Atrial tachyarrhythmias is a known complication after cardiac surgery and represents a major cause of morbidity, increased length of hospital stay, and economic costs. Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm disorder. And it is often associated with other atrial tachyarrhythmias, such as atrial flutter (AFlu), premature atrial complexes, and multifocal atrial tachycardia. Postoperative atrial fibrillation is often self-limiting, but it may require anticoagulation therapy and either a rate or rhythm control strategy. We provide a complete and updated review about mechanisms, risk factors, and treatment strategies for the main atrial tachyarrhythmias (atrial fibrillation).
Citation： LIRong, WUBing. Atrial Tachyarrhythmias after Cardiac Surgery: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Therapy. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2016, 23(12): 1183-1188. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.20160277 Copy
| 1. | Herzog L, Lynch C. Arrhythmias accompanying cardiac surgery. Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology. 3rd edition. Philadelphia, Pa, USA: JB Lippincott, 1994. 231. |
| 2. | Maisel WH, Rawn JD, Stevenson WG. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med, 2001, 135(12): 1061-1073. |
| 3. | Mathew JP, Parks R, Friedman AS, et al. Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: predictors, outcomes, and resource utilization. JAMA, 1996, 276(4): 300-306. |
| 4. | Mathew JP, Fontes ML, Tudor IC, et al. A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. JAMA, 2004, 291(14): 1720-1729. |
| 5. | Aranki SF, Shaw DP, Adams DH, et al. Predictors of atrial fibrilla-tion after coronary artery surgery: current trends and impact on hospital resources. Circulation, 1996, 94(3): 390-397. |
| 6. | Soucier RJ, Mirza S, Abordo MG, et al. Predictors of conversion of atrial fibrillation after cardiac operation in the absence of class I or III antiarrhythmic medications. Ann Thorac Surg, 2001, 72(3): 694-697. |
| 7. | Lee JK, Klein GJ, Krahn AD, et al. Rate-control versus conversion strategy in postoperative atrial fibrillation:a prospective, randomized pilot study. Am Heart J, 2000, 140(6): 871-877. |
| 8. | Kowey PR, Stebbins D, Igidbashian L, et al. Clinical outcome of patients who develop PAF after CABG surgery. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2001, 24(2): 191-193. |
| 9. | Zaman AG, Archbold RA, Helft G, et al. Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a model for preoperative risk stra-tification. Circulation, 2000, 101(12): 1403-1408. |
| 10. | Asher CR, Miller DP, Grimm RA, et al. Analysis of risk factors for development of atrial fibrillation early after cardiac valvular surgery. Am J Cardiol, 1998, 82(7): 892-895. |
| 11. | Wazni OM, Martin DO, Marrouche NF, et al. Plasma B-type natri-uretic peptide levels predict postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Circulation, 2004, 110(2): 124-127. |
| 12. | Zacharias A, Schwann TA, Riordan CJ, et al. Obesity and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation, 2005, 112(21): 3247-3255. |
| 13. | Maesen B, Nijs J, Maessen J, et al. Post-operative atrial fibrillation: a maze of mechanisms. Europace, 2012, 14(2): 159-174. |
| 14. | Angelini GD, Penny WJ, el-Ghamary F, et al. The incidence and significance of early pericardial effusion after open heart surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 1987, 1(3): 165-168. |
| 15. | Stamou SC, Dangas G, Hill PC, et al. Atrial fibrillation after beating heart surgery. Am J Cardiol, 2000, 86(1): 64-67. |
| 16. | Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Takahashi A, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med, 1998, 339(10): 659-666. |
| 17. | Atlee JL. Perioperative cardiac dysrhythmias: diagnosis and manage-ment. Anesthesiology, 1997, 86(6): 1397-1424. |
| 18. | Tomic V,Russwurm S, Möller E, et al. Transcriptomic and proteomic patterns of systemic inflammation in on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation, 2005, 112(19): 2912-2920. |
| 19. | Salazar C, Frishman W, Friedman S, et al. β-blockade therapy for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary surgery: a propr-anolol withdrawal syndrome? Angiology, 1979, 30(12): 816-819. |
| 20. | Wahr JA, Parks R, Boisvert D, et al. Preoperative serum potassium levels and perioperative outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Multi-center Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. JAMA, 1999, 281(23): 2203-2210. |
| 21. | Luo X, Pan Z, Shan H, et al. MicroRNA-26 governs profibrillatory inward-rectifier potassium current changes in atrial fibrillation. J Clin Invest, 2013, 123(5): 1939-1951. |
