- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA;
Lung cancer management is complex and requires a multi-disciplinary approach to provide comprehensive care. Interventional pulmonology (IP) is an evolving field that utilizes minimally invasive modalities for the initial diagnosis and staging of suspected lung cancers. Endobronchial ultrasound guided sampling of mediastinal lymph nodes for staging and detection of driver mutations is instrumental for prognosis and treatment of early and later stage lung cancers. Advances in navigational bronchoscopy allow for histological sampling of suspicious peripheral lesions with minimal complication rates, as well as assisting with fiducial marker placements for stereotactic radiation therapy. Furthermore, IP can also offer palliation for inoperable cancers and those with late stage diseases. As the trend towards early lung cancer detection with low dose computed tomography is developing, it is paramount for the pulmonary physician with expertise in lung nodule management, minimally invasive sampling and staging to integrate into the paradigm of multi-specialty care.
Citation: RyuPeter Hambrook Tofts, PeterMJ Lee, ArthurWai Sung. Interventional Pulmonology Approaches in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Stage Non Small Cell Lung Cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2015, 22(4): 344-354. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.20150094 Copy
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- 1. Smoking and tobacco use:fast facts.Atlanta:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Available online:http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts.
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- 3. Wynder EL, Graham EA.Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma; a study of 684 proved cases.J Am Med Assoc, 1950, 143:329-336.
- 4. Schmidt H, Voigt K, Emanuel EJ.The ethics of not hiring smokers.N Engl J Med, 2013, 368:1369-1371.
- 5. Silvestri GA, Feller-Kopman D, Chen A, et al.Latest advances in advanced diagnostic and therapeutic pulmonary procedures.Chest, 2012, 142:1636-1644.
- 6. Seijo LM, Sterman DH.Interventional pulmonology.N Engl J Med, 2001, 344:740-749.
- 7. Levine DJ, Angel LF.Role of the Interventional Pulmonologist.Clin Pulm Med, 2006, 13:128-141.
- 8. National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR, Adams AM, et al.Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening.N Engl J Med, 2011, 365:395-409.
- 9. International Early Lung Cancer Action Program Investigators, Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, et al.Survival of patients with stage I lung cancer detected on CT screening.N Engl J Med, 2006, 355:1763-1771.
- 10. Rivera MP.Preinvasive lesions of the bronchus.Clin Chest Med, 2011, 32:693-702.
- 11. Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, et al.International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classifcation of lung adenocarcinoma.J Thorac Oncol, 2011, 6:244-285.
- 12. Breuer RH, Pasic A, Smit EF, et al.The natural course of preneoplastic lesions in bronchial epithelium.Clin Cancer Res, 2005, 11:537-543.
- 13. Bota S, Auliac JB, Paris C, et al.Follow-up of bronchial precancerous lesions and carcinoma in situ using fuorescence endoscopy.Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001, 164:1688-1693.
- 14. Kennedy TC, McWilliams A, Edell E, et al.Bronchial intraepithelial neoplasia/early central airways lung cancer:ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition).Chest, 2007, 132:221S-233S.
- 15. Ikeda N, Hayashi A, Iwasaki K, et al.Comprehensive diagnostic bronchoscopy of central type early stage lung cancer.Lung Cancer, 2007, 56:295-302.
- 16. Principles and Practice of Interventional Pulmonology.Springer, New York, 2013.
- 17. Zaric B, Perin B.Use of narrow-band imaging bronchoscopy in detection of lung cancer.Expert Rev Med Devices, 2010, 7:395-406.
- 18. Keith RL, Miller YE, Gemmill RM, et al.Angiogenic squamous dysplasia in bronchi of individuals at high risk for lung cancer.Clin Cancer Res, 2000, 6:1616-1625.
- 19. Zaric B, Perin B, Becker HD, et al.Combination of narrow band imaging (NBI) and autofuorescence imaging (AFI) videobronchoscopy in endoscopic assessment of lung cancer extension.Med Oncol, 2012, 29:1638-1642.
- 20. Vincent BD, Fraig M, Silvestri GA.A pilot study of narrow-band imaging compared to white light bronchoscopy for evaluation of normal airways and premalignant and malignant airways disease.Chest, 2007, 131:1794-1799.
- 21. Herth FJ, Eberhardt R, Anantham D, et al.Narrow-band imaging bronchoscopy increases the specifcity of bronchoscopic early lung cancer detection.J Thorac Oncol, 2009, 4:1060-1065.
- 22. Zaric B, Becker HD, Perin B, et al.Narrow band imaging videobronchoscopy improves assessment of lung cancer extension and infuences therapeutic strategy.Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2009, 39:657-663.
- 23. Detterbeck FC, Lewis SZ, Diekemper R, et al.Executive Summary:Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed:American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.Chest, 2013, 143:7S-37S.
- 24. Schreiber G, McCrory DC.Performance characteristics of different modalities for diagnosis of suspected lung cancer:summary of published evidence.Chest, 2003, 123:115S-128S.
- 25. Wang Memoli JS, Nietert PJ, et al.Meta-analysis of guided bronchoscopy for the evaluation of the pulmonary nodule.Chest, 2012, 142:385-393.
- 26. Baaklini WA, Reinoso MA, Gorin AB, et al.Diagnostic yield of fberoptic bronchoscopy in evaluating solitary pulmonary nodules.Chest, 2000, 117:1049-1054.
- 27. Kurimoto N, Murayama M, Yoshioka S, et al.Assessment of usefulness of endobronchial ultrasonography in determination of depth of tracheobronchial tumor invasion.Chest, 1999, 115:1500-1506.
- 28. Baba M, Sekine Y, Suzuki M, et al.Correlation between endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) images and histologic findings in normal and tumor-invaded bronchial wall.Lung Cancer, 2002, 35:65-71.
- 29. Tanaka F, Muro K, Yamasaki S, et al.Evaluation of tracheo-bronchial wall invasion using transbronchial ultrasonography (TBUS).Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2000, 17:570-574.
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