wang Y, et al. Zn-MOF encapsulated antibacterial and degradable microneedles array for promoting wound healing. Adv Healthc Mater, 2021, 10(12): e2100056.
35. Li Q, Liu K, Jiang T, et al. Injectable and self-healing chitosan-based hydrogel with MOF-loaded α-lipoic acid promotes diabetic wound healing. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021, 131: 112519.
36. Di Giulio M, Zappacosta R, Di Lodovico S, et al. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of graphene oxide against chronic wound microorganisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2018, 62(7): e00547-18.
37. Yang Z, Sun C, Wang L, et al. Novel poly ( L-lactide)/graphene oxide films with improved mechanical flexibility and antibacterial activity. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2017, 507: 344-352.
38. Hao X, Huang L, Zhao C, et al. Antibacterial activity of positively charged carbon quantum dots without detectable resistance for wound healing with mixed bacteria infection. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021, 123: 111971.
39. Wang H, Song Z, Gu J, et al. Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots for preventing biofilm formation and eradicating drug-resistant bacteria infection. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2019, 5(9): 4739-4749.
40. Hou P, Yang T, Liu H, et al. An active structure preservation method for developing functional graphitic carbon dots as an effective antibacterial agent and a sensitive pH and Al (iii) nanosensor. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(44): 17334-17341.
41. Nasrin A, Hassan M, Gomes VG. Two-photon active nucleus-targeting carbon dots: enhanced ROS generation and photodynamic therapy for oral cancer. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(40): 20598-20603.
42. Baek S, Joo SH, Su C, et al. Antibacterial effects of graphene- and carbon-nanotube-based nanohybrids on Escherichia coli: Implications for treating multidrug-resistant bacteria. J Environ Manage, 2019, 247: 214-223.
43. Cai D, Chen S, Wu B, et al. Construction of multifunctional porcine acellular dermal matrix hydrogel blended with vancomycin for hemorrhage control, antibacterial action, and tissue repair in infected trauma wounds. Mater Today Bio, 2021, 12: 100127.
44. van Dongen JA, Getova V, Brouwer LA, et al. Adipose tissue-derived extracellular matrix hydrogels as a release platform for secreted paracrine factors. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2019, 13(6): 973-985.
45. Vriend L, van der Lei B, Harmsen MC, et al. Adipose tissue-derived components: From cells to tissue glue to treat dermal damage. Bioengineering (Basel), 2023, 10(3): 328.
46. Yu YL, Wu JJ, Lin CC, et al. Elimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on titanium implants via photothermally-triggered nitric oxide and immunotherapy for enhanced osseointegration. Mil Med Res, 2023, 10(1): 21.
47. Qian R, Xu Z, Hu X, et al. Ag/Ag₂O with NIR-triggered antibacterial activities: Photocatalytic sterilization enhanced by low-temperature photothermal effect. Int J Nanomedicine, 2023, 18: 1507-1520.
48. Li Y, Wang J, Yang Y, et al. A rose bengal/graphene oxide/PVA hybrid hydrogel with enhanced mechanical properties and light-triggered antibacterial activity for wound treatment. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021, 118: 111447.
49. He Y, Leng J, Li K, et al. A multifunctional hydrogel coating to direct fibroblast activation and infected wound healing via simultaneously controllable photobiomodulation and photodynamic therapies. Biomaterials, 2021, 278: 121164.
50. Wang Y, Yao H, Zu Y, et al. Biodegradable MoO x @MB incorporated hydrogel as light-activated dressing for rapid and safe bacteria eradication and wound healing. RSC Adv, 2022, 12(15): 8862-8877.
51. Wang Z, Liu X, Duan Y, et al. Infection microenvironment-related antibacterial nanotherapeutic strategies. Biomaterials, 2022, 280: 121249.
52. Liu B, Li J, Zhang Z, et al. pH responsive antibacterial hydrogel utilizing catechol-boronate complexation chemistry. Chem Eng J, 2022, 441: 135808.
53. Rashidzadeh B, Shokri E, Mahdavinia GR, et al. Preparation and characterization of antibacterial magnetic-/pH-sensitive alginate/Ag/Fe₃O₄ hydrogel beads for controlled drug release. Int J Biol Macromol, 2020, 154: 134-141.
54. Gharibi R, Shaker A, Rezapour-Lactoee A, et al. Antibacterial and biocompatible hydrogel dressing based on gelatin- and castor-oil-derived biocidal agent. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2021, 7(8): 3633-3647.
55. Pantula A, Datta B, Shi Y, et al. Untethered unidirectionally crawling gels driven by asymmetry in contact forces. Sci Robot, 2022, 7(73): eadd2903.

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Research progress of antibacterial hydrogel in treatment of infected wounds

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