| 22. | Singh S, Johnson PI, Lee RE, et al. Topography of cardiac ganglia in the adult human heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 112(4): 943-953. |
| 23. | Cummings JE, Gill I, Akhrass R, et al. Preservation of the anterior fat pad paradoxically decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 43(6): 994-1000. |
| 24. | Krongrad E. Postoperative arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease. Chest, 1984, 85(1): 107-113. |
| 25. | Khairy P, Balaji S. Cardiac arrhythmias in congenital heart diseases. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J, 2009, 9(6): 299-317. |
| 26. | Cox JL. A perspective of postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg, 1993, 56(3): 405-409. |
| 27. | Bjerregaard P, El-Shafei A, Janosik DL, et al. Double external direct-current shocks for refractory atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardio, 1999, 83(6): 972-974. |
| 28. | Dupont E, Ko Y-S, Coppen SR, et al. The gap-junctional protein connexin40 is elevated in patients susceptible to postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2001, 103(6): 842-849. |
| 29. | Steinberg JS, Zelenkofske S, Wong S-C, et al. Value of the P-wave signal-averaged ECG for predicting atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation, 1993, 88(6): 2618-2622. |
| 30. | Verma A, Marrouche NF, Seshadri N, et al. Importance of ablating all potential right atrial flutter circuits in postcardiac surgery patients. J Am Coll Cardio, 2004, 44(2): 409-414. |
| 31. | Seiler J, Schmid DK, Irtel TA, et al. Dual-loop circuits in postopera-tive atrial macro re-entrant tachycardias. Heart, 2007, 93(3): 325-330. |
| 32. | Blume GG, McLeod CJ, Barnes ME, et al. Left atrial function: physio-logy, assessment, and clinical implications. Echocardiography, 2011, 12(6): 421-430. |
| 33. | Fuster V, Ryden LE, Crijns HJ, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC, 2006 guide-lines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines(Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006, 48(7): 149-163. |
| 34. | Douketis JD, Berger PB, Dunn AS, et al. The perioperative mana-gement of antithrombotic therapy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest, 2008, 133(6 Suppl): 299S-339S. |
| 35. | Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA, 2001, 285: 2864-2870. |
| 36. | 黄从新, 张澍, 黄得嘉, 等. 心房颤动: 目前的认识和治疗建议-2015. 中华心律失常学杂志, 2015, 19(5): 321-384. |
| 37. | Arnold AZ, Mick MJ, Mazurek RP, et al. Role of prophylactic anticoagulation for direct current cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Cardiology, 1992, 19(4): 851-855. |
| 38. | Holmes DR, Reddy VY, Turi ZG, et al. Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 2009, 374(9689): 534-542. |
| 39. | Landymore RW, Howell F. Recurrent atrial arrhythmias following treatment for postoperative atrial fibrillation after coronary bypass operations. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 1991, 5(8): 436-439. |
| 40. | Waldo AL, MacLean WAH, Cooper TB, et al. Use of temporarily placed epicardial atrial wire electrodes for the diagnosis and treat-ment of cardiac arrhythmias following open-heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1978, 76(4): 500-505. |
| 41. | Patel AN, Hamman BL, Hebeler RF, et al. Epicardial atrial defibril-lation: successful treatment of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg, 2004, 77(3): 831-837. |
| 42. | Geelen P, O'Hara GE, Roy N, et al. Comparison of propafenone versus procainamide for the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol, 1999, 84(3): 345-347. |
| 43. | Nichol G, McAlister F, Pham B, et al. Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents at promoting sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart, 2002, 87(6): 535-543. |
| 44. | Yilmaz AT, Demírkiliç U, Arslan M, et al. Long-term prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: comparison of quinidine, verapimil, and amiodarone in maintaining sinus rhythm. J Card Surg, 1996, 11(1): 61-64. |
| 45. | Linsday BD. Atrial fibrillation:new drugs, devices, and procedures. Cleve Clin J Med, 2012, 79(8): 553-559. |
| 46. | Calkins H, Kuck KH, Cappato R, et al. 2012 HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques,patient management and follow-up, definitions, endpoints, and research trial design: a report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Heart Rhythm, 2012, 9(4): 632-696. |
| 47. | Geidel S, Ostermeyer J, Lass M, et al. Permanent atrial fibrillation ablation surgery in CABG and aortic valve patients is at least as effective as in mitral valve disease. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2006, 54(2): 91-95. |
| 48. | Villareal RP, Hariharan R, Liu BC, et al. Postoperative atrial fibrilla-tion and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 43(5): 742-748. |
| 49. | Mickleborough LL, Walker PM, Takagi Y, et al. Risk factors for stroke in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 112(5): 1250-1259. |
| 50. | Hogue CW Jr, Murphy SF, Schechtman KB, et al. Risk factors for early or delayed stroke after cardiac surgery. Circulation, 1999, 100(6): 642-647. |
| 51. | Crystal E, Garfinkle MS, Connolly SS, et al. Interventions for preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004,18(4): CD003611. |
| 52. | Myers MG, Alnemri K. Rate control therapy for atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery. Can J Cardiol, 1998, 14(11): 1363-1366. |
| 53. | Obadia JF, El Farra M, Bastien OH, et al. Outcome of atrial fibrilla-tion after mitral valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1997, 114 (2): 179-185. |
| 54. | Dunning J, Treasure T, Versteegh M, et al. Guidelines on the preven-tion and management of de novo atrial fibrillation after cardiac and thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2006, 30(6): 852-872. |
| 55. | White CM, Caron MF, Kalus JS, et al. Intravenous plus oral amioda-rone, atrial septal pacing,or both strategies to prevent post-cardio-thoracic surgery atrial fibrillation:the Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial II (AFIST II). Circulation, 2003, 108(10): 200-206. |
| 56. | Mitchell LB, Exner DV, Connolly CJ, et al. Prophylactic oral amio-darone for the prevention of arrhythmias that begin early after revascularization, valve replacement, or repair. PAPABEAR: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2005, 294(24): 3093-3100. |
| 57. | Buxton AE, Josephson ME. The role of P wave duration as a predictor of postoperative atrial arrhythmias. Chest, 1981, 80(1): 68-73. |
| 58. | Guarnieri T, Nolan S, Gottlieb SO, et al. Intravenous amiodarone for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery: the Amiodarone Reduction in Coronary Heart (ARCH) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol,1999, 34(2): 343-347. |
| 59. | Greenspon AJ, Kidwell GA, Hurley W, et al. Amiodarone-related postoperative adult respiratory distress syndrome. Circulation, 1991, 84(5): 407-415. |
| 60. | Kowey PR, Taylor JE, Rials SJ, et al. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of prophylactic drug therapy in preventing supraventricular arrhy-thmia early after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol, 1992, 69(9): 963-965. |
| 61. | Smith EE, Shore DF, Monro JL, et al. Oral verapamil fails to prevent supraventricular tachycardia following coronary artery surgery. Int J Cardiol, 985, 9(1): 37-44. |
| 62. | Gold MR, O'Gara PT, Buckley MJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of procainamide in preventing arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol, 1996, 78(9): 975-979. |
- 1. Herzog L, Lynch C. Arrhythmias accompanying cardiac surgery. Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology. 3rd edition. Philadelphia, Pa, USA: JB Lippincott, 1994. 231.
- 2. Maisel WH, Rawn JD, Stevenson WG. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med, 2001, 135(12): 1061-1073.
- 3. Mathew JP, Parks R, Friedman AS, et al. Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: predictors, outcomes, and resource utilization. JAMA, 1996, 276(4): 300-306.
- 4. Mathew JP, Fontes ML, Tudor IC, et al. A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. JAMA, 2004, 291(14): 1720-1729.
- 5. Aranki SF, Shaw DP, Adams DH, et al. Predictors of atrial fibrilla-tion after coronary artery surgery: current trends and impact on hospital resources. Circulation, 1996, 94(3): 390-397.
- 6. Soucier RJ, Mirza S, Abordo MG, et al. Predictors of conversion of atrial fibrillation after cardiac operation in the absence of class I or III antiarrhythmic medications. Ann Thorac Surg, 2001, 72(3): 694-697.
- 7. Lee JK, Klein GJ, Krahn AD, et al. Rate-control versus conversion strategy in postoperative atrial fibrillation:a prospective, randomized pilot study. Am Heart J, 2000, 140(6): 871-877.
- 8. Kowey PR, Stebbins D, Igidbashian L, et al. Clinical outcome of patients who develop PAF after CABG surgery. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2001, 24(2): 191-193.
- 9. Zaman AG, Archbold RA, Helft G, et al. Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a model for preoperative risk stra-tification. Circulation, 2000, 101(12): 1403-1408.
- 10. Asher CR, Miller DP, Grimm RA, et al. Analysis of risk factors for development of atrial fibrillation early after cardiac valvular surgery. Am J Cardiol, 1998, 82(7): 892-895.
- 11. Wazni OM, Martin DO, Marrouche NF, et al. Plasma B-type natri-uretic peptide levels predict postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Circulation, 2004, 110(2): 124-127.
- 12. Zacharias A, Schwann TA, Riordan CJ, et al. Obesity and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation, 2005, 112(21): 3247-3255.
- 13. Maesen B, Nijs J, Maessen J, et al. Post-operative atrial fibrillation: a maze of mechanisms. Europace, 2012, 14(2): 159-174.
- 14. Angelini GD, Penny WJ, el-Ghamary F, et al. The incidence and significance of early pericardial effusion after open heart surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 1987, 1(3): 165-168.
- 15. Stamou SC, Dangas G, Hill PC, et al. Atrial fibrillation after beating heart surgery. Am J Cardiol, 2000, 86(1): 64-67.
- 16. Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Takahashi A, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med, 1998, 339(10): 659-666.
- 17. Atlee JL. Perioperative cardiac dysrhythmias: diagnosis and manage-ment. Anesthesiology, 1997, 86(6): 1397-1424.
- 18. Tomic V,Russwurm S, Möller E, et al. Transcriptomic and proteomic patterns of systemic inflammation in on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation, 2005, 112(19): 2912-2920.
- 19. Salazar C, Frishman W, Friedman S, et al. β-blockade therapy for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary surgery: a propr-anolol withdrawal syndrome? Angiology, 1979, 30(12): 816-819.
- 20. Wahr JA, Parks R, Boisvert D, et al. Preoperative serum potassium levels and perioperative outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Multi-center Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. JAMA, 1999, 281(23): 2203-2210.
- 21. Luo X, Pan Z, Shan H, et al. MicroRNA-26 governs profibrillatory inward-rectifier potassium current changes in atrial fibrillation. J Clin Invest, 2013, 123(5): 1939-1951.
- 22. Singh S, Johnson PI, Lee RE, et al. Topography of cardiac ganglia in the adult human heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 112(4): 943-953.
- 23. Cummings JE, Gill I, Akhrass R, et al. Preservation of the anterior fat pad paradoxically decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 43(6): 994-1000.
- 24. Krongrad E. Postoperative arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease. Chest, 1984, 85(1): 107-113.
- 25. Khairy P, Balaji S. Cardiac arrhythmias in congenital heart diseases. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J, 2009, 9(6): 299-317.
- 26. Cox JL. A perspective of postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg, 1993, 56(3): 405-409.
- 27. Bjerregaard P, El-Shafei A, Janosik DL, et al. Double external direct-current shocks for refractory atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardio, 1999, 83(6): 972-974.
- 28. Dupont E, Ko Y-S, Coppen SR, et al. The gap-junctional protein connexin40 is elevated in patients susceptible to postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2001, 103(6): 842-849.
- 29. Steinberg JS, Zelenkofske S, Wong S-C, et al. Value of the P-wave signal-averaged ECG for predicting atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation, 1993, 88(6): 2618-2622.
- 30. Verma A, Marrouche NF, Seshadri N, et al. Importance of ablating all potential right atrial flutter circuits in postcardiac surgery patients. J Am Coll Cardio, 2004, 44(2): 409-414.
- 31. Seiler J, Schmid DK, Irtel TA, et al. Dual-loop circuits in postopera-tive atrial macro re-entrant tachycardias. Heart, 2007, 93(3): 325-330.
- 32. Blume GG, McLeod CJ, Barnes ME, et al. Left atrial function: physio-logy, assessment, and clinical implications. Echocardiography, 2011, 12(6): 421-430.
- 33. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Crijns HJ, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC, 2006 guide-lines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines(Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006, 48(7): 149-163.
- 34. Douketis JD, Berger PB, Dunn AS, et al. The perioperative mana-gement of antithrombotic therapy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest, 2008, 133(6 Suppl): 299S-339S.
- 35. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA, 2001, 285: 2864-2870.
- 36. 黄从新, 张澍, 黄得嘉, 等. 心房颤动: 目前的认识和治疗建议-2015. 中华心律失常学杂志, 2015, 19(5): 321-384.
- 37. Arnold AZ, Mick MJ, Mazurek RP, et al. Role of prophylactic anticoagulation for direct current cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Cardiology, 1992, 19(4): 851-855.
- 38. Holmes DR, Reddy VY, Turi ZG, et al. Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 2009, 374(9689): 534-542.
- 39. Landymore RW, Howell F. Recurrent atrial arrhythmias following treatment for postoperative atrial fibrillation after coronary bypass operations. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 1991, 5(8): 436-439.
- 40. Waldo AL, MacLean WAH, Cooper TB, et al. Use of temporarily placed epicardial atrial wire electrodes for the diagnosis and treat-ment of cardiac arrhythmias following open-heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1978, 76(4): 500-505.
- 41. Patel AN, Hamman BL, Hebeler RF, et al. Epicardial atrial defibril-lation: successful treatment of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg, 2004, 77(3): 831-837.
- 42. Geelen P, O'Hara GE, Roy N, et al. Comparison of propafenone versus procainamide for the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol, 1999, 84(3): 345-347.
- 43. Nichol G, McAlister F, Pham B, et al. Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents at promoting sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart, 2002, 87(6): 535-543.
- 44. Yilmaz AT, Demírkiliç U, Arslan M, et al. Long-term prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: comparison of quinidine, verapimil, and amiodarone in maintaining sinus rhythm. J Card Surg, 1996, 11(1): 61-64.
- 45. Linsday BD. Atrial fibrillation:new drugs, devices, and procedures. Cleve Clin J Med, 2012, 79(8): 553-559.
- 46. Calkins H, Kuck KH, Cappato R, et al. 2012 HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques,patient management and follow-up, definitions, endpoints, and research trial design: a report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Heart Rhythm, 2012, 9(4): 632-696.
- 47. Geidel S, Ostermeyer J, Lass M, et al. Permanent atrial fibrillation ablation surgery in CABG and aortic valve patients is at least as effective as in mitral valve disease. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2006, 54(2): 91-95.
- 48. Villareal RP, Hariharan R, Liu BC, et al. Postoperative atrial fibrilla-tion and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 43(5): 742-748.
- 49. Mickleborough LL, Walker PM, Takagi Y, et al. Risk factors for stroke in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 112(5): 1250-1259.
- 50. Hogue CW Jr, Murphy SF, Schechtman KB, et al. Risk factors for early or delayed stroke after cardiac surgery. Circulation, 1999, 100(6): 642-647.
- 51. Crystal E, Garfinkle MS, Connolly SS, et al. Interventions for preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004,18(4): CD003611.
- 52. Myers MG, Alnemri K. Rate control therapy for atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery. Can J Cardiol, 1998, 14(11): 1363-1366.
- 53. Obadia JF, El Farra M, Bastien OH, et al. Outcome of atrial fibrilla-tion after mitral valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1997, 114 (2): 179-185.
- 54. Dunning J, Treasure T, Versteegh M, et al. Guidelines on the preven-tion and management of de novo atrial fibrillation after cardiac and thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2006, 30(6): 852-872.
- 55. White CM, Caron MF, Kalus JS, et al. Intravenous plus oral amioda-rone, atrial septal pacing,or both strategies to prevent post-cardio-thoracic surgery atrial fibrillation:the Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial II (AFIST II). Circulation, 2003, 108(10): 200-206.
- 56. Mitchell LB, Exner DV, Connolly CJ, et al. Prophylactic oral amio-darone for the prevention of arrhythmias that begin early after revascularization, valve replacement, or repair. PAPABEAR: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2005, 294(24): 3093-3100.
- 57. Buxton AE, Josephson ME. The role of P wave duration as a predictor of postoperative atrial arrhythmias. Chest, 1981, 80(1): 68-73.
- 58. Guarnieri T, Nolan S, Gottlieb SO, et al. Intravenous amiodarone for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery: the Amiodarone Reduction in Coronary Heart (ARCH) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol,1999, 34(2): 343-347.
- 59. Greenspon AJ, Kidwell GA, Hurley W, et al. Amiodarone-related postoperative adult respiratory distress syndrome. Circulation, 1991, 84(5): 407-415.
- 60. Kowey PR, Taylor JE, Rials SJ, et al. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of prophylactic drug therapy in preventing supraventricular arrhy-thmia early after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol, 1992, 69(9): 963-965.
- 61. Smith EE, Shore DF, Monro JL, et al. Oral verapamil fails to prevent supraventricular tachycardia following coronary artery surgery. Int J Cardiol, 985, 9(1): 37-44.
- 62. Gold MR, O'Gara PT, Buckley MJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of procainamide in preventing arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol, 1996, 78(9): 975-979.